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ืฆ8 ืชื’ ืื˜ื–{ืŸ ืฐ/ืค1{ืŸืคืž1ืฆ ื–ื ื–ื“ื–ื•ืกื ื 6ืขืžืž8ื•|ืฐืฅืŸ?ืค ืืฅืฆื—ืฅื–ื“ืค 


2609 .60ื 


ื•ื•ืข 41,216 ื•ืื•ื {ื 6ืค ื˜ืง ืฉื•ืžื 


ื–4161006/ 0ื–16ืกืชืก 


2 


ืื˜ ืืก 8008 ืžืคื•ื ืคืกื–ืฆ ื–;ืืกื–ื–ื’ ื 


159 5ื˜1/499/464ื , ื“ืค /11/ื, 


ืžืขื“ืืขืก ืืกืกื8 ื’ืคึฟื ืžืกื ืฆ ื–ื ืืกื–ื“ื ืื™ 
5 4554 ื–ื ,1111:1:51 4 
60 192460(8181124ืžืกื–ืฆ | 250-4000 413 


ืกื ืขืก ืžืขื ื8-ืก8ืกืกืžืค4ืคื ืกืคื ืฆ ืขืœื˜ืฉืขืฅ 


!18 ืชืกืข ืกืื ืกืืฉื˜? ืžืกืŸ4ื ื–ื 
ืฆื’84, 1188 ืžืคื•ื ืคืžื–ืฆ 1611,81ื 91818886 ืื˜ืขืขื–ืค 
;ืฆืืข ืกืžืคื ืฆืกืžืข 49 ื˜ืœืฅ 


11 0196ื˜) .= 1101/6 
107101ื—2016 ื’ื•ื˜ืกืกื–ื™) 160 ืข6 4/16/ 

111 1 11011ื•ื˜14ื–ื‘) ื–ืฉืกื ื•ื•ืŸ:56 ืกื—ื•ื™ืš 
1011116011011 ื•ื“ื–ืกื•/ืกืคื•ื•ื‘ื• .ืž ื—ื™ื–ืื˜ื–ืกื ื—ื—8 6ื•ืกื—ื˜ืŸ 
ื141005 2108 

6 4ื–14006 
1161101 100/90118 14191160115 
0361 .ื› /ื•16 
/ื15ื•1ืฐ/ืกื–ืก1 860 8114 ื•ื•ื—ื–ื—ืค 
1ื•10141160110 ืกื–ืกื˜1/611 100116116 ื—ื ืขื ืฉื–ื–ื—ื” 
ืชื–ื ืš ืขืก ืคืกืžืืžื–ื”ื’? ืกืžืื ืคื’ืงืžื–ืื˜ื–ื ืžืื 
ื–16ื 6ื) 0006  18615/1โ€ 161107101 


1 ืชืชืฅ5 1180111081 8 15 ืขืกืกื˜ื”ืกืง 801460 ืขืก ,6ืกื—ืข 10ื•0100ืก ืชื“ 
ื•ืช1/0 000165 ื’ืกืขืงืก1ืกืก ืขื˜ืก 101 ืชืกื”ืขื•ืงืคืช1 106 .{16ื˜01621 100150ืฆ 04 
.1561 ,ืฐื–05816ื–16 04 1ืช11402 601161/' 2154 /160ืกืช ืกื—} ืฆื˜ ื—ืง0691 ื” 


1195 ืฆื•ื•ืกืงืกืขืงืŸ 101611600021 ืกืช8 +120ืขืขืงืกืก ืกืช} 926048ื˜ื– /ืก/6:60) ืืกืกื˜ 3100150 148:10021 ืกื— 
0111 ืก11ื˜1ื•ืงืŸ 106 ืช1 ื–61606 15 4116 1015 ,16026ื˜ื˜ืกืชื ืขื˜ืก }0 2651 606 10 .ืคืืกืกื˜ :ื•ืก ืชื– 
46041164 ืกื˜ ืชื”ืก ื–106ืกื” +ืงื•ืฆืขืงื˜ืก ื–ืชืกืขืฆื˜ืก ืกืช ื”ืกื ืชื˜ื• ื–0} ืฆืขืกืฉื˜ ืชื”ื—ืงื–ื˜ ืชื” 15 14 ื–ื˜ 
-- 0068 ืกืื• ืฉื•ืกืชื ื˜ืกืฅ }1 ืขืก - ื1ืกื˜ื˜ 15 60 19206ื ืฅืงืกืก 6ืข/206 ืชื’ ืกื•ืกื” ื˜ืกืฅ }1 
.20960600181061.078ื—ื—ืก 84 6211 ืฆื˜ ืขืก ,8101 413-250-4900 26 ืกืชืกื—ืง ืฆื˜ 5ื• +ืกื”ื–ื—ื•ืกืก 16856ืงืŸ 


00+2-")65 
96ื˜ืฅ080808 


0 


1981 


2 
0 
88 
== 
0 
ืฉื™" 
ืก 
0 
8 
= 


ืืคืคืŸ 





ืกื˜ื•ื—ืกื–ื/ ื–ืกื—ื–ืก1ื—! ืกื—} ืขืก 260ื•ื–ื•ืกื•ืก 
1 ื”ื• 


9ืกืกืขืขืฅื•/ืคื•0/0618ื–ืก.ื˜ื˜ื•ื—ืกื–8//:ืกื–ื•ื— 


2 ื•ื 
ื• 


1 


ื™ื 


./ 


ืจ 
ื™ื™ 
0 





)ืืฉื™ืจ 
ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืข 


ื™ื• ื˜ 0 ืฉื™ ื˜ื™ 
ื™ืฉ ื™ื• 





ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืงืึทืกื˜ื ืขืจ-ืคืึธื ื“ 
ื"ื  ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ืจืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืฒึทื ื™. ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ-ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ 





ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


06060,602879ื˜ื•/6 


ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืึทื‘ื•ื”ื ืœื™ืก 


ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ื™.ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ-ืคืึทืจืœืึธื’ 
ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉื "ื” -= 1995 


ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
79 -- 1916 


ืขืจืš ืื‘ื•ื”ื ืœื™ืก 
ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื™ืฉื‚ื•ืืœ ืจื•ื“ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


969-222-619-24 . ืืŸ. .1.5 


6 
ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช 
ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ 
ื”ื”' ? ื”. ื›ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ 4 ื”ื 
ื˜ื ื˜ื 161 ,0ื–4161026 ื’8582104 2866 ืฆืก 1220ื ืขืงืกืก 


ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืฉื "ื” 
9 19/261 ืžื• 110660ืืช 


ืกื•ื“ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก , ืฉืžื’ืจ 786 ืช"ื 





1916 -- 59 





ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ืก 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืขืคึผื™ืกื˜ืึทืœืึทืจืข ื™ืจื•ืฉื” 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช-ื”ืขื•ืœื ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ืฉืึทืคึผืขืจืก, ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืึทืคืขืจืก, ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืึธืจื˜. ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืจืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ื™ืจื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืขืคื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืจื˜ืงืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ืกื˜ืึธืœืึทืจืขืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื ื’ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช, ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืžืขืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืœืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”-ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจืข ืฐืฑื“ืขืจืึทื ืึทื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืึทื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜, 
ืึทืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ื‘ืฒึทื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžืึทื ืึธื’ืจืึทืคึผื™ืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืขืžื•ืงืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜, ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื–ื˜ = = = 

ืงื ืึทืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื•ื– ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ืกื˜ืึธืœืึทืจืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. 
ื”ื’ื, ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช -- ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช -- ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืึท ืคืึทืจืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ืข ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฅ. ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืช, ื“ื™ 
ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจืก: ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, ื™. ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื™. ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืžืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•,. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืขืœ-ืคึผื”, ื‘ืฒึท ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขื›ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืก ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื—ื™ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืžื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. (ื–ืข, ื“ืึธืก , ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข-ื‘ื•ืš" ืฆื–ืึทืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื™ื™ื–ื™ืœ, 1959, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ 215 ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•), 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ืฐื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืฐื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึธื‘ืกืขืกื™ื•ื•ืข, ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ึผื•ื ื’, ื‘ืึทื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฉืขื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉ-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืข, ื˜ืึธื’-ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ื”ืชื—ืฒึทื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื›ึผื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืข 
ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ึผื ื“ื™ืง ืงืจืึทื ืง. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง, 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง, ืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื™ืฉ-ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืึทื– 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืžื—ืžืช ืึธื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืจืึทืคึผื˜ืขื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื›ืึทืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืž-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ. ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื ื”-ืœืฉื•ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกืจื™ืœืขืฐืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืจืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคึผืขื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ืขื–ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืขืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ื›ึผืžึผืขื˜ ื˜ืึธื’-ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ื™ , ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ืขืŸ", ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืื•ืžืจื•, ืขืœืขื”ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืึทื–ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื˜ื™- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืคื•ืจืขืžื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ-ื›ึผื•ืœื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ, 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึทื›ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืึทืจ- 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื’ืจื™ืžืขื ื™ืฉ. 

ืก'ืื™ื–, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืกืคืง ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ืข, ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื™ืงืข ืงืึธืจืขืก- 
ืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฅ -- ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืขืคึผื™ืก- 
ื˜ืึทืœืึทืจืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” --- ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ" 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’. ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกื— 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ). ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึทืฉืขืจ , ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”" (ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1879), ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 25 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืขื ืงื”ืœ, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืชึผื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ -- ืคึผืขืจืขื™ืึทืกืœืขืฐื•. ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 20 ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ --- ืฉืœื•ื ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจื’ื™ื ืขืก ืื™ื™ื’ื ื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,,ืžืึธื™ืข ืคึผืขืจืฐืึธื™ืข ืคึผืขื˜ืฉืึทื˜ื ืึธื™ืข ืกืœืึธืฐืึธ' (ืกื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ,,ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜"). ื ืึธืš ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื ื’ ืื™ื– ืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึทืฉื™ืงืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืกืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผืœ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผืœ, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืžื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœืขืจ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืฐื•ืคึผืึธืจืขื ืื™ื– ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึทืคืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืึทืœืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื•ืฉ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก. ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึทื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐ- 
ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ,, ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื", ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืจื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคืœืึทื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆืึธืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืžืœื™ืฆื”-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก. ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1885 ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ืŸ , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึทืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืึท ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืึธืŸ ,ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜", ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ื˜ืœ: ,ืึท ื“ืจืึทืžืข ืื™ืŸ 2 ืžืœื™ืฆื”-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 18 ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืก-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ 20 ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืŸ". ืึทื–ืฑ, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•-ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื’ืขื ื•ืจื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืึทื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืื•ืžืคึผืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืœืขืš ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ , ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ", 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1892. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•- 


4 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื"-"ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืกืขืจื™ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1908--1909. ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ื’ืชื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื ื—ื- 
ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืข- 
ืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื , ืชึผื—ื•ื- 
ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธืจ -----, 

,ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ" ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื ืึทืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืฐื•ืขืจืง. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขื•ืœื-ื•ืžืœื•ืื• ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืคึผืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคื•ืจืขืžื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื–ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ื ื•ืกื— ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื–ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ, 
ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜. 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื, ืคื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืœืขื›ืขืจ; ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึทืœืขื ืขืจ, ืฉืœื™ืžื–ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืžื ื—ื- 
ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฆื ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืžืจื•, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืžืจื• ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืงื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜. ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆืขื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ -- ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ -- ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ ืื™ื 
ื˜ืึทืงืข, ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฐืฒึทืœืข, ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืžืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืก'ื ืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขืจืŸ. ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืึธื ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืคืึทืจื ืขืžื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืฒื™ึทืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืœื™, ื‘ืึทืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืชึผื›ืœื™ืชื“ื™ืงืข. ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืฆืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืคืœืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื•ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘- 
ื“ื™ืงืข, ืคึผืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืื ืฉื™-ืžืขืฉื‚ื”. 

ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื”ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1913 ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" (ืฐืึทืจืฉืข) ืคื•ื ืขื 
5ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 10ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ (ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 86 ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 246). ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื, ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจ. ื“ืึธ ืงืขื - 
ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืขื, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ- 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืึธื˜ ื˜ืขื ื”ื˜ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ: ,ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
;ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืื™, ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืง ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื—. ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฉืžื” 
ืœืขื›ืฆื˜, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื—ืœืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื–, ืึทื‘ื™ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืก, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื’ืึทืจืึธื“ืึธืฐืึธื™, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื, ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึทืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜: 
ื–ื” ื”ืคึผืกืคึผื•ืจื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื ื• ืžื”ืจ"ืจ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืžืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ., ืื•ื™, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื™" 

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ : ื“ืขืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืึทื ื“" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1969 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ -- ืื™ืŸ 4 ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ -- 21 ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืกืขืจื™ืข , ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ". 
ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืคืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 14 ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ? ื ื•, ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืงืœื™ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึทืจ.. 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื’ืึธื˜ืก 
ื’ืขื ืึธื“" (ื•ืฐื•ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ) ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืืจืฅ- 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืื•ืฑื™ืฃ ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื•ื™ 
ืึท ื“ืขืœืขื’ืึทื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1976 ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื (ื‘ืฉื•ืชึผืคื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™. ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ-ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’) 
ืึท ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืกืขืจื™ืข , ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ" (ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื™ืข ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื˜ืœื˜: , ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื"), ืคืึทืจื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ื™ืงืคื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ-ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื—ืžืช ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืกื˜ืข , ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื-ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืช- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื›ื ื”ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืฐืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ื™ื•ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ึผื•ืœืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ืกื˜ืึธืœืึทืจืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ึผื•ื ื’. ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก, ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืงืจื•ื‘-ืœืืžืช ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืึธื’, ืึทื– ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ืฅ, ืึท ื›ึผื–ื™ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ-ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื™ืึทืœืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืขืจ -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืฒึทื™ืงืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”-ืคื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืชึผื›ืœื™ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš, ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืคึผืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืขืคึผื™ืกื˜ืึธืœืึทืจืŸ ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ. ื“ืจืฒึท ืขื™ืงืจื™ื, ื“ืจืฒึท ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืฆืฐืขืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ: ื) ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืึธืก ื›ืึทืจืึทืง- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ื ืกื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ื‘) ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฆื‘ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉ"ืข 
ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ืก-ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“, ื’) ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ -- ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ -- ืึท ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืึธืคึผืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“,. ืžืขืจื‘-ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, 

ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ 712 ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 207 ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, ืื•ืŸ 
6 ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืก, ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ืŸ, ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืขืก, ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืขืกืงื ื™ื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ื•ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื•ืฐืฒื™ืกื‘ืึธืจื“, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 12ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 
9, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• --- ืฆื• ื™ื”ื•ืึธืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•. ื˜ืฉืึทื’ืึทืฐื•ืขืฅ, ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 
6 (ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผื˜ื™ืจื”). ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทืฐืข ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื“ืจืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜ืข, 
ืฆื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜ืข ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ. ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืึทื ืึธืจืึทืจืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1888--1889 ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื ื“ ,, ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืžืœ- 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•. ื˜ืฉืึทื’ืึธืฐืขืฅ: ,ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืงืึทืœืขื’ืข, ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืึธืœ- 
ื“ืขื ืขื ืœืึทื ื“, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข!... ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื™ืก ืื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก, ื“ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื“ื‘ื•ืช 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทืงืขืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืžืขื’ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜". 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ืขื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ -- ืฆื• ืึทืœืขื 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™- ืคืœื™ืคื 


ืขืจืฉื˜ -- ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื•ื•ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืึทืคึผืขืจื™ืฉืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™, ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื‘ืึทืขืฐืœื˜. ืื•ื™ืš 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืืžืช, ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืึทืกืŸ-ืœืฒืขื ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจืก ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึทืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ -- ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืื’ื•ืช-ืคึผืจื ืกื”. ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช-ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ 
ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทืจื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข, ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜ ,ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง". ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืง- 
ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื ืึธ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ื ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงืขืžืคืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืฒื“ืขื ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึทื’ื˜ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ-ืกื•ืคืจื™ื. 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฅ, ืฐื•ึผ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืจืขื“ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ื“ืึธ, ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืฐื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ. 


,ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืคื•ื ืง" -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ -- , ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืจื˜ืฉืขื ืงืึธืก ืฉื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉื™ื -- ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ -- ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืคึผืึธื“ืจื™ืึทื“ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื—ื›ืžืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืขืจืฐืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื•ืœื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธืฐื•ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึดื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืงืึทื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฆื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืขืคึผื™ืงืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธื›ืงืจื™ืžืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผืœ- 
ื’ืึทืจื™ื–ื™ืจืขืจืก... ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื“ื™ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธ- 
ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ -- ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื“ืขื ,ืงื™ื‘ืขืฆืขืจ' ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื ื“ืก', ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืขืŸ, 
ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื ื—ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื ืึทื“ื™ืจ. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ื’ืข- 
ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืชืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“... ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื˜ื™ืฃ ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ืึทืจ' ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง ืฆืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืขื•ืœื (ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ืึทืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”-ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืขื ืข -- 
ื.ืœ.). ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ ืึท ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืงื•ื, ืื™ ืึท ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืฐืขืง- 


ื’ื™ืฒื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ..." (,ื“ืึธืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื•ืš", ื–ื™ 180). 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคึผื™ืงื—ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึทืจืžืึทื ื˜ืข ืฉืึทืจืคื–ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืจืฒึทื›ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ื“ื™ 
ืขืžืงื•ืชื“ื™ืง ื•ื™ื‘ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ 


7 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื• ืฉืœื•ื ืจ ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืฉื˜ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื˜ืขืžื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ืงื—ื™ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 292 ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 729 
ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ึนืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืขืก (ืœืฑื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืœืฒื˜-ืงืึทืจื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืจื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ื™ืช-ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื"). ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ื•ื™ืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื—ืžืช ืขืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ... ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1911 ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื"ื  , ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ". 
ืึทื ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ 1877 ื‘ื™ื– 1914 ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืึทืจืฑืก ืึทืŸ ืขืจืš 
0 ื•ืึธื›ื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฆืฐื™ื™ืฐืึธื›ืŸ-ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ-ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืœืฉ 
(ื–ืข "ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ" ืคื•ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืงืึธืกืึทืฐืขืจ, 
;ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ-ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฐื™", ืช"ื 19237). ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ" ืฉ. ื. 
ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจ' 12 ืคื•ืŸ ,ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ" ื"ื  ;ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื" : , ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฉ. ื. ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 2 ืึธื“ืขืจ 3 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืœืขื–ืขืจืก ? ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจ ืึทืœืก ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืœ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจืก ? 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ืžื™ืจ ื‘"ื” ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜. ืื™ืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื (ืฐื•ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ?). ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืขื” ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก {ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืกืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ -- (ืฐืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ?), ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’"ืค, ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ื". 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืจื™ืจื˜ ื“ืจืš-ืึทื’ื‘ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ-ืคืจืึทื’ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
,,ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ" ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื—ืชืžืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš , ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื”" (ื“ืขืจ , ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื”" ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ืฉืš-ื‘ืขึถื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืฉืขืจื‘ื™ื ืกืงื™) 
ื•ื• ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ: ,,,..ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืฃ, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ 
ืคึผืกืงื ื˜! ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื“ืึธืก ,ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ' ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ'. ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ืคืจืึทื’ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืขืจ. ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ื™ื•ืฉืจ' 
ื“ืึธืก ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ! -- -- -- ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ?" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ืžืืžืจ 
ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ : ,,ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืึทืจืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ืข 
ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ-ื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืš ? -- ื’ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืจ' ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ,ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึทืŸื™. ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ? ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ,ื”ื›ืฉืจ"" 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ , ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 21 (27ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1911), 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืžืฆื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืขืึท- 
ื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ : ,,ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ! ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ,ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื”! ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืฆืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ื”ื›ืฉืจ', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ' ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืœืžืึทื™ ืื™ืš ืจื•ืฃ ืขืก ืึธืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 


8 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ. ืฐืึทืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ,ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื”' ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขื 
,ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ ,ื’ื•ื™ืขืฉื™... ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ, ื”ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคึผื•ืฐื•ื™ืฆืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜.. 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืฐืึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืืฑื‘ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืœืขื–ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื"ื™ ?... ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืœืขื‘ืข- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ืœื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืขื ืึทื ื˜ืŸ 
,ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึทืŸ ืื•ื ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืึท ,ื”ื›ืฉืจ'ื™. ืึท ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืคืึธืœืง ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ,ื”ื›ืฉืจ', 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉืžื•ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืืจืฅ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ". (ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•" 
ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ", ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 20ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1934). 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ืฉืžื”ื“ื™ืง- 
ื•ื•ืขื–ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขื“ืฒึทืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืข ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” : ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืคืึทืจืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ื’ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข. ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื ื—ืช-ืจื•ื— ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึท-ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืžืึทื ื™ ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืึธืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืฉื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืึธืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคึผืœืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื“ื•ื•ื”ื“ื™ืงืข, ืœืขื‘ื ืกืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ืก-ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื, ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ , ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธื•ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึธื•ืŸ", ืฐื™ ืขืก 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืžืึทื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื–ืึท 
ืคืึทืจืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื–ืึท ืึธื ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ืฐื™ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. 

ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ,,ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื" ืื™ื– ืึท ืฐืขืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืจืึธื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ื-ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, 


ืฆึด 


ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ : ,ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’", ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง 1923 ; , ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ", ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 1926 (ื‘ื™ื– 1922) ; 
,ื™ื™ึทื•ื•ืึธื“ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ", ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข 1921 ; ,.ื“ืึธืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื•ืš", ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง 1926 ; , ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•", ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข 1941; ,,ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ", 1991. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึท 
ืฆืึธืœ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•-ืื•ืฆืจ ืื™ืŸ , ื‘ื™ืช-ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึท 
ืฆืึธืœ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ (ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข). 


ืึทื‘ืจื”ื˜ ืœื™ืก 


ืขื–ื‘ื•ื ื• ื”ืึธืคึผื™ืกื˜ื•ืœืืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืชื•ืคืกืช ื”ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื” 
ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ืžืงื•ื ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืชื• 
ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ, ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ืืœื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื 
ื’ื ืืฉื ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืœืืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžืขืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชึทืŸ 
ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื–ืืช, ื”ืœื›ื™ ืจื•ื—, ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืœื”ื˜ ื›ืจื˜ื˜ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื” 
ื•ื›ื“ื›ื“ื•ืš ืขืงื‘ ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขื•ืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื›ืชื‘ื™-ื“ืคื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ, 
ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื”, ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื’ื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื›ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžื. 

ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™, ืžื”ื•ื™ื ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™, ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขื™ืงืจื™ 
ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื“ืจื›ื ื ึนื™ืชึธืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช 
ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืœื™ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. 

ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืฉื™ื™ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ื”ื’ื, ืœืœื ืกืคืง 
ื ึดื”ืœื• ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช -- ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื =- ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืคื”. ื›ืš ื’ื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื 
ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืื ื• ืœืืžืจ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืช: ืฉืœื•ืฉืช 
ื”ืงืœืกื™ืงื•ื ื™ื: ืžื ื“ืœื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื™.ืœ. ืคืจืฅ ื•ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 

ื”ื’ื, ืฉื™.ืœ. ืคืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืื•ืคืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื ื“ืœื™ ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืžึฐืขึธื˜ 
ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื. ื›ื ืจืื”, ืฉืืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข 
ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ื•ื... ืžื ื“ืœื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ 
ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื•. (ืจ' โ€ ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข:ื‘ื•ืš", 
ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื™ื™ื–ื™ืœ, 1959, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ 215 ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื.). 

ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืจืชืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืืฆืœื• ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืขื™ืกื•ืง 
ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืช. ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื›ืชื‘ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ 
ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื•, ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื’ื ื‘ืขืช 
ืฉื™ื ื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืื• ื ืขืžื“ 
ืœื™ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื•ื™. ื ืจืื”, ืฉื”,,ืžืขื ื” ืœืฉื•ื ืก" 
ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื™ื”ื•ืคืขืฅ ื•ื›ืชืจื™ืืœื™ื‘ืงืข ื”ืื™ืฆื• ื•ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ืžื ื•ื—ืชื• ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, 

ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื—ืฃ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื•. ื›ืžืขื˜ 
ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื• ื›ืชื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื. ื›ื ืจืื”, ืฉื”ื ืžืขื ื™ื, ื”, ื ืคืฉื•ืช", ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืชื‘, ืจื‘ืฆื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• 
ื‘ืื™ ืฉืงื˜ ืฉื›ื–ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• 
ื‘ื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืคืชื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ืฆื•ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ื ื ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ื ื™ืžื” ื”ื›ื ื” 
ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื•, ื’ื ืื–, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ืข ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ 
ืžื™ืจืจื• ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ื”ืชื™ื™ืกืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. 

ื ื“ืžื”, ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ ืกืคืง, ืฉื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ื•ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” -- ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ืืš ื•ืจืง 
ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื -- ื”ื™ืชื” ื•ื ืฉืืจืช ื›ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื ื™ื›ืจ 


10 


ื‘ืœื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื”. ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ (ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”) ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื›ืชื‘, ื‘ื ื•ืกื— 
ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจืกืคื•ื ื“ื ืฆื™ื”, ืฉืฉืœื— ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ืช (ืืฉืจ, ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืกืจื‘ื• 
ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก) ื•ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื‘,ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”" (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1879), ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ -- ื•ื‘-25 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช -- ื”ื ื• 
ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื”ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื“'ืื–, ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• -- ืคืขืจืขื™ืึทืกืœืขื•. 

ืื– ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 20 ื•ื—ืชื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื• -- ืฉืœื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืฅ'. ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” 
ื›ืชื‘ื”, ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื•: ,ืžืึธื™ืข ืคืขืจืฐืึธื™ืข ืคืขื˜ืฉืึทื˜ื ืื™ืข ืกืœืึธืฐืึธ" (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, , ื”ื“ื‘ืจ 
ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™"), ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืชื‘ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื–ื•, ืœื ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™. 
ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ืืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช, ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืœื“ืจื’ื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช 
ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืงืœืกื™ืช 
ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช, 

ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื›ืฆื•ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืœืš ืจื•ื—ื• ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ, ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™, ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ 
ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš, ืžืชื™, ื•ืžื”. ื›ืš, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™90, ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืงื‘ืข 
ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™. ื—. ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ,ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื", 
ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื—ื•ื›ื ื•ืื™ื˜ืœื•ืœื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื‘ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ืฆื”. ืขื•ื“ 
ืžืงื•ื“ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985, ืžื“ืคื™ืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜", ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื 
ืžื›ื ื” , ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ-ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜", (ืขืกืง ืžืฉืจื“ื™) ืขื ืชืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช -- , ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ืฆื”, 
8 ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื•-20 ืžื‘ืจืงื™ื". ื›ืš, ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืฆืœืœื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื -- 
ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ึทื ืจ ื–ื”, ื’ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช 
ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช -- ,,ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ", ืฉื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกื“ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1892. ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืคืชืขื” ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืœืงื•ืจื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, 
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘-1908---1909. ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืืœื”, ืžืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ 
ืœื–ื•ื’ืชื• ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ ืืœ ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ, ื—ืฉืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช 
ื•ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ 
ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืฆืืจื™ืช ืขืœ , ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘" ืฉืœื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. 

,ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ"ื™ ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื ืจึดื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื”. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” 
ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืœื•ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืš 
ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืกื—-ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืขื ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืžืงื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื”. 

ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ ื”ืคืš ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• 
ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืœืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ; ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืžืคืกื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืืœื™. ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื 
ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ืื™-'ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื ืขืœื”, ื”ืื™-ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื. ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ 
ืœื ืขื•ืฆืจ. ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ื ืžืก ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืคื•ื, ื’ื ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ -- ื•ืื™ืคื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ --- ืืคื™ืœื• 
ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ืžื“ื›ื ืื•ืชื•, ืืš ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ืœื”ืจืฃ ืขื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื ื•ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ 
ืขื ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื”ืœื ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ 
ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘-ื”ืงืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ึนืช ื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื‘ืžืขื•ืคื ื”ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื ืชื›ื ื ื•, 
ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื•ืงื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืขื•ืฃ ื”ืœื•ื”ื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืœืื” ืฉืœ 
ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ------- 

ืžื” ืฉื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื™, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ืฉืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 
3 ื•ื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื‘,,ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜" (ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข) ืžืืคืจื™ืœ 25 ืขื“ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 10 (ืžืžืกืคืจ 86 ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืกืคืจ 
246). ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืขึดืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืจืง 
ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื”. ื›ืืŸ ื ึฐื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื• 


11 


ืคื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ื ื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ: ,ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืžืข ืื ื™ ืืช 
ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฆื™ื•ืŸ' ืื• ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช. ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ื‘ื” ื•ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื 
ืื•ืชื™ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ื•, ื•ื ืฉืžืชื™ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื•ืžืฉืชื•ืงืงืช ืœืžืฉื”ื•, ื•ืœื• ืจืง ืžืฉืœื ื• 
ื•ืœื• ืจืง ื’ืึธืจืึธื“ืึธืฐื•ืึธื™ (ืฉื•ื˜ืจ) ืžืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืœื• ืคึทึผืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœื™, ืžื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช : 
ื–ื” ื”ืคึผืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื ื• ืžื”ืจ"ืจ ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ื™, ืื™ืš ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš 1 ื•ื™ 

ื”ื‘ื” ื•ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ : ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืฒื™ืžืœืึทื ื“" ื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื‘-4 ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช 31 
ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” , ืžื ื”ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ". ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื”ื—ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื”-14 ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ? 
ื›ื™, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ึธึผืจ ื‘ื™ ืจื‘, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืคื™ืกื• ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ืคืจ, ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” 
ืžื—ื ืœืขืชื™ื ื›ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื›-,,ืžืชืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื", ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ืืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืืจืฅ 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื›ื“ึธืœึธื’ึตื˜ (ืฆื™ืจ). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1976 ื™ืฆื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื (ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™.ืœ. ืคืจืฅ) ื›ืจืš ืžืœื ื•ื‘ื• ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” 
,ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ"ื™, (ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช , ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ-ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื" 
(ื›ืจืš ืฉื ื™), ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, 

ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ ื•ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจื” 
ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื ื•ืชืŸ 
ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืงืจื‘ืชืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ืช ืืœ ืคืขืœื• ื”ืืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืœืืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•, ืฉืžื ืงืจื•ื‘ื” 
ืœืืžืช ื”ืื™ืžืจื” ื”ืœื ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื›ื™ ืจืกื™ืก, ื›ื–ื™ืช ืžืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ 
--- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ื›ืš ื‘ืœื”ื˜-ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืœืื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ื™ื. โ€ . 

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื”, ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•, ื”ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืœืืจื™ 
ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ 
ืžืคืขืœ ื–ื”. ื•ืืœื” ื”ื : ื. ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ื‘. ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื 
ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช-ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช 
ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ื’. ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขืงื™ืฃ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื 
ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช 
ืฉื•ื ื•ืช : ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื”, 

ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ 713 ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ืžื”ื 207 ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•-506 ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืืžื ื™ื, 
ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ, ืขืกืงื ื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ื•ืคืขืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœ 
ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื•ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขืžืžื™, ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื•ื™ืกื‘ืึธืจื“, ืž-13 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1819, 
ื•ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ืืฉ ื•ืœืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื•. ื˜ืฉืึทื’ืึธืฐืขืฅ, ืืคืจื™ืœ, 1916 (ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช 
ืœืคื ื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•). ืžืขื ื™ืŸ, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฆึธืขึถืจ ืืช ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื ื˜ื™ื; ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืื• 
ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืขื–ื‘ื•ื”ื•. ื”ืœื ืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืžืš ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ืœื ืฉื›ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขืช 
ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื›ื™ื ,, ืคึผืึธืœืงืก ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ื‘-1888--1889, ืžืืกืคื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ืจื•ืฉื ืขื– 
ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช. ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœ-ื•ื•. ื˜ืฉืึทื’ืึธืฐืขืฅ: , ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืฉืœื•ื ืœืš, ืงื•ืœื’ื” ื™ืงืจ, 
ืžืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ืžืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช!.. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ืจืš ืื ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ืฆื™ืงื™ื 
ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืžึดืฆื ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืชืช ื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื›ืกื ื™ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ 
ืขืœ ื›ืš ื™ืจื™ืขื• ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ืจืฉื•ืชื ืœื–ืขืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ืข, 
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกื." 


ืœื, ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื ื˜ืขื”. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื ื›ืืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืงืคื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื”ืืžืŸ 
ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ึทืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ื•ื“ืื™, ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืคื—. ื’ื ื”ื•ื. ื™ื“ืข 


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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืš ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช -- ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจืื™ื• ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ 
ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• -- ืจืฆื” ื”ื•ื, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืจืฆื”, ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืคืจื ืกื”, 
ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืžื”, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ ืฉื ืืฆืœ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. 

ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื“ืื’ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•, ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืชื•ืš 
ืื”ื‘ื” ื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ,,ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™". ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ 
ื ึดืฆืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืชื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื•ึน ื”ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืขืคื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื•, ืœื—ื ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจ 
ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• 

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช, ื‘ื” ืžืฉื‚ื™ื— ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• 
ืœื• ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื›ืš, ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืืช ื”ื ื™ืžื” 
ื”ืกื˜ื™ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืขืฉืขืช, ื”ื ืฉืžืขืช ื›ื”ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•, 

,ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคื•ื ืง -- ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื—ื•ืชื ื• ื”ืžืกื•ืจ ื•ืžืชืจื’ืžื• ืœืžื•ืคืช 
ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช -- ื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื, ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจืฆื ืงื• 
(ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืฉืขื ืงืึธ), ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื‘ืœ. ืืœื” ื”ื ื˜ืคืฉื™ื -- ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ -- ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื 
ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื›ื. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ืžืจ ื›ื–ื” 
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืงื”ืœ, ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืคื™ืง ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ื ืžื’ื•ื’ื•ืœ ื•ืžืฆ'ื›ื•ื‘. ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื™ื—ืก 
ื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ 
ืœืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื ืจืื” ืืช ื—ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื’ืกื™ื." ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื 
ืงืจื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”, ืงื™ื‘ืขืฆืขืจ", ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ 
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”, ืงื•ื ื“ืก", ื‘ื”ื ืžืฆื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื˜ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™. 
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‚ื‘ืข ื ื—ืช ืžืžืฉื” ื ืื“ื™ืจ. ื‘ื•ืžืŸ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” 
ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘,, ื‘ืื–ืืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ืœ" 
ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืชื ืฉืงื• ื‘ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช 
ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืงื”ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื‘, (,ื”ื‘ืื–ืืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™" ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื.ืœ.) 
ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื•ื”ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื.." (,ื“ืึธืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื•ืš" 
ืข. 180). 


ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืคืงื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืชื• 
ื”ืฉืจืžื ื˜ื™ืช, ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื•, ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืžืงื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื˜ื˜ืช, ื•ื›ืœ 
ื–ืืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื”ื ื•ืฉืžืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชื•ืš 
ืฉืคืข ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืœืืช ื—ื™ื•ืช. ื–ื• ืฉืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœ-293 ืžืขื ื™ื. ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืž-729 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช. (ืœืคื™ 
ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™-ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื). 

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ, ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ื“, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ.. 
ื•ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1911 ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ;ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ" (ืื—ื™ื ื•), 
ืื’ื‘, ืž"1877 ืขื“ 1914 ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›"10--11 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ื ื™ื, 
ื™ืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ืช -- ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, (ืจ' ,,ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ,ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืžืืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™ 
ืงืึธืกืึธืฐื•ืขืจ -- ,ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ", ืช"ื 1927). ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ,,ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ", 
ืฉ.ื. ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื— ื›ืžื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชืช. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืขื ื” ืœื• ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ืžืก' 12 ,,ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ", ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช , ื“"ืฉ ืžืฉืœื•ื- 


13 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืขืœื™ื›ื" : ืœืขื•ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉ. ื. ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ! ืื ื™ ืžืื“ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืขืœ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื›ื 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื“ืขื”. ื”ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ืžืฆื 
ืฉื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงื•ืจืื™ื ? ื”ืื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ืช ? ื”ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื 
ืจื‘ื™ื ? ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘"ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“. ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืชื™ืจื™ื 
ืœื™ (ืžื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืื•ืชื?). ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืขื” ืžื›ึนื‘ึทึผื–ืœ ื•ืžืงื•ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก 
(ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™) ืื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ืจืฉื” ืœื™ (ืžื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืื•ืชื•). ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื 
ื•ืขืฉื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื” ื—ื™ื” ื•ืžืกืจื• ื“"ืฉ ืœื›ื•ืœื. ื’"ืค, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืœืžื›ืชื‘ 
ื–ื”, ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘-,ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ", ืžืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืชื•ื 
,ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื”" (ื”-, ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื”" ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื™, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืฉืขืจื‘ื™ื ืกืงื™), ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ: , ื”ืื ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ืคื•ืกืง ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ืฉื”'ื–ืฉืืจื’ืึธืŸ' ื ืงืจื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉื™. ืืฆืœื• 
ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืจืง ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืื™ื–ื• ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื•ืœื™ ืœืคื™ ื”'ื™ื•ืฉืจ' ืฉืœื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 
ืฉื™ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ' ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ืช ?" ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”: ,ื”ื ื–ืงืงื™ื 
ืืชื ืœืžื™ืœื” ื—ื™ื”, ืืชื, ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉื•ืืœ ื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืš ื”ืชืฉื•ืฉื™ื -- ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
'ื–ืฉืืจื’ืึธืŸ. ืื– ืžื” ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื–ื” ? ื ื“ืžื”, ืฉ'ื”ื›ืฉืจ' ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื–ื” ืœื ื ื—ื•ืฅ". ืขืœ ื›ืš 
ืขื ื” ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืืจื•ืš ืืœ ืขื•ืจืš ,ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ", ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ืžืก' 21 (27 
ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, 1911). ื ื‘ื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ืฉืœ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื: ,,ืขื•ืจืš ื™ืงืจ! ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื›ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข "ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื”' 
ื•ืžืชืœื•ืฆืฅ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”'ื”ื›ืฉืจ' ืฉืœื™ ืฉื ืชืชื™ ืœ'ื–ืฉืืจื’ืึธืŸ', ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื 
ืœื–ื” ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ'. ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื” ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื. ื›ื ืจืื”, ืจืฆื” "ืฉืจืืœื™ื”, ืฉื ืงืจื ืœื™ื–ืฉืืจื’ืึธืฃ 
'ื’ื•ื™ื™ืฉื™.. ืžื” ืฉืžืคืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™, ืฉืืชื”, ื›ืขื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืœืœืขื’ ื›ื–ื” 
ืขืœ ื“ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืš ืืชื”... ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืืœื™ืš ืจืง ืฉืืœืชื™, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืจืื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ 
ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ?.. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ ืืช ื›ืžื™ื”ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ื—ื™ื” ืœื”ืžื•ืŸ, ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื 
ืœึนื—ึดื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• 'ื–ืฉืืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ืœื• ื”ื›ืฉืจ'. ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืขื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืื•ืช 
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”, ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืฉื•ื 'ื”ื›ืฉืจ', ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ,ืžืชืคืœื— ื”ื•ื' ืžื—ื•ืฅ- 
ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ." (ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื” ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ", ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 
0 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, 1924), 

ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื ื›ืจืช ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื”, ืฉื‘ืขืžืงื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ื–ืืช ืขื’ื ื” ื‘ื ืฉืžืชื” 
ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืืžืŸ, ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”, 
ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื. ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื—ื“ื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” 
ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจ-ืงื•ืœื’ื”. ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื ื—ืช ืจื•ื— ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื 
ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื” ืฉื ื•ืกืคื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”: ืžืื ื™ ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืึธืคึผืึทื˜ื•ึนืฉืื•ึผ, ื•ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขื•ื“ 
ืžืงื•ื“ื -- ื™ื”ื•ืืฉ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•. ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืคื™ื 
ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื•, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืœืื™ ื—ื“ื•ื•ื” ื•ืฉืžื—ืช 
ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืœื›ื™ ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคืงืคื•ืงื™ื, ืชืงื•ื” ื•ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืฉื ืคืฉื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืœืื” ื‘ื”ื. 

ืืš ,ื”ืขื ื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืื™ืฆื™ืง 
ืžืื ื’ืจ, ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื™. ื“. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง, ืฉืžืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืขืจืฆื” ื•ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช 
ื›ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 


ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ , ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื" ื”ื ื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืจื‘ืช ืขืจืš ืœื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” 
ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. 


14 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” 





ื‘ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื˜ื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1 ืฆื• ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืึธืจืš 


ืกืึธืคึผื™ืขื•ื•ืงืึท, 13ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1879 


ื”ืขืจืจืŸ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ื•ืจื“, 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ! 

ืคื™ืœ ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, --- ื”ื’ื ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืขืžื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš; ืืžืช, ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืขื ื“ื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืงืŸ ืึทืจื‘ ; ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, , ื“ื™ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืงืœื™ื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ", ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜, ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื—ืจืคึผื”, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฐื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ ื˜ืึธื’-ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš 
ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ : ,ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™, ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ".., 

ื•ืฉืœื•ื) 


2; ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืฃ (ืฐืขื•ื•ื™ืง) 


ืœื•ื‘ื ื™, 10ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1882 


ืื—ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™ ! 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ื ืื”, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื—ืฉืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœืึธื›ื”! ื“ื• ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืกื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ื’, 
ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืœืึธื›ื” ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืื•ืก ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ... -- -- --- ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืจืคึผื” ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื™ื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื‘ืœื” ื“ื™ ืคืขืœ, ืึทื‘ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก 
ื’ืึธื‘. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžืœืึธื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜, 

ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื• ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“"ื” ืฆื™ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข-ืœืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ? 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึทืœื“ -- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืกืึธื“. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจืœื™ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™- 
ื“ืขื ืขืจืœื™ื™ ืฐืึธืกืคึผื™ื˜ืึทื ื™ืขืก. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืึทืœื“. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’. 


17 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืคืึทืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืœื›ืชึผื—ื™ืœื” 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธื“. ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืึธื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจืœื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ : 
ืขืคึผืœื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, ื‘ืึทืจื ื‘ืฒื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœื‘ืฒื™ืžืขืจ, ืคืœื•ื™ืžืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื‘ืข, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืจืึธื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผื™ืจื•ืช, ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืขืคึผืœื‘ื•ื™ื ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืœ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“, ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฑืก, ื“"ื” ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืžื•ื– ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ืจืฉ. ืฐืึธืก 
ื ืึธืš ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืกืึธื“ ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื’ืจืึธื–ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืขื›ืœืงืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทืคึผืขืฐืข. 

ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข-ืœืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืจืึธืคึผืขืฐืข, 
ื“ื• ื“ืึทืจืคึผืกื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ื ื—ื•ื ื‘ืจื‘ ื–ืื‘-ืฐืึธืœืฃ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–"ืœ, ื”ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื”ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทื˜ื ืก ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื, 

ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืกืฒึท ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ,,ื‘ืขืกืขื“ืขืก" ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, 
ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืœืžืฉืœ, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ื–ืข, ืฐืขืฐื•ื™ืง, ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื, ืึทื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ืœื•ื ื’-ืื•ืŸ-ืœืขื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื– ื•ึตื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื ืจืึทืฐืึธื•ื˜ืฉืขื ื™ืข ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžืžืฉื•ืช ? ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ? ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ืฉื‚ื›ืœ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื•ื™ ืžืข ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ --- ื‘ื•! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื“ืึทืจืคึผืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื ื’ืึธืœื“! 

ื‘ืึทืคืฑื™ืœืŸ, ืžื•ืกืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืจืึทืฐืึธื•ื˜ืฉืขื ื™ืขืก -- ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ. ืื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ , ื‘ืขืกืขื“ืขืก", ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉืฒื™ื“ื˜. 

ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ, ืฆื™ ื”ืึทืกื˜ื• ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ ? ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืขืš. ื“ื• ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืขืจ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืืจื™ืš-ื™ืžื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผื˜ืข ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 

ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช. ื–ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, 


ืื—ื™ืš ืฉ ืœื•ื 


ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืึทื’ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื™ืึทื ืงืขืœืข. ื’ืจื™ืก ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืกืขืžื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ื•ืข, ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื’"ืค. ื–ืข ื ืึธืจ, ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื’ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื•ืžืขืก, 


ืฆื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข ื—ื ื”ืก ื’ืจื•ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ... ื”ืขืจืฆืœืขืš ?... 


18 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
3 ืฆื•ื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 


6ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1884 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ! ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื 5--6 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื”, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžืชึผื ื”, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื™ืึธืจ. ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจ ! 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืกื˜, ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืึธ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื ืขื–ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืึทื ืงืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทืฐืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื’ืฉืึธืœืŸ -- ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืฆื•ืช ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทืจื ื™ืฉื˜! ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, ื‘ืขืช ืกืื™ื– 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“ ! ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืจื’ืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, --- ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืขืง ื‘ื™ื– ืขืง, 
ื–ื™ืกืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ืžื‘ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื™ืฆืขืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑื• ืฆื• 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: , ืงื•ืึท! ืงื•ืึท!" ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืึธื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ? 
ื’ื•ื˜, ื’ื•ื˜, ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข! ื–ื™ื ื’ ื–ืฉืข, ื–ื™ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ! , ืงื•ืึท ! ืงื•ืึท !"... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื ? ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ? ื•ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฐื•ึผื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฒื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืึธื•ืฐื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ? ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืื•ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ !... ื’ื™ ื–ืฉืข, ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืจืขืžืก ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื“ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืงืกืœ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ -- ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ! ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ? ืคืจืขื’ ื ืึธืจ, ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 
ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก, --- ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื’ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ. ื•ื•ืึธืจืขื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื’ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื–ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืคืึทืœ... ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืจืŸ! 


ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื”ืฑื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“: ื–ืึธืœืึธื˜ื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก. 
ืฉืœื•ื 


ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื—ื ื”, ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืœ ื "ื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืจื—ืœ-ืœืื” ื’ืจื™ืก ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, 


19 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื• ืคื•ื• ืฉืœื•ื”ื- ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


4 ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• 


(ื‘ืขืœืึทื™ืึท ืฆืขืจืงืึธื•ื•} 25ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 18184ืŸ 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืชึผื ื”, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ืžืจื™ื, ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคืึทื˜ืฉืฒื™ืœืข. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื• ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง, ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืคืจื•ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ืžืจื™ื ืคืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึทื ืง 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืฑืœื–ืฒึทืŸ, --- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, ื”ืœืฐืึทื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืžืขืจืŸ ืงืจืึทืคื˜, ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืคืฉืจ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ. ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ืฆื• ืึทื–ืึท ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืึท ืกืš ื˜ืขืžื™ื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ. --- ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื ืฒึทืก ื‘ื™ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑืกืœืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฉืฐืึทื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืœืึทื ื“ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืก.. 

ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื›ืฅ, ืงืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื ืฒึทืข ื–ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื•ื™ ืึท ืฐืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืึทืกืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 
ืฆื• ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆืŸ, -- ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. -- ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก: ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“, ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืœื•ื™ื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ? ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืฒึทื’ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ืžื™ืœื’ืจื•ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš, ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ืžืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืคื™ืจืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืŸ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ... ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" ื”ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“ืฑ, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ , ื”ืขืจืฉืœ ื—ื™ืช"; ืœื›ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, --- ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืžืืžืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ื™ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ 
, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". -- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขืกื˜ื• 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทืจืข. -- 

ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง ืืฒื‘ื™ืง. 


ืฉืœื•ื ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืคึผ.ืก. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืœ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 


20 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื–ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ; ื ืึธืš ืฉื‘ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ... 

ืคึผื™ืคึผ.ืก.ืก, ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืก ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ-ืžืึทืŸ ืžื•"ื” ื“ื•ื‘-ื‘ืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทื˜ืฉืฒื™ืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืึท ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืื™ืจ! -- ืคืึทืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึท ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. 

ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ. 

ืฉืœื•ื 


ืค99ืก.ืก. ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ-ืžืึทืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื•ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, -- ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ ืื™ื–, ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื. 


5 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ืขืœืึทื™ืึท ืฆืขืจืงืึธื•ื•, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1884 


ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื›ืžืจ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! 

ืฐื•ึผ ืึท ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฑื˜ื‘ืึทื“ืขืจืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ -- ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืงืกื˜ื• ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ! 

ืจื‘ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ืกืœืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืึธื•ื•, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืœืข; ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืึทื’ืข, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืก, ืืึท"ื•ื•. ืฐื™ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ: ,ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ -- ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ืžืก 
ืงืขืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ !... 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื– ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืึทื’ืข ื‘ืฒื™ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ืฆื• ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืึธืจ-ื™ืจืงื•ืช ; ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื™ืกื—ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืึท ืกืš ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ. ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคื™ืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ื• ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื• 


21 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ , ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืก", ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฆืฒื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ? ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื™ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืก --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ื•ืจื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ-ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท 
ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช-ื“ืžื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืขื”, 
ื‘ืขืช ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ (ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ) 
ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืœืึทื’ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• 
ื•ืฐืขืกื˜ ืขืก ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืจ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืก ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” -- -- --. 

ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื“ื™ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืึทื’ืข, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืฃ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืกืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ -- --... ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜... ื–ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื“ื• ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 

ืฉืœื•ื 


ืคึผืก. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ืก ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืขื•ื•, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜, ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื“ื™ 
ืกื•ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื–ืขืงืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ึผืœ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข. ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื ื•ื’. 

ืคึผ.ืก.ืก. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฉื‚ื›ึผื™ืœ, ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื˜ื” ืึท., ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ืžืฉื›ึผื™ืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืกืคึผืึธืœ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคึผืขืจืข- 
ื™ืึทืกืœืึทืฐื•, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื ืึธื‘ืœ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžื” ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐืขืคึผื˜! ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื•ื™ืœืกื˜, ื–ืึธื’ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขื ื—ื›ื ืึท., ืึทื• -- -- --. 


6 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงืœืขื•ื•, ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ ืขืฉ"ืง, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1884 


ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืœืžื“ืŸ, ื“ืขื ื ื’ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ืžืึทื’ื ืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“, 
ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืžื•ื”ืจ"ืจ 


ืืœื™ื”ื• ื "ื™, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื ื ื—ื•ื 


22 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ืคื 


ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืื‘ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืื‘, ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ. 

ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ืกื˜ื•, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ! 

ืืžืช, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืึธืง ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื”ืขืจืŸ ื ืฒึทืก ? ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืขื” ืึทืจื•ื ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื (ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช, ืฐื™ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“) ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœื™ื‘, ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœ ื“ืึธืก ืจืฒึทื›ื˜ื•ื. ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฆื“ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ื, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท 
ื•ื•ืขืจื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืžืฆื“ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืžื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื’, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืฐื™ ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื–ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ื”ืฉื‚ื›ึผืœื” ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜... ,,ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• -- ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ื–ืึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื‘ืขืช ืึทืœืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื•ื™ ืึท ืฐืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืึทืกืขืจืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืฐืึทืœ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืขืคื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’..." -- -- -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื“ื” ืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืึทืจื‘ืŸ... 

ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš 
ืœื™ื‘. 

ืฉืœื•ื ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก, ืฆื• ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืกืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก: ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืž. ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™. 
ืคืึทืจ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, 


7 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืฉื‚ื“ื” ืœื‘ืŸ, 11/10 ื™ื•ื ื™ 18185ืŸ 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ !+ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึทืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 


23 


ื‘ ืคื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื ื–ื” ืฉืœื•ื ืงืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื“ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ืจืข 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืฒืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืงืจืึทื ืง. 

ืืžืช, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื›ึผื ื”, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ื• ืงืึธื ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง 
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืจืฒึทื›ื˜ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜! 

ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ, ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจ! ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ืงื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทืžืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ?! 

ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืคึผืจื™ืขืจ -- ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื—ืช, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื’ืžืช-ื ืคืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื’- 
ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“. ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ -- 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื ืึธื–ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง. 

ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, 

ืฉืœื•ื 


8 ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


ืงืึทืจืœืกื‘ืึทื“, 6ื˜ืŸ (29ืกื˜ืŸ) ื™ื•ื ื™ 1886 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ! 

.ื“ื™ ืžืึธืจืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืฉืœ ?... 

..ืึทื– ื“ื• ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืจืœืกื‘ืึทื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืกืขืจืŸ.. 
ืึทื’ื‘, ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืขืฆื”ื˜, ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืึทืกืขืจ, ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทื ืœืขืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื“ื™ืขื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืœืึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ... ื ืึธืจ ื“ื• ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ 
ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ืงืžื” ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงืขืจืก ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื”ืฒื. ืึธ, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ืกืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ืขื 
ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจืงืขืจ ืžืึทืจืง, ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœื‘ื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. 

ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขืกืŸ : ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฆืึธืจื ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง 
ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืจืœ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ื“ืขื ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืฒื ืึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ! 

ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท 
ืฉื˜ื•ืชืขืจืฒื™. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืึทื– ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืชืขืจืฒื™, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– 


24 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื™ืง ื™ื“ื™ืขื”ืœืข, ื›ึผืœืขืจืœืฒื™, ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง, ืฐื•ื™ ืžืข 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜-ืฐื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจืœึทื‘ืŸ. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 


9 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืงืึทืจืœืกื‘ืึทื“, 18ื˜ืŸ (20ืกื˜ืŸ) ื™ื•ื ื™ 1886 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืงืข, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืขืŸ. ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ? 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ? ืึธ, 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืฆื•, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆืขืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ! ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ. ืึทื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื“ืึธื˜ืข, 
ืžืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ื›ื ื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื“ื• ื”ืขืจืกื˜ ? --- ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช : ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ! ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทื‘ืกืึธืœื•ื˜ ืึท ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื—ื–ื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ... 
ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜, ืึทื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื‘ื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืฉืขืง ืฆืขืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ! ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธ ืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 


0 ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืงืึทืจืœืกื‘ืึทื“, 6ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1887 
ืœื™ื‘ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ืžืฒึทื ืก ื˜ื™ืกื™! 
ื–ืึธื’ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ! ื’ื™ื‘ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ืกืึทืจืึธื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜! 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผ ืึท ืคึผ ืึท 


1 ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


ืงืœืขื•ื•, 10ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1887 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 
ื˜ื™ืกื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ื ืึทื˜ืึทืกื™ืึท ื‘ืึธืœื ืึทื™ืึท" ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง,. ืฉื‚ืจื”ื˜ืฉืงืข ืื•ื™ืš. ื•ื•ืขืŸ 


25 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื– ืคื•ื– ืฉืœื•ื ?9 ืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– 
ื“ื• ื•ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื‚ืจื”ื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ ; ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขื•ืคืขืœืข. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฐื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜-ืื•ื™ื’, ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืงืข, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข 
ืฆื•ื ื’, ื–ืึทืœืฅ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืงื ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืฐื•ืœื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืฆื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืฆื• ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืคื™ืœืกื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ? ื˜ื™ืกื™ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื’ื ื”ืึทื ื˜ื™ืง, ื–ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
, ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื ืขืŸ", ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•. ืœื™ื™ื’ ืึธืคึผ ืืฑืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื ื˜, 
ื‘ืœื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืจื•ืžื™ืึทื ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 


ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืฃ (ื•ื•ืขื•ื•ื™ืง) 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜' 1888 

ืึธื—ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• 
ืฉืจืฒึทื™ื‘ืกื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ,, ืงื•ืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ืง". ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ 
, ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ืง", ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงื•ืจืฅ, 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื›ึผืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉืขื”. ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืžืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืขืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืึท ืคืฒึทื ืข ื›ึผืœื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืขืš, ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ.. ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข 
ืฉืขื‘ื™ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ื’ืขืœื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ, ื’ืขืœื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง. ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ! ืื•ืŸ ืžื–ืœ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ื’ืึธื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉื™ืจื˜ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘"ื“. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ืึทืจืฑืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง. ืืคืฉืจ 
ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ? ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืขืก. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขื ื™ืฉ, 
ืึท ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ืึท ืžื™ืกืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ื“ื™ืจ, -- ืึท ืฐืึทื›ืœืึทืงืœืึทืงืขืก !... ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒื™ 
ืฉื‚ืจื”-ืจื™ื‘ื”ืŸ,. ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื—ื˜ืื™ื. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜-ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื• 
ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืขืคื˜ืœืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืฐืขืจืง, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 

ืฉืจืœื™ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืกืึธืกื™, ืฆื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ? 
ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ? ืœืึธืžื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: 

ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืกื™! (ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืกืึธืกื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ 


26 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื–ืึธืคื™ืข) ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ? ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื“ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ื“ื™ืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืข ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’"ืค. 


2. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1889 
ืึทื—ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™! 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืขื ืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท 
ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ืกืŸ. ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืึท ื”ืขื ื˜ืฉืงืข-ืžืึทื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, 

ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ื‘ื“ื™ืœ-ื”ื“ืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• 
ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืจ, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ืš 
ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื–ืข, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑืกืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืก! ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทืœืข ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึทืกืคึผืึธืจื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืขื ืข ื–ืึทืš. 

ืฆื™ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืขืจืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ืŸ-ืœืึทื ื“ 
(ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜), ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืชืจื’ื•ื-ืœืฉื•ืŸ? ื“ื• 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ืœืขืš, -- ื˜ืึธ ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืึทื– ืž'ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ? ืกืข ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ? ื“ื• ืงืึธื ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ? 
ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืจืขืงืŸ. ืจื™ื™ื“ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืงืขื ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ !... ืึทื‘ื™ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ -- ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืžืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืึธืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึท ืžื™ื–ืžืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฆื™ ื“ื• ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ. 

ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืงืขื ืกื˜ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื˜ื™ืฃ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืฆืจืง ื‘ืคืจื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท , ืงืจื•ื–ืฉืึธืง" ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื•ืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข-ืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 


27 


ืคืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื• ืฉืœืจื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืขืจื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ืŸ-ืœืึทื ื“, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ 
ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึทืง, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. 
ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ? ืื™ืš ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ, ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืคืจ ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจื˜. ื“ืึธืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืคืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ:.. 

ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ื‘ื“ื™ืœ-ื”ื“ืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืจื•ื‘ึผืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืึทื ืงืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืงื•ืจืก. ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ. ื–ื•ืš ืคืึทืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 


ืฉืœื•ื. ืฉืœื™ื›ื 


4 ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 6ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1859 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ! 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ืžืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื”., ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข, ืจืขื›ื˜ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืึทื’ืœืฒื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืœืข ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืœื™ื‘, ื—ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืฒึทื˜ื–ืขืœื™ืงืฒื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืจืฑื ืขืŸ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืœืœื ื’ืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. -- ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืฉื‚ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜; -- -- -- ืึท ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื” ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฐืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืฉื“ื›ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื—ืชืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ! 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื”., ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืึท ื—ืชืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžืึทื˜, ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ื–ึฐืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
(ืื™ื ืงืึธื’ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื‘ืœืข"ื–); ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืึท ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื ื•ืฆืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื”ืฑื– ืคืึทืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื‚ื›ึผื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ืื™ื–, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, 
ืึทื– ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”., ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™, ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื—ืชืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฐืึธื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึธืŸ ื—ื ื™ืคื” ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฐืึธื’ืขืจ: ืึทื– 
ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืœื™ืฒื’ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ึผืœ; ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื ืงืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืขืก ื–ืขื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, 
ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, 
-- ื“ืขื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ: ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜: ืื™ืš, ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ื“ื•, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื”. ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ --- ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขื™ืงืจื™ื -- ืึทื– ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ื›ึผืœื” ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืœ ื–ืึทืš, ืึทื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜, 
ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‚ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืฐืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฆื• ืงืึทืœื™ืข ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื– ืกื•ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื–ืึทืš ืฐืขื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜... ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ. -- ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื• ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื›ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืœื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ืฑ 
ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. -- ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืก ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ื“ืฒึทื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ืึทื’ืขืจื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, 

ืฉืœื•ื 


ืคึผืก. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื” ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. 


5 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ืึทื™ืึทืจืงืึท, 17ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1890, ื’' ืืœื•ืœ ืชืจ"ืŸ 


ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ื”ืจ' ืืœื™ื”ื• ื "ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ! 

ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•-ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื• ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, , ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื‘ืจ-ืึธื‘ื•ืช", ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืืžืช, 
ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื ืกื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื™ 
ืงืจื™ืขืช-ื™ื-ืกื•ืฃ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 


29 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื?ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทื– ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขื... ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืึธืจืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•-ืœื‘ืจื›ื” 
ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ, ืฆื• ืืฑืกืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื‘ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ. ื“ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, 
ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื• ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžืฒึทื ืขื, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคึผืขืจืขื™ืึทืกืœืึทื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืžื” 
(ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืŸ) ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื–ืฉื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื–ืฉื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึทืžืคึผืฉื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขื 
3ืกื˜ืŸ ืืฑื’ื•ืกื˜, ื™ื™ื˜ ืืœื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ืขื•ืœื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ (ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื•ื• ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–), 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช-ื”ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืึทื•ื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆืึทื, ืื•ื™ืš 
ืึท ืฉื•ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ืขื•ืœื, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ: ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืœื“ื–. ื–ืข ื–ืฉืข, 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื•ื–ืจ, ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท , ื™ืึทืจื™ื“" ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ , ืคึผื“ื™ื•ืŸ", ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœืึธื“ืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ื“ื•, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื–ืึธืจื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ,,ื™ืึทืจื™ื“ื™ื" ืื•ืŸ , ืคึผื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช", ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ: ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ -- ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• 
ืึทืจื•ืžื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜-ื™ืึธื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขื 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฐืฒื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื. ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ืœื™ืชื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืœืฒื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืžืฒึทื ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื’ืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขื ืก ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, 


ืฉืœื•ื 


ืคืก. ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข, ื ืึธืจ 
ื˜ื• ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธื’, ื™ื™ื˜ ืืœื•ืœ, ืฆืขืŸ 
ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ื“ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืกื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš 
ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื‘ืจ-ืึธื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ?). ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื—ืก, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื—ืฉืง, ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. 
ืื—ื™ืšืฃ ื”ื "ืœ 


20 


ื‘ืคื™ื˜ื•. ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืค,ืก. --- ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 


6, ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 8ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1893 

ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ืžืฒึทื ืก, ื˜ื™ืกื™! 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ , ื™ืขื›ืึทืœ 
ืงืึทื–ืึทืง ื–ืึท ื“ื•ื ืึทื™ืขื". ื’ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืึธืคึผืขืจืขืก! ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื”ื™ื˜ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืขืงืก ืฐืึธื›ืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ? ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ, ืฆื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ , ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืงื™ื ื“" ? ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืึท ? ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืขืœ ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ? ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ืฆืึท ืฐืึทืงืกื˜, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜, ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืง, ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœ -- ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ! ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืžืึทืจื™ืฆืึทืŸ -- ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœืฆืฒื™ื’. ื ืึธืš ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืึทื›ื˜-ื ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ. ืงื•ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš 

ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ. ื’ืจื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื‘ืข. 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผ ืึท ืคึผ ืึท 


7. ืฆื• ืึธืœื’ืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืึทื“ืขืก, 029ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1892 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืฆื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข, 

ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืึทืจืขื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึทื’ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืžื—ืžืช ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทืœื ื“ื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืข ืขืœืขื’ืึทื ื˜ืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, 
ื•ื ืคืจื˜ ืึทื– ืขืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฉืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ?.,. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข. ื”ืึธื‘ 

ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจืฒึทืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื’ืš 
ืก ืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 


8 ืฆื• ืจื—ืœ ืœืึทื™ืขืฐื• 


{ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 1896} 


ืžื™ืฉืึท ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื“: ืžื ื™ืข ืกื ื™ืœืึทืก ื‘ืึทื‘ื•ืกืงืึท! ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ 


21 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉืจืฒึทื˜: ืื™ ื™ืึท ื˜ืึธื–ืข! ืื™ ื™ืึท ื˜ืึธื–ืข! ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื—ื’ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข. ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืงืจื•ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ 
ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคืึทืจ 45 ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืึท ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืžืงื ื. 

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ืช' ืฉ ืœื•ื 


9. ืฆื• ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืึทื”ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจ 


ืงื™ื•ื‘, ื‘"ื” ื™ื˜ ืื“ืจ ื', ืชืจื "ื– 18971} 


ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืึธื”ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง. 

ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ืŸ-ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืœืงืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืงืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข !.. 

ืึท ืกืš ืฐืึทืกืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืœืึธืกืŸ, ืึท ืกืš ืฐืึทืกืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืœืฑื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท 
ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจืขื ื‘ืฒึท ืึธืจืขื, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ, ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืง, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืจื‘ : ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจ, ืึท ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืžืฒ, ืึท 
, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึทื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขื ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ื‘ืขืจ 
ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื˜ืึทืฐืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข. ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืก ื”ื•ื™ื–, 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื ื˜, ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœืคืขืจ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ -- ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื›ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื˜ื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ื, 
ื•ื•ืึธืจืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ! - 


22 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:- ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ืก, 
ืฉ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
"ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื" 


0 ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 16ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1897 


ื˜ื™ืกื™! 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข, ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืข, ื’ื•ื˜ืข, 
ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื“ืขื 16ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจ 1897, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ ืจืฒึท ืฆืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืคื•ืœื™ืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื”ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง. ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืœืฒื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืœื™ืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ืจ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื“ืฒึทื ืข. ืึธืžืŸ. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ 8 ืึท ืคึผ ืึท 
ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


1 ื˜ื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื•ึทืงื™ึดืฆื•ื•ืŸ, 0ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1897 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™! 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื“ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ 
ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื•ื–ืึท ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืกืžืขื ื˜ืŸ : ื‘ืจืึทืฐืึธ, ืžืึธืกืงืึท- 
ืœื™ืึธื•ื• ! ืžื™ืฉืึท ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืึท, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืคืขื•ืก, ืคึผืึธืคืŸ. -- ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืค ืึท ืคึผ ืึท 


23 


ื‘ื›ื™ืœื• ืคื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื•ื 
2 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกึทื™! 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื’ืึธืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ืก. ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื“ื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 
ืื•ื‘ ื™ืึธ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืžืึธืœ, 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผ ืึท ืค ืึท 

7ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1897, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทื’ืึธืŸ, ื‘ืฒึท ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข 


ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื‘ืขืœืึทื™ืึท ืฆืขืจืงืึธื•ื•, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1897 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ! 

ื“ื• ืฐืึทืจื˜ืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ื“ืขืจืคึผื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’. ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืœืงืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืกื˜- 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืขืจื˜ืขืก. ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืงื•ื™ื, ืฆื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ืช 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉื‘ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš 
ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœ, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื›ืฆื™ืง ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื–ืขืงืก 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทื ืฆื™ืง ืงื•ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืฉ ื’ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ 

ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื•ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึทื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผ ืึท ืค ืึท 


ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืฉ ื ืึธืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืกื•ื“. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืšื™. 


24 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 


ื‘ืขืœืึทื™ืึท ืฆืขืจืงืึธื•ื•, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1897 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข! ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืึท! 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, 
ื“"ื” ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ืช, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ืฒื™ื, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. =- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜, 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท 


ืžื™ืฉืึท! ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ? 
ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท 


24 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 
5 ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 18ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1898 
ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ! 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข 
ืœื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ!,., ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืงืขืจืฉื˜ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฆื• ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ , ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืึทื ืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ื•ื™ ืึท 
ืžืึธืœ" -- ืึธืžืŸ, 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘; ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื’ืึธื‘ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืึท ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” -- ืืฒื‘ื™ืง, 


ืฉืœื•ื ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืคึผ.ืก. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ -- -= == 


6 ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 1ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1898 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื›ึผืฉื•ืจื”. ืžื™ืฉืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ืึทืจืฑื™ืงื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžืึทืžืข ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืึธื“ืึธืกื™ืข. ืึธืœื’ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ ืึทืœืข 
ื˜ืึธื’. ืึทื’ื‘, ื–ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืคืึทืจื’ืขืก ื ื™ื˜, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข, ืึท ืคืขืกืขืœืข ืฐืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ, 
ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ืฉื™ืงืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืงื•ื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท 
ืคืขืกืœ ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ื- ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ. ืคึผืึธืคึผืจืึทืฐืข ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘, 


ืก ืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 


ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืก ื“ื™ืš --- ืขืžืึท ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก, 


5 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืจืŸ ืฉืœื”ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 
7 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 8ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1898 
ืœื™ื‘ืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข 
ืคืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืจื•ื-ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืจื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœ! ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคืึทืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™, ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– --- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืึท ืคึผืขืœืฅ; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืฆื”ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื”ื™ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืึทืœืึธืฉืŸ (ื˜ื™ืคืข), ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงืึทืœื˜, ื”ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื 
ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืกืึทืจืึทื‘ืงืข ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืกืขื“ืขื›ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ื™ืง ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจืคื•ื™ืœื˜ืข: ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื™ืง ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ืงื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ ืึท ืคืขืกืœ ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืฐืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืœืขืฉืœืขืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜: ื‘ืฒึท ืœื™ืกืขื ืงืึธื•ื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
0 ืงืึทืคึผื™ืงืขืก ืึท ืคืœืขืฉืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืžืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ืกืœื™ืึทื˜ื™ื ืข. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคึผื˜ืœืขืš. ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืจืึธืฉ-ื”ืฉื ื” ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืž(ืึธื™ืกืฒ) 
ืก(ืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืกื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืงืœื•ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื˜ืจืึธื™ืงืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืึทืจืฑืฃ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืงืœื™ึทืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืžืึธื™ืกืฒ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘, ื“"ื” ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ืืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 

ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืฅ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ. ืึทื“ื™ืข! 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 


8. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


8ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1898 

ืœื™ื‘ืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ! 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ! ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืฆื™ืื” ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจื•ื™ื‘ืŸ! ืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืึท ืคื•ืจืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืึทืจืง ื ืึธืš ืึท ืงืึธืจื‘, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืžืึทืจืง, ืžืข ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ,,ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื”ื™ื™ื", 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืคืึทืจืงื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš; ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคึผืึทืงืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืฐืึธืจื ื™ืง, ืžืข ื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืงืขืจื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืึทืœ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืกื˜ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื‘ืขืจื˜ืข ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ (ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืึทื˜ืŸ). ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืจื˜ืขืœื ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผืœืฒื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืง (ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ), ืื•ืŸ 


26 


ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืจื•ื, ื ืึธืš ืœืึทื ื’ืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืึท ืงืฐื™ื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืžืข ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื, ืึท ืงืึธืจื‘ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื•ื™ืœืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข, ืฉืคึผืึทืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืข ืงื•ืจืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืžืขืจ ื‘ืคืจื˜. ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื“ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื–ืึทื’ืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืึท 
ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืคึผืจื™ืฆื” ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื—ืžืช ื“ื™ ื–ืขืจืข 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ : ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจื ื™ืฉ -- ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ --- ืึทืœืฅ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ; ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ -- ืึทืœืฅ 
ืžืขืจ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจื ื™ืฉ -- ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืืึทื–"ืฐื•. ืงืœืึธืจ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ; ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ? ืึทื ื•, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื ืึท ืคืจืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืžืึธื ืึทืกื˜ื™ืจืกืงืข ืงืึทืฐืขื ืขืก, 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข, ื–ื™ืกืข, ืกื™ืคึผืงืข ? ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืึธื“ืึธืกื™ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘ืŸ ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื™ื–ืจื—ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืž" 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื. ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข, ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข, ืื•ื™, ื’ืœื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ืจ ! ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ 

ืฉืฉ ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9 ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื”ืฒึทืกื™ืŸ, ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’, 10ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ... 1898 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข ! 
ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืึทืจื•ื ื“ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืง ืึทื”ื™ื™ื! 


ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึทืœ, ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธ! ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒื™ืฆืึทืจ 
(ืฐืึธืœืงืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ) ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ 1 ืื•ื™ื’, ื”ื™ื ืงืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ 1 ืคื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืฆื™ืฆืึทืก -- ืฆื™ืฆืึทืก! ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ -- 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜! ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ืจืฒึทืคื•ืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœืก-ืื™ื ื“ื•ืœ. 


0 ืฆื•ืจืฑ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 


ื›ืึทืจืงืึธื•ื•, 15ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1899 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืœื™ื‘ืข ื˜ื™ืกื™! 
ื ื• ืฐืึธืก --- ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ? ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
8 ืื•ืŸ 10 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ? ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ ! ืึธืจืขืžืข ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข ื ืขื‘ืขืš ! ื›ืึทืจืงืึธืฐ 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข, ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืฉื™ื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ! ืœื™ืึทืœื™ (ื“"ื” ืกืึทืจืึท, ืคึผืึทืจื“ืึธืŸ !), ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• 


37 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงืœืขื•ื• ? ืขืžืึท, ืžื™ืฉืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืึท! ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ , ืฉืคึผืึทืœืขืจืŸ" ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜, ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืœืขืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื“ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึท -- ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜! ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 


ืงื•ืžืขืŸ -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืค ืึท ืค ืึท 


1 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ื›ืึทืจืงืึธื•ื•, 16ื˜ืŸ ืืฑื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1899 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืœื™ื‘ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ! 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ื›ืึทืจืงืึธื• ? ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืœืึทืจืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืงื•ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ (ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืคืœื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ 9999, 
-- ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื›ืึทืจืงืึธื•ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืงืขื›ืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืขืก. ื™ืึธ! ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื’ืจืึทื˜ื•ืœื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ืึธืคึผ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืง, -- ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ. ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ 9999 ืžืึธืœ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืึท ืคึผืึท 


2 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ื›ืึทืจืงืึธื•ื•, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1899 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืœื™ื‘ืข ื˜ื™ืกื™! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืœืขืกื™ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ! ืœื™ืึทืœื™, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืขืžืึทืŸ. ืขืžืึท, ื’ืจื™ืก ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ืžื™ืฉืึท, ื’ื™ื‘ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ 
ืžื•ื–ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš, ืจืฒึทืก ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื™ืึทืงื‘ื™ ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึทืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืœืึทืžื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืึท ืœื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืš. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืขืก ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึทื’ืฒื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, 
ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท 


3. ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 25ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1900 
ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื”ืฑื™ื›ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ื–ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจืก, ืข. ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 
(ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ืœืึทืจื™ื ืึท). 
ื’ื ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™! 


28 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ื–ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทื ืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ืข ืคืึทื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืขืก, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืคื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืžืข, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื˜ืขืจ. ืžืึทื“ืึทื, ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืฉืึทืฆืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข , ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ". 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง, ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸ, 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท โ€ ืก. ื . ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


4. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืึท 


ืึธื“ืขืก, 19ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1904 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™! 
ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืึทื”ืฒื, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืงืึทืœื˜? ืื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ื ืฆื™ืง. ืฆืขืงื•ืฉ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืื™ืš ื ืขื ื“ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื, 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึนึผืึท 


ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜: 4 ืคืขืจื“ืœืขืš, 1 ืคืฒึทืคืขืœืข, 

1 ื”ืึธื ืขื›ืœ, 2 ืงืจื™ื’ืขืœืขืš, 1 ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืœ, 1 ื˜ืขืฆืขืœืข, 6 ืกืึธืœื“ืึทื˜ืœืขืš ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข, 2 ืืึทืคึผืึทื ืฆืขืก, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืคืขืงื˜ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืค ืึท ืค ืึท 


5. ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, 1ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1904 

ืกืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™! 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ = ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข 
ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•ืก ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื’ืึทืกื˜ ืžืึทื“ืžื•ืึทื–ืขืœ ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขืจื’ (ืื—ื“-ื”ืขื). 
== = = ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒืŸ, ื’ื•ื˜ืข, ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื’ืึทืกื˜ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืข -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืงืึธืžื™ื–ื. ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืœืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื• 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ื–ืึทืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื‘ืขืจืœ" -- ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืก, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 


29 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ื‘ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ. 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ? ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื ืขื ื“ื™ืš ืึทืจึทื•ื. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืค ืึท 


6 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขื” 


ืกื˜' ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 15ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1904 
ืœื™ื‘ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ! 

ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืฒึทื ืงื•ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’, ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ื—ื‘ืจื™ืฉ. ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืกืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืฐืขืง ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืฉืขื” (ืคื•ืŸ 11 ื‘ื™ื– 12). ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜. 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข 
-- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึฟืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš, ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืืงืกื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒื’ืขืจ.- - - - -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื™ืขืฅ, ืึท ืคืึธื ื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธืคืŸ, ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธื–. ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ (ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ), ืึท ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึท ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื–ืข, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ืœ 

(ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜). -- 
ืคึผ ืึท ืคึผ ืึท 


7. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืึท 


ืกื˜' ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 15ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืฐื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1904 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข! 

ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื 12ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜. -- 

-- -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืึทืงืกื™ื 
ื’ืึธืจืงื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืข ืกื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš, ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฆืฑื™ื‘ืขืจื˜. -- 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฅ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื“ืจืฒึทืขืจืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึธืกื˜-ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืฒืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ 15 ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก. ืกื™ื™ 
ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ื ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ; ืœืึธืžื™ืš, ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, 
ืึทืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ื, ืžื—ืžืช ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืงืึทืจื’ืข 
ืคืจื•ื™, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืจ ื˜ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืคึผืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื ืขืคึผืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืงืฐื™ื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื”ืึธืœืฆื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ -- 


20 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืค:ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ? ืฐื™ ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ! ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ! ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืงื•ืฉืŸ. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึนืึท 


8. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืกื˜' ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 29ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1904 
ืคึฟืจืฒึทื ื“ -- ื˜ื™ืก"! 
ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืขื ืข ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืขื” ืื™ื– ื ืึธืขื ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜. ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื“ื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืฉื‘ืช ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉื‘ืช, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ. 


ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ -- ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉืœืึทื›ื˜ -- ืึท 
ืžื™ืŸ ืจืขืคึผืขื˜ื™ืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข. ืžืข ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืจืึทื ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืก.. ืขืก 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ" (ืฐื•ื™ ืงื•ื ืื™ืš 
ืฆื• ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง !), ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืงืŸ, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื• ื’ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง., 
ืคึผ ืึท- 


9. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 1ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1905 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื˜ื™ืกื™! - 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื• 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืกื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜? ืืฑื‘ ืึท ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ื‘ื ืงืึทืคึผื™ืงืขื ืข ืžืึทืจืงืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืึทืœืึทืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜, ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฅ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืงืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื“ืจืฒึทืขืจืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทืฐื•ืข ืื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ. ืึท ื›ึผืคึผืจื” ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทื ื ืขืžื˜ื• 
ืคืึธื ื™, ืžื›ึผื•ืช ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉื˜ -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ? ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ื ื“ืจืฒึทืขืจืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึทืจืงืขืก! = = -- 


ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš. ืคื 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™ืคืœื™ื›ื 


0 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื”ื•ืจืจืจืึท ! ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1905 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™! | 

ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื! 

ื ืึธืจ... ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜, ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช, 
ืžืึทื“ืึทื ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ! ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื–ืึทื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ืจืข (ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืกื™ืคึผืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ). ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ ืฉืขื”, ืื•ื ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืึทื–ืึทื˜ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™, 
ื–ืขืงืก ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ื ืขื‘ืขืš! ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ืจืข! -- ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ื’ืึธื˜, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžืึท ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืงื™ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง 
ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ืึธืกื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื–ื™ืคืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜, ืึท 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืจืขื•ื•ืžืึทื˜ื™ื–ื. ืขืก ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื‚ื›ืœ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜-ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. 
ื ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื˜. ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทืฐืขืง ื›ึผืฉื•ืจื”, 


ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืกืง'? ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท 
ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื•ืžืฃ. ืึธืฐืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ืึท ื‘ืึทื’ืœืฒึทื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ, ืืึท"ืฐ, 
ืืึท"ื•ื•. ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืึทืœืขืฐืขื˜, = = == 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš, ื˜ื™ืกื™. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืค ืึท. 


1 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•, 12ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1905 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™! -- -- -- | 
ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ื˜ื™ืกื™, ืขืก ืงืึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืคืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’. ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืขืจืฆื•ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ื‘ื–ื”-ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ : 
,ืงื™ึตืขื•ื•, ืฆื• ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ -- ื‘ืฒึทื ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ (ืึธื”ืึธ! ืื•ื™ืฃ , ื“ื•ื™ !) ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ- 
ื”ืึทืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉื™ืžืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืคืงืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข 
ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". -- ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ, 

ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข, ืึทื– ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ 
(ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงืฆื™ืข) -- -- -- ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื”ืฒื. -- 

ื•ื•ื™ื™-ืฐื™ื™! ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœืึทื ื˜ืŸ-ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฆืขืงืึทืœื™ืขื˜ืฉืขื˜! ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ? ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืืฑืกืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ืกื˜ืฐืข ? ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ 
ืึธืคึผืงื•ืคืŸ ?... ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฉืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ืก ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ืŸ ? 


ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ,ื•ื•ื™ื’-ืœื™ื“". ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš, ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ืขืก. 
ืื™ืš ืœืึธื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืค ืึท. 


2 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 14ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1905 

ืคืจืฒึทื™ื ื“ ื˜ื™ืกื™! = -- -- 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื•ืžืฃ ? ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืข ืึธืฐืึทืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืึทืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš (ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš) ืคืึทืจืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืึทืงื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ื‘ืฒึทื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื–ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš. ืคืึทืจ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืœื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืขืก. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ: ืฆื™ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื 
ืœืขื›ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฆืึทืžื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ? ื‘ืฒึทื 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืึทื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜-ืงืขืคึผื™ืงืข ืžืึทืกืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืจื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ 
ืขืฆื” ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืžืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ืฉืข ืึทืจื•ื 
ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉืขื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก. 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ! ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ? 


3 


ื‘ืจื˜ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืคืœื™"ื›ื 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ (ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืข ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืขืจืก) ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ 
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. ืคืึทืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทืœืขื ื“ืึทืจ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืœืึธืžื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข. ืื•ื™, ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’! 
ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืžื—ืžืช ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš. 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผ ืึท. 


2 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืœื™ื‘ื•ื™, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1905 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข! 

ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื•ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ -- ืึธืŸ 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืงื•ืึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึท- 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืึทื ื–ืฉื™ืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืึท ืกืš ื“ืึทืžืขืŸ (ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ). ื“ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ -- ืืฑื™ืฃ ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ,ืจืึธื". ืึทื”ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืึทื“ืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืงื• 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืกื™ืขื”. 

ื“ ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืกืงืึทื ื“ืึทืœ: ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ- 
ื ืขืžืขืจืก, ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืฐืึทืœื“ืขืฐืขื˜: ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ! 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื ื ืึธืจ 
ืฆืขืจื™ื™ืฆื˜. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืžืข (ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ -- ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื“ื™ืงืข) ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ. 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜. ืื•ื ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ึดืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืึทืจืงืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ืึทืœืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒื™ื’ืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึธืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืฐื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜: , ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึท ืกืš". ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ , ื‘ื•ืคืขื˜", ืึทืœืข ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ืงืึธื ืคืขื˜ื™ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจื‘ืจืฑื˜ืœืขืš 
ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš 25. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ืขืก ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืฆื•ื ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื— ื‘ ืจ ื” ,,ืฉืึทื‘ืฒืคืขื ืึทื›ื˜ืกืฒ (ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ). 

ืึทื™ื™ืึทื™ื“ืึทื™, ืื™ื– ืื™ืกืึทืง ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ืžื™ืื•ืก ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ! ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ : ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืกืข ืจ 
ืฆื•ื’ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืง. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืคืขืœืง ืฆื• 
ืคืึทืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื•ืจื™ืข ; ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 

ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ! ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ืฒึทื–ืขืจ" 75 ืงืึธืคึผ!!ื•) 1 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื, ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ ืื™ืš ืื™ื. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ 


4 


ื‘ืจื™ ื•ื•ื• ืคื•ื” ืฉืœื ื ื–ืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทืจืึธืคึผืคื™ืจืŸ! ื–ืึธืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ: ืืคืฉืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืง ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ 8 ืึท. 


4 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 30ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื™ 1905 

ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื˜ื™ืกื™! 

ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ืคืจืฒึทืข ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืฉืขื” ืฆื• ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, 

ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ! ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’", ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ,, ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’" ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื“ืขื, ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืงื‘ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ืžืข ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึธืจืžืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื”. -- -- -- ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ,,ื•ื•ืขื’" ื‘ื™ื– ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจืึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืึท ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืฉืŸ, 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผื™ืฐื•ืึทืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ืคืึทืจืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, 
ืึท ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขื›ืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ืื™ืฃ ืึท 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ; ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื. 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ืฒึทื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืขืคึผืขื˜ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก. ืขืก ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื  ืึธ ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื’ื•ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ. ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึทืฐืขืงืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. -- -- -- ืคืึทืจืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ --- (ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜) ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืึทืงื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก (ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ืจ- ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ- 
ืึทืงื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก). ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืงืึธื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ, 
ื‘ืฒึทื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืขืคึผืขื˜ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจืขืก, 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืฉืข ื–ืึทืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 
ืึทื“ืœืขืจืก ื“ื™ืจืขืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ืึทืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ืคึผืข. ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื’ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, 

ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 


:5 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก --- ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ื•ื˜! ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืœืข ื’ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. == == -- 
ื ื•, ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทืœืฅ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœื“ื™ืง, ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืค ืึท. 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข, 


5. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื•ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืขืŸ, 8ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1905 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท! 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืžื—ืžืช ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืฐื™ ืึท ืœื•ื—, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ื• ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘. ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื. ืžื™ืจ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืžื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ, ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืข ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ื˜ืขืžืขืก. ืจื‘ื•ื ื•-ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื ! ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืึทื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”! -- ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ 


ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš. 
ืคึผ ืึท. 


6 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 11ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1905 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืง! 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืขืจื–ืœืขืš (ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ 
ืฆืขืงืฒึทืขืŸ...). 


1 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ื‘ืื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจื“, 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคึผืจืึธื™ื -- 
ืก'ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“! 


ืคึผืœืึทืฆืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžืžืฉ 
ืฆื• ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก : 


66 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืกืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืžืฉ 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–. 


2 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ื‘ืื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจื“, 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคึผืจืึธื™ึดื =- 
ืก'ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“! 


ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžืžืฉ 
ืฆื• ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก : 

ืื™ืกืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืžืฉ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก !... 


3 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ื‘ืึดื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจื“, 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคึผืจืึธื™ึดื -- 
ืก'ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“! 


ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžืžืฉ 
ืฆื• ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก: 

ืื™ืกืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืžืฉ 
ืœืงื—ื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืก. 


4 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ื‘ืึธื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจื“, 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคึผืจืึธื™ึดื -- 
ืกื ืขืžื˜ ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื”ื“! 


ืคืึทืœืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžืžืฉ 

ืฆื• ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก: 

ืื™ืกืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืžืฉ 
ื–ืฉืœื™ืึธืงืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืœืึธื–. 


ืขื ื“ืข. 


(ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ , ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึทื’ืขื ืข ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื•ืช: ื‘ื•ืขื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžืฉ". ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ , ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’"). 


7 


ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืขืœืœื›ื™ื 
7, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•, 021ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1905 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™! 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืขืก ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 18ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜. ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžื™ืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืฒึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืกื›ึผื ืช-ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ 
,ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืืœ". ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืขื ื˜ 
ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื‘ืึทืจืฉืึทืคื˜ (ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข) ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื›ึผืคึผืจื” ื“ื™ 
ื•ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ื–ืึทื’ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ืก, 
ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทืฆืขืฐืก, ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืจืึธืŸ, ืจืึธื–ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ืจื’ืขื˜ืข 
(ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ) ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืคืึทืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืข. ื“ืขื ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ (ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืขืจืก 
ื–ื•ืŸ) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ื™ืึทืœื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ (ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื“ืขืจื”ืจื’ืขื˜). ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืึท ืกืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทืกื˜ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืœืข ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทื’ื ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ืึท ืžืึทื–ื•ืจืงืข. ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืข ืคึผืึทื ื™ืง, 
ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืื™ื–ืจืึทืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื”ืึธืจ. ื’ืขืฉืžื“ื˜ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืขื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืงืขืœืขืจืก. ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื˜ื™ืกื™, ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 


ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ, 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืค ืึท ืคึผืึท 


ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ืŸ 35 ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึทืงื˜. 


8. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1905 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™! 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื’ืข ืื™ื–. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœ 
ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ 


28 





ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืึทื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื•ื˜-ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืึธื ืคืึทืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืงืœืึธื’ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก, ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืงืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืžืคึผืœื•ืึท. ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืฆืขืฐืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืขืจื“. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืจืึธื ืขืกืข ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœืึทื’ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืœืึทืฅ, ืœืขื•ื• ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืึทืจืงืึทืŸ, ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ,,ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฑืœื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืขื ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ", ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืึทื ื˜ื“ื•ื ืขื ืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทืกื˜ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜. ืฉื‚ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื’ืึทืจื™ื˜ืึท ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืกื•ื“ืึทืจืกื˜ืฐืขื ื™ ื‘ืึทื ืง. ื“ื™ ืคื•ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืžื“ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ,ืึธื˜ืฉืข 
ื ืึทืฉ". ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื˜ืข ืงืœืึทืจืึท ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™-ืคึผืึธืœื™ืึทืงืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฉื•ืฅ ื‘ืฒึทื 
ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ืึทื˜ืึธืจ (ื‘ืฒึทื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื). ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืงืขื›ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืงืึธื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆืœื-ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ืก. ืขืคึผืฉื˜ืฒื ืก ืงืึธื ื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆืขืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืœื—ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ืจ ืงื•ืจื™ืึธื–ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืœืึทื ื’, ืœืึทื ื’ !... ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง. ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก 
ื“ืขื ืึทืจื•ื-ื“ืขืจ-ืฐื•ืขืœื˜-ืจืฒึทื–ื ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื ื•ืžืขืจ , ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืœื™ืึทื ื™ืŸ". ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื›ื ืึธ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื, ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืงืจืึธืงืึธื“ื™ืœ- 
ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ ืื™ื ืื™ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ืึธืžืŸ. 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ 8 ืึท. 


ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ืขืŸ 
ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื ! 


9 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 26ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1905 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข! 
ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืฉืขื” ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ืกื˜ืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ื™ืึธ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืึท 
ืžืœืืš-ืžื•ืฉื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง! ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ 
ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื. ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืจืฑึทื ื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 


9 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืก ืื™ื– ืจื•ื™ึทื ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื ื˜ื•ื. --- -- -- ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื ืก ืึทืœืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืึธืจื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’? ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜. 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืงืขืคึผื˜ื™ืงืขืจืก ? -- -- -- ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื• ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืึทืื•ืžืจืฒึทืงื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืžืขืจื™ื ืงืข, ืžื—ืžืช ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ืคืึทืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื™- 
ื’ืึทื ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ื•ื™ ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. -- -- = 
ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืขืจืงืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืฉื™ื ืึธืฐื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื ืขืคึผืœ -- ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึทืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก. ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื•ื–. ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ ืคืึธืจื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื‘ืฒึทื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืึทื ื’. -- -- -- ื“ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืึทืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื–ืฉ, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืึธืŸ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื™ื’ืึทื ืขืก ืจื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืฑื‘ืขืจืฒึท ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. 
-- -- -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผ ืึท. 


0 ืฆื• ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 23ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืฐื•' 1905 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทืœืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืงืจืฑื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืžืคึผืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“ (ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืึธืœื˜), ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ืื™ืš ืœืฒึทื“ ืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ! 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜, -- ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื”ื–ืžืŸ"-ืœืฒึทื˜ -- 
ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืœ, 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ,ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฆื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื‘ืจ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข , ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข" ื˜ืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ; ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ืงืึธื ืกื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ื•ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท , ืžื–ื™ืง" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ. 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ , ืขื‘ืจื™-ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ" ืคืึทืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ -- 
ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืึท ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, 


ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜, 
ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื›ึผืคึผืจื•ืช, 

ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, -- 
ืึทืœืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืจื•ืช ! 


50 


ื‘ืคืจื™ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ื:ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜, ื’ืขืงื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธื˜ -- 
ื‘ืกื•ื“, ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืขืŸ.. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ (1905). 
(ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึทืžื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืŸ). 


1. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืึท 


ืงึดื™ึธืขื•ื•, 3ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1905 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท! 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทืœืข ืฉืœืึธืค, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืš ื‘ื™ื• 
ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฆื™ืข (ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒื™ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ?). ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืš ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ึทืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ (ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜). 
ืึทื’ื‘ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืคื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืงื‘ืจ (ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš) ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืจืขื’ืœืžืขืกื™ืงืข, 8-ืคืขืจื–ืคื•ืกื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืค9-ืคืขืจื–ืคื•ืกื™ืงืข ื™ืึทืžื‘ืŸ ; ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ืื•ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜: ืื™ืš ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื•ืจื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึทื”ืขืจ 
ืฆื• ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ืคืจืฒึทื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืงื•ืฉ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึน ืึท. 


2, ืฆื• ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ 

ืงืจืึธืงืข, 15ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1906 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืงืึทืขืœืึท! 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืึธืงืข. ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข, ืึท ืจื•ื™ึทืงืข. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืึท ,ืงืึธืžืขืจืก", ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžืคืึทืจืžืฒึทื“ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืคืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจืขื“ื ืขืจืก (ืึธ, ื’ืึธื˜, ื“ืขืจื‘ืึทืจืขื ื–ื™ืš !). ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืึทืงืกื™ืžื™ืœืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืฃ -- ืึทืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืคื™ืข, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ. ืึทื ื•, ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคืขืจื–ืŸ 
(8 ืื•ืŸ 9) ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืœืืึทืœื™ืŸ. 


51 


ื‘ื ืžื™ื•ื• ืคึฟื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžืืœืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง. 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’ ? ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’, 
ืื™ืš ื“ืจื™ืง ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜, 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื™ืึทืกื™, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1906 


ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืืฒึทืš, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืงืึทืขืœืึท, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื“ื™ืง-ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื, ืึธืจืขื-ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ, ืคืจืœื™" 
ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืŸ, ืขืจืœืขืš-ื’ื ื‘ื”ืฉืŸ, ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉ-ืึทื–ื™ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข! -- 
ืฉ. ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ื’ืึทืœืึทืฅ (ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข), 20ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1906 

ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ? ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜? ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื”. ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒึทื™ืฅ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜? ืขืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ ืึท ื ืกื™ืขื” ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ -- ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ! -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜... ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข , ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืฑื™ืจื™ื" ? ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืงืึทืคึผื•ื˜ ? ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 

ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืค ืึท. 

ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ืขืžืึทืŸ, ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก! 


5 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


{ืœืึทื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืขืŸ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ืงืึธืœืึธืกืึทืœ, ื’ืจืึทื ื“ื™ืขื–, ื“ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื ื“, ืคืึทืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื ื“, ืงืึทืœื˜, ืคืฒึทื›ื˜, ื’ืจื•ื™, ืจื•ื™ื›ื™ืง, ื”ืึธืจืข- 
ืคึผืึทืฉื ืข, ืคืจืฒึท, ื‘ืจืขื’ืœืึธื–, ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื“, ื ืขื‘ืœื“ื™ืง, ืคืจืขืžื“, ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืง -- ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ? ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš 
ืขืœื ื˜, ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทื”ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš, ืค ืึท. 


52 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
6 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, 29ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1906 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื“ื™ืงื˜. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื—ื–ื™ืจืฒึทื™, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท โ€ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื˜ืจื™... ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ื, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึทืจืขื ืขืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฒึทื“ื™ืฉ! 


ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–. ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึน ืึท. 


7. ืฆื• ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–, 3ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1906 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขืจ 
ืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
(ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒื™ึท.,. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึธืŸ). ืืคืฉืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ื•, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜? ื–ืข, ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขืžืข ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื›ึผื•ื—, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก! 
ืกื• ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. 
ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืขื” 


8. ืฆื• ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ 


ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, 7ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ึตื™ 1906 

ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืžื™ืฉืขืœ! 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ื’ืึทื ืฅ. ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืกื™ืขื”. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ื“ืขื ื“"ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ,,ื›ืึทืœื™ืึทืกื˜ืจืข" ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ืฆื• ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉ. ืขืœื™ื›ื 


53 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 
9. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 


ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, 16ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1906 
4 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึธื’ 
ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข! 

ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืกืชึผืžื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืจื™, 4 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึธื’. 
ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื ึดื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฒื™ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืฒึท. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฆื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึทื ื’ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืขืก ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. ืžื™ืจ 
ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื•ื•ืึทื ืฆืŸ! ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื ื•, ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ! ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 

ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ืฐื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ. 
ื ืึธืš ืึท ืกืš ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืฉืขืคึผืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืกื•ืฃ- ื›ึผืœ- 
ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืขืจื˜ืึทืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ืึท ืงืึทื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืœืึธืคืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืœืขืจืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื‘ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืจื˜ืœ ืึทืคื™ืœื•, ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึทื˜ืขืจืงืœืึธื–ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœื–ื”, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืจืึทืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืขืงืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื–ื™ืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืึทื˜ืจืึทืฆืŸ, ืงืึธืœื“ืจืขืก -- ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื“ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข, ืฐืขืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืงืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ? ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. ืื™ืš 
ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืฒึทื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืกื“ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื‘ื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ. ืžื™ืจ 
ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ -- ืึธ, ืึท ืฉืจืขืง! -- ืึท ืฐืึทื ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ื ืึธืš 5, 
ื ืึธืš 11, ื ืึธืš 24, ื ืึธืš 58, ื ืึธืš 82, ื ืึธืš 99 ืฐืึทื ืฆืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึท ืžืื” ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉื ืก. ื’ื™ื‘ ืึทื”ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ืืฑืกืฐื•ึผืจืคืŸ! ืžื™ืจ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืง ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึทื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ -- ืขื”ืข-ื”ืข! ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, 
ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืฉืจืึทื ืง, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉืงืขืกื˜ืœ. ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ, 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ; ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™' ืื•ื, ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ื™ืขืก. ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืฒื™ืกืœืขืŸ, ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืขืœืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึทืคึผ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ-ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืฆืŸ ? ืึทืฐื“ืื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื“ืขืŸ? ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง. ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธืจืกืขื˜, ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคึผืึทืงื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื”ืžืึทืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืึทื– 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœืฆืฒึทื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื™ืคืขืจื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืึทื’ืข: ื ืึทื›ื˜. ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจืฑื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืึทื ื™ืข. ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข. ืงืจืึธืžืฐืขืœ. ื“ื™ื–ืจืึทืขืœื™. ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึทืจื“ ืฐืึทื ืฆืŸ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ืกื•ืฃ. ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืœืขืš. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, 


54 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืคืœื™ืคื 


ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ? ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืขืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. , ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื–ื” ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ; ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐืึทื ืฆืŸ". ืฐืฒึทื– 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฐืึทื ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’: , ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืœื•ื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืฆืŸ ?* ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒื™: ,,ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืึท ืฐืึทื ืฅ !" ืึทื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืจื™ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื˜ื”. ื ืึธืจ ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจื™ ? ืฆื™ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืฐืึทื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืขืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ? ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืึทื ื˜ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึทืกื˜ืขืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ. ืึทืš, ืคืึทืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืขื ืข! ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืข! ืืฑืคืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืฑืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉืข 
ืฐืึทื ืฆืŸ !... (ืคึผืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜). 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืค ืึท. 


ื .ื‘. ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืึท! ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–. ื“ื• ื”ืขืจืกื˜ ? ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•, ืžื™ืฉืึท, 
ื ืขื ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืก ื“ื™ ื’ืจืฑื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืฐืึทื ืฆืŸ. 


0 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ืœื™ื“ื–, 77"6ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1906 
ืœื™ื‘ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ! 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืขืœืŸ 
ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“, ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืคืฒึทื™ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”, ืึทื– ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืžืช, ื“"ื” ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ 
ืืžืชืข ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’, 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ืฉืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืœืขื ื™ืฉ (ื‘ื—ื™ืคึผื–ื•ืŸ), ืึธืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข, ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืึท ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืงืœืึทืก 
ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข. ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืžื™ืฉืึท, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืขืจืข. ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ (ื’ื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืœืึธื– ืฐืึทืกืขืจ), ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืึทืจืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืฉืขื” ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึทื’ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข ืจืฒึทื–ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก: ,ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื ืึธืš ื”ืขืจืฆืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืึท ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ?" ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš (ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก !) ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืงืฆืขื ื˜: ืึทึธ! ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ืžืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžืจ' ืค. ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 


55 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -"ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืกืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื“ื–! -- ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืจ' ืค. ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื–ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš. ื’ืฒื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื. ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ (ืึท ื‘ืึทื™), ืคืขืจืฆืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜, ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ื“ืขืงืœืึทืžื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ,,ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึธืฉื™ืฆืงื™. , ืขื™, 
ืกืขื, ืงื•ื ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ! ื˜ื• ืึท ื“ืขืงืœืึทืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื’ืขืกื˜ ืฆืฆื™ื•ืŸ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืง!" -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฆืŸ-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืกืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืงืœืึทืžื™ืจืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ,,ืฆื™ื•ืŸ", ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึทืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืœืขืคืขืœืข 
(ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืžื—ืžืช ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขื˜ ืึทืจื•ื 4 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ), ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง 
ื ืขื‘ืขืš -- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฉ ืฆืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜: , ืžืึทืžืข, ืขืกืŸ! ืžืึทืžืข, ืึท ื‘ื•ืœืงืข !ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื“ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’, ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืึท ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ 48 -- ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืึทืœืขื˜. ืึธืคึผื ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืจืก' ืค. ืึท ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ 20 ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“ 
(ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ), ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืขืกืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืึทื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜, ืึท ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ : ,,ืฐืึธืก, ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ?" ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ืึทื–ืฉ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื“ื™ืงื˜: ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ? ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ! 
,ืขื™, ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื˜ื• ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื’ืขืกื˜ ื™ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš'!" ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ืœืึธืงืŸ, ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืึท ืจืขืฐืขืจืึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืฐืึทื™ ืฆื™ืžื‘ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก; ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข, ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงื•ืœ: , ืžืึทืžืข, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืข, ืื™ืš ื™ืœ ืขืกืŸ!" (ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื’ืขืฅ!). ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืžืจ' ืค., ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืข 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผืœืฒื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืžื—ืžืช ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, ืื™ื– 
ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืกืฆื™ืžืขืจ (ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืง). ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืึทืœืขื›ืœืขืš, ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขืจืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืึทืฐื•ืงืขืก, ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืจืฒึท ืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื‘ืึทืฉืžื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ (ืึทืงื•ืจืึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืœื™ื‘, ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ -- ืื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขื˜ืขืจ!) ืื•ืŸ.. ืžืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜! โ€ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ -- ืกืึธื“ืข- 
ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืึธื ืขื“?" ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš: ,ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืก. ื ืึธืจ ืืฑื‘ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš -- ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ". ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข: , ืคืึทืจ 
ื•ื•ืึธืก? ืื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ?" ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉืฑืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ,ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืงืึทืงืขืคึผื™ืฆื™, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ", -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข: ,ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ? ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง" 
(ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื’ืขืฅ ืงืึธืŸ !) 


6 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 
ื˜ืคื™ืœืึธื’ 


ืึทืจื•ื ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื“ื– 
ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ, ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืึธื’ืขืจื˜ืข ืจืฒึทื–ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืกืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึถืคึผ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื’ืข: , ืจืขืกื˜ืึธ-ืจืึทื ื˜!?"... 

(ืึท ืกื•ืฃ. ืคืึทืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜) 

ืขืก ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข 
ื ืึทื›ื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืึท ื‘ืจืึทื•ื ื™ื ื’. ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืกื•ืžื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง.. 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš. 


1. ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


1ื˜ืŸ ืืฑื’ื•ืกื˜ 1906 

ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข !ึผ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื ื’: ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืืฑืฃ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, 
ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื™ 
ืœืึทื ื’. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืึทืœื ืคืึทืœืก, ืึทื–ืึท ืคืึธืจื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืึทื’ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขื ืืžืช 
ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ (ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ืจ), ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข- 
ื ืขืกื˜, -- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ... ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฐืึทืจื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ 
ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜. ืึทื’ื‘, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฐืึทืจื’. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ืœื•ื™ื‘ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง. ืึทืœื ืคืึทืœืก, ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฆืฑื‘ืขืจื˜. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, 
ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข, ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื ื™ื˜-ื‘ืึทืฐืฑื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœ. ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ืึธืŸ: ืฉื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ,,ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ืจ ืึธืœื’ืข ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจืก. ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื’ืึธื ืึทื•ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืข ืงืึธืœื›ื™ื“ืข -- ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 


57 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ! ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืžืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืœืขื›ืงืฒื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืึทื ื“, ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš, ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ืฐื•ืขืจืกื˜ื• ืึท ืคืึทื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืข ืงืจื•ื™ื ืขืŸ-ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืคืขืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข : 
,ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืึธื˜"... 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืขืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ืจ, 
ืžืึธื™ืกืฒ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. 


ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš. ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธ ืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 


ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื–ืขืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ. ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืœื™. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 


2 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, 7ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1906 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืœื™ื‘ืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 

ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืงื™ึดืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืึทืœืฆืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืฑื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ (122 ืœื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ), ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–! ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 6ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ (1ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื—ื•ืœ-ื”ืžื•ืขื“), ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื 12ื˜ืŸ (ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ืช-ืชึผื•ืจื” -- ืฉื‘ืช), 
ืฆึท ืฉืึธื“ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื“ื˜; ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืกืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข. ืงืึธืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืืคืฉืจ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ 
ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกืจืฒึทืกืŸ. ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžืชึผื ื” ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืงืœืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’! ืึทื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืคึผืึธื›ืึธืจืึธื ืข" ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข! ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื“ืจืึทืžืข. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืคืง, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 


= 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ (,ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก"), ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 


58 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื–ืึทืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ. ื“ื™ , ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก" ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข , ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง" (ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก -- ืคึผืึธื’ื•ืœื™ืึทื ืงืึท, 7), 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 11, 12, 12. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง ืึท ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธื™ืกืฒ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœืขืจ ืึธืจื“ืข- 
ื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื“"ื” ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึทื ืกื™ืึธืŸ, ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืœืึธื ื“ืึธื ืขืจ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืœื˜"! -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ? ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ! ืกืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืจืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืึธืœื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš. 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 


3. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ (10ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1906 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ื”ื•ืจืจืจืึท ! ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื , ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืœ" 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ , ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก" 
ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึทืจืึทืจ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’ -- ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜! -- 250 ืคืจืึทื ืง! (ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืžืึธืœ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒึท 
ื“"ืจ ืœื•ืจื™ืข !), ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืชึผื ืื™, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ืึทื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื”, 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ. -- -- -- ื‘ืจืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ: ,ืึทื™, ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ!* ืจื‘ื•ื ื•-ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ืŸ ? ืฆื™ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืžืึทื ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืึธืกื™ืขืŸ ? ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื”, ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ! ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื•, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื ,,ืฐืึทืจืข", ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืข. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทืจืง, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึทืงืฆื™ืขืก ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœ: ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื’ืขืจ- 
ืงืขืก ! ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึท ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื™ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืจืงืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก. ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจืึทืฃ 
(ื˜ื™ืกื™ื ืงืข, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืขืœื˜ ? ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึถืคึผ! --). ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื›'ืžื™ื™ืŸ ?... ืžื™ืึธ... ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฉืžื•ืขืกื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜.. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš. 
ืคึผ ืึท. 


59 


ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื-ืคืขืœื™ื›ื 
4 ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ,ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก" 


ืจื‘ืงื” 
ื“ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ ื“. ื‘ืขืจ ืงืึทื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ื˜ืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœืจ ื•ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื.. 

ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ.. 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืฆืฐืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ; ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืกืงื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืฆื•ืคื”", , ื”ื–ืžืŸ", 
,ื”ืฉืœื•ื—" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœ-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ , ืžืึธืฉืงืขืœืข ื—ื–ื™ืจ", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื”ืฆื•ืคื”" ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ 
ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืจืก. ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืขื›ืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ (ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ ืึทืœืข ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง). ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื– ืจื‘ืงื” ื“ืึธืก 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ืœ 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜: ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ืจืขื“ื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึท ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื™ืึธ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืึทืœืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›ึผื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึท- 
ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ, ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, 
ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข (ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš , ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื"), ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ืฒึทืขื ืฉื ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืงืึทื“ืึทื ืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’", ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืŸ. ืฐื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ? ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜: ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืกืชึผื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข, ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืขื ืข, 
ืงื™ื™ืœืขื›ื™ืงืข, ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขื›ื™ืงืข, ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš ืึท ืกืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืงืœืขืš. 
ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ืœืขืš, ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืœืข ืฐืึธืก ื’ื•ืกืกื˜, ืึท ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืขืœืข ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ื ืงื˜, ืึท 
ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื ืงื˜, ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ืฐืึธืก ืœืึทื›ื˜, ืึท ืงืึทืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืจืขืจ -- ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง! ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ-ื”ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืœ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’, ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจืŸ, -- ืึทื‘ื™ ืขืก ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ (ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ) ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื‘ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื• 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜, ื“ืขืกื˜ืึธ ืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’. ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
,ืžืœื™ืฆื”"ื™, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก , ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’". ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš 


ืื•ึนืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืžืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ืึท ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ืึท ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ืžื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ --- ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ื•ืœืืช ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืงืจืขื ืง ืจื—ืžื ื-ืœืฆืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท 
ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ. 


ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจืฐืฒึทื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืกืงืจืขื ืง ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืจื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืก, ืึท ืคืจื™ืฉืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆืึทืคึผืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’. ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ืœื, ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขื. ืคื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืœ ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืก, ืึท ืฉืœื™ืžื–ืœ, ืึท ื ืคืฉ ืฐืึธืก ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ื•ืกื˜, ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœืข ืคึผืึทืจืžืขื˜-ืคึผื ื™ื, ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ื”ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ, ื“ื™ 
ืคืึทืœื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืขื ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืข, ืื™ืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื’ืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ืคึผื™ืคึผืงืขื˜, ื”ื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืคึผืงืขื˜, ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืื™ื ืงืจืขื›ืฆืŸ.. ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืึทืŸ 
ืึธืจืขืžืข, ืึท ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืข ื ืฉืžื”, ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื›ืึทืœื™ืึทืกื˜ืจืข, ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคืึทืจืฉืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื™ืึทืฐืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜-ืคืึทืจื˜ืึทืจืขืจืึทืžื˜ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืึท , ืžืขื ื”- 
ืœืฉื•ืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคึผืจื ืกื”... ืžืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื‘ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฆืึทืคึผืœื˜, ืคืœืึทื˜ืขืจื˜, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืึธืš ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื™ื ืขื ืฐื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื—ื•ืฉื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืœื•ืช. ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืงืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ืงืขืจื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืœืขืš, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืคืึทื›ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืกืžืึทืœืขื˜ืข ื”ืึธื“ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืงืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืจื™ื—, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ , ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•" 
--- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ.. 


ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืกืคืขืจืŸ; ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืึธืจืขืžืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืœืขืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง, ืงื•ืงื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื™ืชื•ืžื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืขื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื˜ื™ืฃ, ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื ืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ --- ืžืขืจืงืฐื•ืขืจื“ื™ืง! -- ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืึธืจืขืžืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืœืขืš, ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืขื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš, ื“ืขืงื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจ 
ืืฒึทืš ืึทื–ืึท ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ื–ื, ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึธืจืขืžืข, ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืขื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 

ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืขื ืข ืื•ืžื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข 


61 


ื‘ื›ื™ื•ืžื˜ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


,ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืก-ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื", ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ืึทืจื•ืกืฆื•ืจื•ืคืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืคืฆื•ึผืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืŸ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท , ืื•ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืกื•ืฃ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ: 

,...ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื’ืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืœืงื ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื’ื ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืžืจืึทืงืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืึทื”ืฒื ืขืกืŸ ื’ ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ." 

ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ: 

,ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืœืงื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืจืึทืงืขื˜ ืึท ืจืขื’ื ื“ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื”ืฒื™ื ืขืกืŸ". 

ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื—ื ืขืฐืฐื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืฐื™ ืึทื– ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜, ืฐื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ?... ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ. 

ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื... ืึท ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง, ืึท ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ. ืขืก 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ื•ื•, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื‘ืึทื’ื™ื ืขื ื“ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข, ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’, ืฐื™ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. 


ืฉืœื•ื- ืฆืœื™ื›ื 
ื’ืขื ืฃ, ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1906. 
ื ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1906} 


5. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ื•ืœืึธื ื“ืึทืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืขืŸ 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ื”ื•ืจืจืจืึท! ืงืึทืจืึทื•ืœ! ื˜ืึทืจืจืึทืจืจืึทื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ืึท! (ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืคืึทืœืŸ : , ืคึผืึธื–ืึทืจ !). ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 250 (ื–ืึธื’: ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง) 
ืคืจืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ,,ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก" ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ.-ืขืœ., ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื“ื–ืฉื•ืื™ืฉ ืงืจืึธื ื™ืงืœ" ืฆื• ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ 250 (ื–ืึธื’: ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง) ืคึผืจืึทื ืง ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ืŸ, ืก'ืึท ืกื›ึผื ื”. ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืงื˜ืก ื’ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคึผืึทืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื•ืœ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก ืฆืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืœื˜ืขืจ... ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 

ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืค ืึท. 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘! ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ,ืจื‘ืงื”" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ 


62 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืึธืคึผื ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžืคื˜ื™ืจ", ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš, ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื , ื“ื–ืฉื•ืื™ืฉ ืงืจืึธื ื™ืงืœ" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ,,ืžืึทื™ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ" ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืจื‘ืงื”". 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืึธืคึผ, 
--- ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืืจื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ,,ื™ื•ื ื’ืข" ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืคืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฉื™ืง ืึทืจืฑื™ืก ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ 
ืื•ืžื’ืขื–ืึทืžื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ 


6 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 


ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™, 11ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1906 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ! 
ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื™ื˜ ืึทื”ืฒื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ. ื ืึธืจ... ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜. -- 
ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืง ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื–ืึท ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืœืึทื ื“! ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’. 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึท. 


ืœื™ืึทืœื™! ืื™ืš ืจืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืฉืึทืจืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืึท ื ื’ื™ื“ื™ืช... ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš? ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขื’ืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš! ืขืžืึท! ืžื•ืึท! 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผืฆื•ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ. ื 


7 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 


ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึทืจืง 
ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš 


ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ. ืึทื˜ืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ, 
ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’, 16ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1906 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข !ึธ 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทื‘ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœืฒึทืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜. ืฉื‘ืช, ื“ืขื 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจื˜, ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ, ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ, ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืืึท"ื•ื•. ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืึธืง, ืฐืึธืก 


63 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืจื•ืคื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ. ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขืง. ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ. ื ืึธืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜. ืขืก 
ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืฃ ืึทืจืฑืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ, ืฐื™ ืึท ืฉืคึผืขื ื“ืœ. ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜-ื’ื•ื˜. 
ืขืก ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืขืก ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืขื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ, ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขืง, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื”ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ, ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืก, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื 
ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืง. ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ืžืœื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ, ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜-ื’ื•ื˜. ืขืกืŸ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื˜. ืึท 
ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืข ื ืึธื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ. ืงื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืฉืึทื“ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™. ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผื˜ื™ืง. ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืจืฒืŸ ืึท ืกื˜ื•ืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ. ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึธืคืข. 
ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ? ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืฆืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืŸ (ืžืึทื“ืขืจืึท). 
ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจืึทื’ืข : ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ? ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, 
ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขืฐืข. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืœืขืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืขืก ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. = -- == 

ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜, ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธื’, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืคื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื–ื™ืคืฆื˜, ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ืึธ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืข ื›ืฐืึทืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐื•ึผื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 48 ืฉืขื”, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื ืึทื›ื˜. --.-- -- ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธื’ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื“ืจืึทื˜ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ (ืžืึทืจืงืึธื ื™) ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืึธืคึผืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ื”ืึทืคืŸ. -- -- -- 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’. ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืขืกืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื•ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืงืจืขื. ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง 
-- ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืขืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ืŸ-ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื’ืึทื ื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ 
ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืขื ืœืึทื ื“, ืงืขืžืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื›ืฐืึทืœื™ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”. ืึทืš, ื ืึธืจ ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืขื’ ื ืึธืš!!! 

ื”ื•ืจืจืึท! ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’. ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ืึท ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืขื ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืขืก (ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคืœ). ื“ื™ ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš. ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ -- ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื•! ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผืึทืก ื ื™ื˜. 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืจืฉืขื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ื”ื™ื ื•ื, ืื™ื– ืึท 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืึท ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืžืื›ืœ. ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื™ื-ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง. 


ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš, ื“ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ, ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’. 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืึธืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฐื•ืขืงื˜ 7 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™, ืื•ืŸ 8 ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขืงืคืขืกื˜ (ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง). ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‚ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืก ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืึธืš. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. -- -- -- ืื™ืš 
ืจืฒึทืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ. 

ืึทืจื•ื 11 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขืง. ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืงืขืึทืŸ -- ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืึธื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ -- ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜. ื–ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฆื•ื 
ืงืึทืจื˜ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ื’ืึทื ื’. ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืงืขืจื˜ืœ. ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื–ืฉืœื™ืึธืงืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืจ. ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืกืŸ. ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึท ืกืœืึทื•ื• ืฆื™ืžื‘ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœืึทืœืฒึทืงืข, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš. ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก! 

ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขืง., 

ื–ื•ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ --- ืงื•ื•ืขืงื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืฃ... ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ืฉื™ืฃ ? 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืึทืฐื•ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทืกืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืกืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฒึทื–ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึทืจื™ื“, ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืจืฉืขื ืง, ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื‘ืขืจ- 
ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืึท ืคึผืึธืกื˜, ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ, ืึท ื‘ืึทื ืง, ืึท ืงื™ืš, ืึท ืงืึธืœืึธืกืึทืœ ืขืกืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื“"ื” ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืขืกืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, 2500 ื ืคืฉื•ืช, 
ื”ื›ึผืœืœ -- ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื”ื•ืกืœืึทื•. 

ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข. ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ? ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื“ืจืึธื˜ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ, 
ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜, ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข. ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ 
ืึท ืฐืึธืš. ืื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš, ื“ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜, 8 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. 

ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง. ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื‘ืข: ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืึท ืกืš, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ; ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ -- ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™. 

ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื‘ื™ื ืข 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฆืึทืžื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืึทื™ืึธื ื˜ืงืขืก. ืขืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš : , ืึธืงืข-ืึทืŸ! ืึธืงืข-ืึทืŸ!"... ืึทื’ื‘, ืึทืœืข ืคึผืึทืกืึทื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื’ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 

ื“ืขื 18ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™. 

ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขืง, ืืฑืฃ ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜ืฉืงืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜. ื“ื™ ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกืึทื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ. ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ื™ื‘ืฉื”. 


ืึธืงืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื“ืจืึธื˜ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 


5 


ื‘ื›ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉื™ืคืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื‘ื™ื ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ืฐืึทืจืขื, ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื›ึผื“ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื’ื ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจืขื ื“ื–ืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™, 


ืึทืจื•ื 12 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก, 
, ืฆื•ื ืคืึธืœืง". ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ! ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ! ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ื•ื™ ืคื™ืš, 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ. 
--- ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ,, ืกืขืงืึธื ื“" ืงืœืึทืก. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ (ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืœืึทืก) ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืฃ 

ืžืึธืจืึทืœ: ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ื–ื•ืŸ! ืงื•ืง ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ.. 

2 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืžืึทื›ื•ื ื’. ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ืœื™ื (ืœื™ืืœื™! ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™! ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืš ?) : 
) ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. 2) ื™ื-ื–ื•ืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจืฒึทื˜ืขื›ืฆืขืจ. 3) ืฐืฒึทืกืคื™ืฉ, ื”ื™ื™ืกืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื™ืš. 4) ืคึผื™ืจืขื–ืฉืงืขืก, 
5) ืฉืึธืคื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืึทืœืึทืจื™. 6) ื”ื™ื ืขืจืฉืข ืœืขื‘ืขืจืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืคืขืจ. 7) ืกืฐื˜ืคึผืึทื˜ืฒื™ื˜ืขืก, 
8) ืกืึทืœืึทื˜. 9) ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื—ื–ื™ืจ-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. 10) ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืจืขืžื˜ืข ืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. 11) 
ืืฒึทื–ืงืจืขื. 12) ืžืึทืจืžืขืœืึทื“-ื–ืฉื™ืœืข. 13) ืžืึทืจืึทื ืฆืŸ. 14) ืงืึธืคืข. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืขืกืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก: 1) ื–ื•ืคึผ, 2) ืคื™ืฉ, 3) ืืฒึทื–ืงืจืขื, 
4 ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคืœ, 5) ืงืึธืคืข, 6) ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืฅ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื’ื ื‘ืขื˜, 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ื ื‘ืขื˜ ืึท ื‘ื•ืœืงืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜. ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืกืŸ ื‘ื•ืœืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืจืขื ื“ื–ืฉืขืก. ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข 
ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ (ืœึนื ืชื’ื ื•ื‘) ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜. ืึทืœืข ื’ื ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ืึทืจื˜. -- -- -- ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกืึทื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืœืขืจืข ืคืึทืจืŸ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขื ื“ื•ืจ. (ื . ื‘. ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš: ,ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ, ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท, ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืึทื ืฐืขืฐืขืฐืขื˜ ืžืึทืจืึทืจืึทืจืึทื ืฆืŸ ?"..). ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ืขืช ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ืฆืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื–ืึทืœ: 

-- ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท!: ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืฅ ืึทืึทืึทืึทืฐืขืงื’ื ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื‘ืึทื‘ื•ืกืงืข! 

ืึท ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ! 


ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜, ื“ืขื 18ื˜ืŸ. 

ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื˜. -- ืืฒื ืขืจ ืึท ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ืฆื• 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก. ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืจื—- 
ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื-ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืขื’. ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ (ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืึทื’ื‘, ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ 


6 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ) ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืคื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ื. ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜, 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึท ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืฃ, ื‘ื™ื– ืกืึทืžืข ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึทืจื•ื ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœ-ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืขืง. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”? ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ , ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžืชืงื ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ-ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืกืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ,ื ืึทื˜ืฉืึทืœืกื˜ืฐืข", ืึทื– 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ: ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืคื” ืคื—ื•ืจื” -- ืึท ืคึผืึทืกืึทื–ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก. ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทื‘ืึทื ื“-ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื‘ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก. ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. 


ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขื 19ื˜ืŸ, 7 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™. 

ืฐืึทืก ืคืึทืจ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช! ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ื’ืจืึทืฃ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜. ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ื ืึธืš. ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื›ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึทื‘ื™ื ืข ื’ืจืึทื’ืขืจืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ืึธื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข. ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜, ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’! 

8 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึทืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขืง. ื’ืึธื˜! ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“! ื–ื•ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ 
ืื™ื– ืจื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ืœืึทื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ. ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืข, ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืžืึธืœ --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉืขื” ืึทืจื•ื ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืคืขืกื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืขืจ ืึท ืœื™ื“ืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืขื 
ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืขืก... ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทื ืึทื ื“ ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื—ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื˜ืขื ืขื ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคืœ ? 

ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขืง. 

ืึทื–ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ืึทืจ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืึท ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ื—ืœื•ื, 
ื–ื•ืžืขืจ. ืึท ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช. ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ -- ื”ืขืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ -- ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืึธืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึทืกืขืจ --- ื‘ืœื•ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืžืขืฉื‚ื”. ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึท ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ, 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’. 

ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข (ืึท ื“ืจืึธื˜ืœืึธื–ืข) ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™-ื™ืึธืจืง, ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ", ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜: 

,ื“ื”ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืฒึท ื”ืขืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืงืึธืžืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื–ื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืข ืฐื™ืœืœืงืึธืžืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืจื™ืกืกืข ืขื ื˜ื’ืขื’ืขืฃ 
ืฐืึธืœืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื˜ืข ื–ืึธื’ืœืฒึทืš ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื”ืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ืข ืคื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืข ื“ื™ืข ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืจื•ืกืกืœืึทื ื“ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื˜ืข ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืœืฒึทืš 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. 
: 1 ื“ื”ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทืŸ. 


67 


ื‘ืžืคื™ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื - ืขืœืœื›ื•ื 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ --- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜: 
ื“ื–ืฉื•ืื™ืฉ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทืŸ, ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง. -- ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’, 
ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื-ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืฆืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืฆื• ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ืึทืœืข ืงืึธืœืขื’ืŸ 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ืกืŸ. 
ืฉืœื•ื- ืฆืœืงื›ื 


ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš, ืื•ื‘ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš, ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ. 
ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืขืก ืฆื• ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ, ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืžืึทืจืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืคื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืึทืก 
ืึทื“ืจืขืก. ืžื™ืฉืึท ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 

ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืœืŸ, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ 


ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, 8 ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข, ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื ื˜ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึธืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื•ืžืขื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฆื ืึธื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐื™ ืึท ื ืขืคึผืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 


ืฉื‘ืช, ื“ืขื 20ืกื˜ืŸ. 8 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™. 

ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜! ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืฒื™ ื˜ืึธื’ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข ืœืขื ื’ืกื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข ืฉืฐืขืจืกื˜ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืฒื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื‘ืจืขืงืคืขืกื˜. == -- -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ,ืขืจื“" ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืงืกื˜. 


ื“ื™ ืœืฆืฆื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืฃ 
(12 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขื 20ืกื˜ืŸ). 

ื”ื•ืจืจืึท! ืขืจื“! ืขืจื“!., 

ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืงืึธืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืขืก ืžืึทื˜ืจืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1492. ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉืจืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1906 -- ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื” ืึทืจื•ื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง. ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื”, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกืึทื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ. -- -- -- 
ืขืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืจืฒึท. ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’. ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืœื™ืง ืคืึธืจืฆื•ืคื™ืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ -- ื”ืึทืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืึธืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืขืกืŸ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืฐืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• ื’ื ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืฅ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ... 


ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืฉืชึผื•ืžื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘. ืึทืœืฅ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ื”ืึทื ื’, ืื•ืžืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ, ืงื•ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื— ื ื™ื˜-ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ, 


8 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืงื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืขื” ืึทืจื•ื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ืึทื”ื™ื™ื. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ. 


2 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ื“ืขื 20ืกื˜ืŸ. ืฉื‘ืช. 

ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง! ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืคืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš. ืขืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ,,ื”ื™ื“ื“ !" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ื˜, ืึท ืกืš ื”ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ? ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื!" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื• 
ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืงืœืึทืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืœืขื’ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืขืก. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ. ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆืขืงื•ืฉื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืœืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืœ ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื ืึทืจื“. ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืœืžืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ: ,ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข! ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืึท 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข !".,. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš!.. ืื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœ 
ืึท ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข (ืฐื™ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜). 

ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš. 


8 ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1906, ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’, 8 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท ืžืฒึทื ืข!ึผ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืžืข 
ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืึทื ื“ื™ืขื–ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช-ืคึผื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื ืึทืจื“ 
(ื‘ืฒึท ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜): ,,ืึท ืžื™ืฒื™ื“ืขืœืข! ื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ื•ึตื™ 
ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜: ืฆื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ? ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜! ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืžื—ืžืช ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืขืกืœื’ืจื•ื‘. 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื›ืฐืึทืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืึทืœื˜: ,,ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื !* , ืฐื™ืœืงืึธืžืขืŸ !ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื -- ื“ืขืœืขื’ืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืึธืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ, 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ืขืจืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก -- ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜, ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ. ืžืข 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ืœื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึธืœื“ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื™ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืึท ืกืš, ืึท ืกืš 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืก. ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ืขืจืึท ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’, 


ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ 


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ืฆื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื– ืฉืœื”ื ืืœืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื”, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ 
ื“ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืค ืึท. 


9 ืฆื• ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืึธืจืง, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1906 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘! 
ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ืจ, ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ! ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง 
ื“ื™ืจ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืึทืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื• ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ ืกืฒึท ืฐื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš. ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ. ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ. ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืึธ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืฒึทืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ืฐื™ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 


ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืŸ ื“ืฒื ืขืจ 


0. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึทื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, 28ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธึทืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1906 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท. ืžืฒึทื ืข! 

ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืกืชึผืžื ืึท ื—ืœื•ื, ืึตื™ืึธ ? ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ืœื•ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ! ื”ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึทืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืขืก. 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ 
ืคึผ. 


1 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 


ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, 6ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1906, ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธื’ 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข! 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ืจื” ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื˜ืŸ 


70 


ื”ื™ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื ืžืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ืจื”ืœืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืึท ืงื•ืง ื˜ื•ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทืคื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืึทืงืฐื•ืขืž- 
ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืœื™ืึทืœื™, ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทื! ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ืงืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืึทืคืงืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืฑื˜ืึธืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ-ืชึผื—ืชื™ื” ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžืข ืงืึธื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ืก ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืกืฒึท ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜. ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืคึผืขื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ืฉืึทืคืงืขืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš -- ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื˜ื™ืกื™, 
ืึท ื’ื•ื“ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ! ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฐืึทืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคืขืก, ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข: ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืจืึทืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืกื˜ืขืœื™, ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™, ืึท, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืกื˜ืขืœื™! ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข! ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืœ -- ืึท ืœืขื ืฉื˜ื•ืœ -- ืึท ื˜ืฉืขืจ -- ืึท ืฉืึธืงืœืฉื˜ื•ืœ, --- ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื‚ื•ื ืกืคืง ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ 
ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืงืขืŸ. ืึทื’ื‘, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ -- ื–ื™ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ? ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, 
ืžื—ืžืช ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึทื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ -- 
,ืžื•ืคืŸื™. 
ืฉื‘ืช ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืœืึธื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉ. 
ืคึผ ืึท. 


2 ืฆื• ืจื—ืœ ืœืึธื™ืขืฐ 


(ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, 6ื˜ืŸ ื ืึทื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1906| 
ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ืžื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื” ืฉืชื—ื™' 
ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ืจื”, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจืขื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืฐืขื. ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืš. ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžืขืจืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 
ื—ืชื ื›' ื“ื•"ืฉ ื•ื”ืฆ' ืฉืœื•ื 


3. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 


ื ื™ื•ื™ื™ืึธืจืง, 12ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืฐื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1906 

ืกืฒึทืขืจืข! 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื•ื•. ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืื™ื• ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš. ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืคึผืึทืง, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ืกื˜ื• ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืขื’ -- ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื”. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 


ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื–ืœ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•: ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืŸ 


71 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทืงื•ืจืึทื˜ ืฐื™ ืžื™ืฉืึท ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• 
ืขืงื–ืึทืžืขื ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืึทื’ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ ? ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื, 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืœื•ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื–ืฑ, ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท, ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืึทืงืกืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืžื™ืจ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึท 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื ืื™: ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ,,ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื‘ืข" 
ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืจื•ืคืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข. ืึท ื‘ืึทื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก! ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš 
ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท โ€ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืึทื’ื‘, ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืกื•ืฃ- ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ื‘ืขืจืœ. ืึทื–ืฑ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ื—ื‘ืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื”ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง; ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทื’ืขื ืข. 


4 ื•ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, 9ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1907 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ! 
ื ื•, ื“ืขื ืขืงื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“. ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืกืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฆืขืจืฒื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ : ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืžืึธืœ, ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึธืฐืึทืฆื™ืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉืฒึทื ื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื ืฒึทืงืฒื˜, ืึทื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืขืงื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’. , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉ, ืคึผืึทื˜ืจื™ืึทืจื›ืึทืœื™ืฉ. , ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฑื™ืกืฐื•ึผืจืฃ" ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึทื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื”ืึทื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื ืฒึท, ืžื—ืžืช 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืึทื’ืึทืŸ?ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืžืึธื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืจืขื, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืึท ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™. ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ,ืฐื•ื™ืฆืŸ" 
ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืจืึธืงืึทื˜. -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึทื ืฅ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•", ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึทื ืฅ , ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืขืจื ืึทืง". ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ; ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื– 
ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒื™ึทืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ืก ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืึท ื’ืจืึธืฉืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืขื•ืœื, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 


72 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ื™ืžื 


ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืคืึธืจ ืึท ืกืš ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ื›- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืึทืจื•ืกืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื’ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืึทืจื•ื ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึทืŸ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืค ืึท. 


5 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ื ื™ื•ื™ื™ืึธืจืง, 3ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1907 
8ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ, ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึทื›ื˜ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ! 

ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื”ื™ื– 
(ื ืึธืš ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜). ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืง. ื™ืึธ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขื 18ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš! 
ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ -- ืคึผื•ืจื™ื -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืกื— ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื"ื˜ื•ื‘ -- 
ืคึผืกื—! ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืก ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’. ืึทืš, 
ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืš! ืึท ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท: ื–ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก 

ื’ืขืคื™ืœ -- ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืึทืคื˜. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืค ืึท. 


6. ืฆื• ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ื™ืฒื™ืึทืจืง, 5ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1907 

ืœื™ืึทืœื™! 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื—ื›ืžื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื. 

ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืก ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ (ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ) ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื•. ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื”ืึทืœื˜? ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜ ? 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฃ-ื‘ื™ืช. ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’. ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืžื‘ื•ืœ" ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ. ืฐืขื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืจืคืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื ื•, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ? 


ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคืจืœืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš, ืืŸ ืžืข ืžื•ื– ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื. ื ื•, ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš.ื™ 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึท ืคึผืึท, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ 


7 ืฆื• ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1907 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ! 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืฒึทื ืข 
ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื ืื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜-ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืขื’. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื•ืกื˜. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ืึทืฐื•ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืžื ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ืฐืขืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื–ืขืงืก ืึท 
ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืžื—ืžืช 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื˜ืึทืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฆืึทืจื˜ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœืขืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืœื™ื ืง ืื•ื™ื’ ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืึท ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทื“ื‘ืึท ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืŸ. -- 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ! ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืืžืช ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืœืึทื ื“, 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ... ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึทืœ 
ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ, ื ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, -- 

ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜, 


ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, 24ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1907 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ! 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. -- ืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. 
ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืจื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืฑืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜. ืึท ืงื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ! ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ , ืคึผืึทืคึผืึทืคึผืึท" 


24 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


(ืฐืึทืจืขื ืึทื–ืฑ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท, ื ืึธืจ , ืคึผืึทืคึผืึทืคึผืึท", ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืคึผืึท!). ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื™ื›ืœืขืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ืก, ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธื ืกื™ืขืจื–ืฉืงืข. ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึทืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ื‘ืฒื™ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ? ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื 
,ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ" ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืคึผื™ื™ืกื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข. ืึทื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืžืจ. ืกืึทืคึผื™ืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืื™ื 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืึทืœื˜, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืึทื ื“. ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ , ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ" ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก 
ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ,,ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜" ? -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึทืœืข, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ืžืึท, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉ. 


9. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื•ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 10ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1907 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ! 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ. ื“ื• ื“ืึทืจืคืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืœืŸ (ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš) ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ 
ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ,,ืึธื“ืœืขืจ" -- -- --. ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื“ืœืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ -- -- --. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื’ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืึธืจื“ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ืœืขืจืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึธื ื“ืขืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึธื ื“ืขืก ืžืึทืกืœื™ืึทื ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืกืœื™ืึทื ืกืงื™ 
ืœื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ --- ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜! ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื ื™-ื™ืึธืจืง! 
-- -- -- ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืฒืŸ -- -- --. , ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ"; ,ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜, 
ืึท ืกื“ ืฆื•ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜". ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“? -- -- -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืžืช, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ (ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ), 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ 


ื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึทืŸ ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืงืก ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจืขื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืงืึธืœืึทื“, --- ืคื•ืŸ 


75 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืขืก ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืงืœืขืš. ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื—ื›ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื—ื›ืžื™-ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“! (ืฉืึท! ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืžืึธืจื’ื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ" ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜", ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ื™ ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ !).. 


0. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, 7ื˜ืŸ-8ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1908 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜, ืฆึดื™ 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืืฉ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’. ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ืื•ืฆืจ" ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ืžื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื”ื ืื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืกืš! ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ -- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ? ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึธืคึผืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ -- ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืœืึทื ื“, ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืงืœืึธืจืข ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืึทืœื“ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืฒื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืึทื ืงื™-ืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืœืขื“ืขืจืžืฒึทื– -- -- -- ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืœ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืึทื ื“. ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืกื˜ื• ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜, ืฉืจืขืง ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึทืคึผ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืœืึทืจืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื‘-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื•ื’ืข ื“ื™ืจ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ 
ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืขืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ, 
ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขืกืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ, ื•ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ืข. -- -- -- (ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืคื™ืก, ืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืึท ืœื™ื“ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ). 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข, 


ืฉื™ื˜ 


76 


ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


1 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, 14ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1908 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ! 
ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื•ื ,,ืื•ืฆืจ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ" 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ , ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ื’ืจืขื‘ืขืจ", ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ |ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸืŸ. ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. == = -- 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชืฉืจ"ืง ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ: ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ? ืก'ืื™ื– ืฐื•ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืจื•ื ื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ 1 ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง- 
ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืขืก, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ -- ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืฆื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“? ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืชึผื›ืœื™ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ืขืง, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืกืฒึท ื•ื• 
ืึท ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืขื ืขืจ. == == == 
ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ 


2. ืฆื• ื , ื™ืข. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


2 8, 19108ืŸ 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•-ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืขืจ : ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ? ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื–ื™ืฒื™ืขืจ ืึท ืกืš, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื“ืจื•ืงืึธืจื’ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื ื—ืช ืื™ื– ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืจืฒึทืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืกืึทืžืข 
ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืึท ืงื‘ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื”ืœ. ืึทื– ืžืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืึท ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ... 
ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกื™ืจืงื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืึทื’ื‘, ื’ื™ื‘ 
ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืึธื ืจืขืคืึธ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื’- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ ? ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ? ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉื™ืŸ 
ืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืก. ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ? ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜? 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ? ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื (ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืจืึทืœืข) ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ 


77 


ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื” ืคืฐืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื”ืจืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืžืฉื•ืชื“ื™ืงืก. 
ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธ ืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 


ืžืื™ืกืฒ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. 


2. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


(ื’ืขืจื•ื•ื™), 20(7). 10. 1908 

ืœื™ื‘ืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 
ื“ืึธืก ืžื–ืœ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฉืข, ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื”, 
ืงืึทืœื™ืข ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš ืฆืขื™ืึทื›ืžืขืจื˜. ืฆืขื™ืึทื›ืžืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืฐื™ ืึท ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืฒึทื‘ืขืœืข ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืœืฑื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ืžืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืึธ, ื“ืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš. ื“ืึทืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’, ื ืึธืจ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื–ืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืจืขืง ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ 
ื’ืึทืจื ื™ื˜. ืึธื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืขืจื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, 
ื“"ื” ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืก, ื’ืึธืœืข ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ืš , ื‘ืœื•ื˜-ืงืฒึทืงืขืœืขืš 
ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืฅ"... ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื—ื–ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทึธืจืึทื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทื”ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ? ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ (ืžืึทื ื“ืขืœื‘ืขืจื’ -- 
ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ) ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–; ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืœื•ืงืขืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“. ืื•ืŸ, ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ , ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข" (ืฉื˜ืจืึทื ื“), ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืœืึทืฉื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ; 
ืกืึทืจืึท ื–ื•ืŸ ! ืกืึทืจืึท ืœื•ืคื˜! ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื’ื™ื‘ึผื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, 
ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื’ืœื˜. ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจื•ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข , ืื™ืžืขื ื™ื ืขืก", ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืžื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื, ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื’ืจืฒึทืคืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืง ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืจื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’... ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื™ืึธ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื˜ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜" ? ื™ืึธ, ื•ื™ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืก ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง, 
ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ืฉื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข, ื ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ. ืกืื™ื– ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฉืŸ ืœืึทื ื’, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 19-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ (ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, 


78 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืกื˜ ?). ื ื•, ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ืžืฉื‚ืžื— ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืžืึธื™ืกืฒ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื . ืก. ืกื™ืจืงื™ื ืขืŸ, ื™ืขื•ื•ื’ืขื ื™ ืœืฐืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ --- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืก! 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ, 
ืฉื‚ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, 9ืกื˜ืŸ (12ื˜ืŸ) ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 

ืžืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื™ ืึท ื”ืึธื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทื ืง, ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื’ืข : ,,ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ?* --- , ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืช ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•.." 

ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฉื‘ืช ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜, ืฐืึทืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื›ึผื•ื— ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื›ึผื•ื— ืฆื• ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื ืขืœืฆื•ื’ืŸ. 

ืžืื™ืกืฒ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื . ืž. ืกื™ืจืงื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“' ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืกื ืœืึธ ืžืึธืŸ 


5. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 7ื˜ืŸ (20ืกื˜ืŸ) ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1908 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ! 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึท ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืกืื™ื– 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืœื’ืข, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ 
ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง -- ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ, 
ืึทืจืฑืกื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืึทืฉืึธื ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืจืขืจ ืึท 
ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืึท ืฆืขื˜ืขืœืข: ,, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื“ืึทื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘.." 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืกื™ืจืงื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฉืงืœืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก, 


79 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื-ืฆืœืฒื›ื 
6. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 16ื˜ืŸ (29ืกื˜ืŸ) ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1908 

ืœื™ื‘ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 
ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืก ืคึผืึธืคึผืจืึทืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืงืจืึทื ืงืข! ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง! ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื“ื• 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ. ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืึทื–ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ. ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืึทื–ืึท!... ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืึทืœื–ืึทื, ื ื•, 
ืึท ืจืคื•ืื” ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืง -- ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทื‘ืึทืฉ! ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท, ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ! ื”ืœื•ืึทื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืคืจืขืกืŸ. ืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื”ืขืจืกื˜ื•, ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜... ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื• ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก! ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืขืก -- ืึธืŸ 
ืึท ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ! ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืคืจืึทื ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื-ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก. ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ื–ื™ ืื™ื–, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืึทืฆื™ืข, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš. 
ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ! ื ื•, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืจืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ 
ืขืจื ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืึทืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืจ. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื•ืกื˜ืŸ, ืขืš-ืขืš-ืขืš! ืคืึทืจื’ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึท ืกืš, ืึทื‘ื™ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ. 

ื™ืึทื“ืก... 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืึทืœืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉ. ืข. 


,..ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืงืข ืžื™ืฉืขืœ, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืึธื˜ ืกืึทืžืขืจ ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข? ืึท 
ื ื•ื“ื ืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืžืช, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืœืึทืกืŸ. ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทื˜ืŸ-ืžืึทื›ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืฒึท ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 

ืฉืœืึธืคึผืขื ืขืจ, ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. 
ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท 


7. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืขืจื‘ ืจื”"ืฉ ืชึผืจืก"ื˜ (1908ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข! 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืขืจื‘ ืจืึธืฉ-ื”ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• -- ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืฐืขืจืข! ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ |ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸืŸ. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืขืก. ืžืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืฐืึทืš, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืžื—ืžืช ืฉืฐืึทื›ืงืฒื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืฑื™ื ื˜ 
-- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืง. ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ืฉื˜ื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ืจืฒึท ืึทืจื•ื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื—ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ืื” ืฆืœื™ืœื›ื 


ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš --- ื‘ืึทืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืึทืš, ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ 
ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ! ืฆื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืึทืŸ, ืฆื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข -- ื ืึธืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืขืกื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื˜ื™ืกื™, ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ? 
ื ืึธืš ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืงืขืŸ -- ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ื•ืึทืชื” ื‘ื ื™, ื‘ืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ืฅ ื‘ื ื™, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ื‘ืขื“ ืื’ืจื•ืชื™ืš ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื™ 
ืœืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื, ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืึทืชื” ื•ืชืจืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ! ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื•ื ืชืจืื” ืคึผื ื™ื ื•ื ืฉื‘ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ 
ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“, ื›ื™ ื‘ืื” ืขืช ืœื—ื ื ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืžื•ืขื“. ืืœื ืึทืœื™ื ื ืชืžื ืข ืžืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืื’ืจื•ืชื™ืš 
ื”ื™ืคื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท. ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืจ 
ืืฒึทื ื—ื–ืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืคึผืึทืงืึท (ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท (ืื™ืš), 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ. 
ืึท. 


8 ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 23ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1908 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท! 

ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ. ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืœืขืจื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืœื™ื’ืœืึธื˜ ืงื•ื ืฆืข: , ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข" (ืคึผืจืฒึทืŸ 1 ืคืจืึทื ืง 25 ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ื), ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืš ืžืึทืš ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืึทื–ืึท 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš. 

ื‘ื•ืึธืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื ืึธ, ืกื™ื ื™ืึธืจืึท ื˜ื™ืกื™ ! ืžืึธืœื˜ืึธ ื‘ืขื ืข ื’ืจืึทืฆื™ืข. ืคึผืขืจืงืข ื ืึธืŸ ืข ืฐืขื ื•ื˜ืึธ ืึท 
ื˜ืจืึธืฐืึทืจืžื™? ืžื™ ืคืึท. ืžืึธืœื˜ืึธ ืคึผื™ืึทื˜ืฉืขืจืข. ืฐืขืจืึธ ืฐืขื“ืขืจืœืึธ ื“ืžืึทื ื™ ืฐืขืจื–ืึธ ื–ืขืจืึท, ื“ืึธื ืึท 
ืœืึทื˜ืฉืขื ืึท ืขืœืœืขื˜ืึธ, ืื™ืœ ื˜ืขืจื ืึธ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืข ืกื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืึธ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืคืจืขื ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืฐืึธ ืคึผืึทื’ืึทืจื ืข ืื™ืœ ื“ืึทืฆื™ืึธ, ืึธ ืคืึทืžืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ืงืึธืœืึธ ืงื•ืงื™ื™ืึทื™ืึธ, ืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ืึธ, ืึธืœื™ืึธ ื“ืึท ืคึผืึทืกื˜ืึท, ืžืึทื ืฆืึธ ื‘ืึธืœื™ื˜ืึธ ืงืึธืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืคึผืึธืœืข. 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื– ืžื™ ืคืึทื˜ืฉืึท ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืฆืึธ 
ืžืึธื“ืขืจืึทื˜ืึธ, ืคึผืจืึธ ื‘ืึทื‘ื™ืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืข ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจืึธ ืงื•ื™ืคึผื™ื• ืœื•ื ื’ืึธ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืึธ, ืคึผืจืขื’ืึธ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืžื™ ืœืึท 
ื‘ืึทืจื‘ืึท ืข ืžื™ ืคึผืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธ ืื™ ืงืึทืคึผืขืœืœื™. ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ืึท 
ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืœื™ื ืึท ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜: ื“ื•ืข ืžื•ื˜ืึทื ื“ื™, ืกื™ื ื™ืึธืจืข, ืจืึทืงืึธื ื˜ืฉื™ ืœืข 
ืงืึทืœื˜ืฉืข! ืžื—ืžืช ืžื™ ื“ื•ืึธืœืข ืœืึท ื’ืึทืžื‘ืึท ืข ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึทืคึผืจืขื“ืึธืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืึธ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธ ืœืึท ื“ื™ืึทืจืจืขืึท, ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’. ื˜ื™ืกื™, ื’ื™ื‘ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ื‘ืึทืžื‘ื™ื ืึธ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจื™ื ืึธ. 


ื“ืึท ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ. ืึทืจืขืฐืขื“ืขืจื˜ืฉืึธ. 
ืคึผืึท ืคืึท 


ืกื™ื ื™ืึธืจืึท. ืžืึทืžืึทืŸ, ืกื™ื ื™ืึธืจื™ื ืข ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผื™ืงืึธืœืึธ ื’ืึทืจืกืึทื ืข ื ื•ืžืึท 
ืฉื‚ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืœ ืคึผืขืฆืึธ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคึผืึธื ืข ืื•ืŸ 1000 ืงืึทื ื“ืขืœืข! ืึทื“ืจื™ืึธ, ืžื™ืึท ืงืึทืจืึท! ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื“ืึทื˜ืึธ ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึธ. ืœืขื ื˜ืจืึทื˜ืึท ืข ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืึท. 


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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 25ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1908 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 

ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ -- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืคืจื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš. ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ืขืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึท ืกืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ. ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื” ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขื’ืžืช-ื ืคืฉ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, 
,ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“". -- -- -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื–ืึท{ื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ. ืึทื–ืึท ืึธืจื’ืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ? ืฆึดื™ 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ , ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ"? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ื ืคืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ? ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ, 
ื’ืึธื˜! ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ?! 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทื›ืขืจ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืึทืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜! ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื™ื ืกื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืœื•ืกื˜ --- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœื•ืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ; ื ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื˜, ืžื—ืžืช 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“, ืึท ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜ -- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš! -- -- -- ื’ื™ื‘ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึทืŸ. 

ื–ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜, ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืฉ ืขืœ 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ! ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 17ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข... ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื“ื• ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืึทืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืžื—ืžืช ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื’ื•ืœื’ืœ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื™ื–, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื” 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ.. 


ื˜ื™ืกื™ื ืงืข ืžืฒึทื ืข! ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜, ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
, ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืึท ืงืœืึทืคึผ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืึธืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึทืจืœื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืฉ. ืึทืš, ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืึทืฐืขืงืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืึท* ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืึท, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืขืง 
ืคืึทืจ ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืคืึทืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ ืžืึทืš, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืจืฅ. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœืงืืงืขืœื™ืคื 


ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืกืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ? ืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื™ืึธืจืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ืก ื’ืขืœื˜) ! ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื˜ื• ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ื˜ืึทืžื•ืจืงืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืึทื ืขืŸ. ืžืข ืžืขื’ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคื 


0 ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 1ื˜ืŸ (14ื˜ืŸ) ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึท ื—ืœื•ื... 

ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืกืึทืžืข ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื. ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจื— ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ -- ืฉืžืขืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึทืจืงืŸ. ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืขืจืึทื ื“ืขืก 
-- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื–ืจื— ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘. ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืจื•ื, ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืœืึทืงืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืฒึทืœืขืš. ื“ืขื 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ (ืคืึทืจื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืžืขืกื™ืง) ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืขื˜, ืึท ืคึผื™ืฆื™ื ืงืŸ 
ืฐืึทืฉื‘ืขืงืŸ, ืึท ืฉืึทืคืงืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืึทื ื“ืข. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ. ื‘ืฒึทื ืึธืคืขื ืขื 
ื‘ืึทืœืงืึธื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืžืขืกื™ืงืข, ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื- 
ื›ืฐืึทืœื™ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืฆื™ื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืึธื’ื™ืงืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ื–ืฒึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืฐื•ืึทืœื™ืขืก ืœืขืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืก ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืก, ื›ืึทืคึผ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฃ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ืึท ื’ืึธื’ืœ-ืžืึธื’ืœ, ืžืข ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื-"ืฐืึทืกืขืจ, 
ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง -- ืคืขื˜ืข ืฉื™ื ืงืข, 3 ืœื•ื™ื–ืข ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืฉืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึทื ื™ืึธืงืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข (ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื-ื‘ืจืขื’), 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืœืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึทืจืขืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ืžื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื, ืฐื™ ืึท ืคืจื•ื™, --- ืคื•ืŸ 9 ื‘ื™ื– 12 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš 
ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืึทื”ืฒื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฉ. ื“ื• ืžื™ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ --- ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก --- ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืœื’ืขืก 
ื”ืขื ื˜. ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืฉ, ื–ื™ืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืคึผ ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืึธืกืœืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ ื’ืจื™ื ืฐืึทืจื’, ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ืึทืคื˜ื™ืงืข, 
ืคืฒึทื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ื™. ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš, ื“ืขื 
ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืงื ืขื›ื˜, ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืงืึธืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 2, ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืœืงื•ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืขื˜ืœ ืึท ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื™ืจืขื 
ืฆื•ืงืึธืคึผื ืก, ืึทืœืก ืึท ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ื•ื ืขื ืฉืœืึทืง, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 2 ืฉืขื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืงืขืœื™ืฉืขืงืœืขืš ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืžื™ืœืš. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ืคื™ืจ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ 
ื˜ื™ื™, ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ืจ-ืื•ืŸ-ืคึผืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืขื” (ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืึท ื–ื•ื ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’) ืื•ืŸ 6 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืขืจืข -- 


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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื™ืคื•ื” ืฉืœื•ื:ืฆืœื—ื™ื™ื›ื 


ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื–ืขื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืงืข, ืื•ื™ืš ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืึธืœื’ืข. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืขืจืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ 66, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจื˜ืœ-ืžืขืจื˜ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ 8 -- ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท 
ืžืึธืœ ืœื•ื™ื–ืข ืื™ื™ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทืงืึทืจืึธื ืขืก ืึทืœืก ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘. ื“ืึธ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื ืึท ื ื™ื˜-ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทืงืึทืจืึธื ืขืก ื ืึธืš 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืขืจืข -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืŸ ืึทื ืึทื›ืจืึธื ื™ื–ื... ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืึทื– 10 
ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื• ื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืคึผืึทืจ ืื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึธื’ืœ-ืžืึธื’ืœ, ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื’ืจืฒึทืคืœืขื›ืข. ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ! ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืึธืจ! 

ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜-ืžืฉืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท 3 ืงื™ืœืึธ (6--7 ืคื•ื ื˜) ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืฒึทืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืึธืœื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืึท ืฆื•ืงื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื, 
ืึท ื”ื•ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืึท ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 37 ืื•ืŸ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืŸ 
ื—ืœื•ื. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ --- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,,ืžืึธืจื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’"... ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžืึธืจื’ื - 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’" ืงืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืกืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ!.. 

ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื“ื• ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ? ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื ืื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืคืขืœื“ื–" -- ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืžืขืจืงืฐื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืก ืž(ืึธื™ืกืฒื™) ืก(ืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉ, 


ืžื™ืฉืข! ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืึทืžืงืข ; ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ื—ื›ืžื•ืช. ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื’ืจื™ืกื˜, 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืค ืึท (ืคึผืึท) 


1. ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ (10ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ) 1908 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืขืœ! 
ืึธื˜ ื”ืึทืกื˜ื• ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืฉืข, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึท ืฐืฒึทื ืึทื›ื˜-ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื•ื ื’ ,ื ื™ืกืœืขืš", 
ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜. ืฆื• ืขืจืฉื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืžืึธืœ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืจืขื’ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ืงืขื ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืงื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื”ืขืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคึผืขืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืขืœื“. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืžืขืฆืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืœืึทื˜ืงืฒื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜ 


84 


ื‘ื ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ืคื 


ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜; ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข 
ืึธืคึผืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืคื˜. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึธืคึผ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, 
ืื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืžื™ื ื’ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ื ืึธืจ 2--2 ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืึท ื˜ืึธื’. ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืฒึทื ืึทื›ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข ืžืึทื ืงื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ืึธื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 4 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืจื” 26: , ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜-ืื•ื™ื’". 

ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืขื”, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึท(ืคึผืึท) 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืž(ืึธื™ืกึทื™ื™) 
ืก(ืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ) ืกื™ืจืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืก ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง. 


2 ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 230ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ (12ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ) 1908 

ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืœืึทื ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึทืœื™ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ 200.000. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜. ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืจืคึผืจื™ื–. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜: ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื’ื•ื˜-ืก. ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืขืจื‘. ื“ื• ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื–ื•ื ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืฐื•ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก! ืฆื™ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ืกืึธืคื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืกืึธื‘ืึธืจ ? ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ืกื˜ืŸ ? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึทืœื™- 
ื˜ืขื˜. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•ืึทื“ืข -- 
ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืงืœืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืœื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืœื™ื™ื’ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ 
ื“ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ? ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืคืึทืจื›ืึธืคึผ 

ื“ื™ ,ืึทื“ืจืขืกืŸ?. 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉ. ืขืœ. 


3 ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท 
ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 2ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืขืœ! 
ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืึธืคื˜, 


85 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืžื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงืฒื˜, ืึท ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืขืจ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 
ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขื” ืฆื• ืฉืขื”. ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืš ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 11 ืงื™ืœืึธ -- 
5 ืคื ื˜). ืืฑื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื“ื™ืึทื’ืจืึทื: 
1 ;ื 50:-= 75, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธื’ 58 ืงื™ืœืึธ = 340 ืคื•ื ื˜ = 8.5 ืคื•ื“. ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืฐืึธื’ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืกืš 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ : 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ! ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ื ืก! ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื! 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืฐืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ ! 
ื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ 122 ืงื™ืœืึธื’ืจืึทื! 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ! ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ! 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข! 





ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข 


(ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜). ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ืš. ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึท(ืคึผืึท) 


4 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 5ื˜ืŸ (18ื˜ืŸ) ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืขืœ! 

ืœืึทื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื“ื™ืจ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ื“ืœืขืš 
ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื ื•ืžืขื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืœ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขื”ืจื™ื–ืขื˜. ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืก ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ืชื•ื ื”; ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ืจื™ืง-ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ? ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืงื•ืฉ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืจื™ื–ืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผึผ ืึท (ืคึผืึท) 


5, ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 
(ื’ืขืจื•ื•ื™), 7ื˜ืŸ (20ืกื˜ืŸ) ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืœืึทื ืงืŸ. ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜-ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืกื•ืžืขืก, ืฐืึธืก 


86 


ื‘ื‘ื™ืœื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืขืก: ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืก 
ืึท ืงืœืึทื ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืึธื ืคืจืขื’ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืึท ืงืœืึทื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธื ืขืจ 1ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 300 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 2ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช. ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืึทืจื•ื ืึธืคึผืžืขืจืงืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™-ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ (ื“ืขื 15ื˜ืŸ (28) ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ). ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืคืจืฒึทื ื“: 
ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ (ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ) ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ืŸ (ืึท ืงืึธืžืขืจืกืึทื ื˜). ื“ืขืจ 2ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 1ื˜ืขืจ. ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธื ื“ืŸ 2,000 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ 650 ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืง. ื›ึผื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง (ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท 4000 ืฉื˜ื™ืง), ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 5000 ืจ'. ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”. ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืกื•ืžืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืึธืกืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืœืึธื– ืึธืคึผืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึท ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ,. ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื™ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ -- ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก... ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ. ื ืึธืจ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 5 ืงื™ืœืึธ ืฐืึธื’, ื“"ื” 12 ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคื•ื ื˜. ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืกืงืขืœืขื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืคืึทืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ืขืก ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืจืฒึทืก ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉ ืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘. 


6. ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ื‘ืจื™ืึทื ืึธ 8. 12. 1908 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืึท ! ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืขื ื™ืŸ. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืคื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืก, ืจื•ืฃ ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’, ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ื”ืึทืคื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขืœืŸ. ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ, 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’. ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ. 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืขืฐื“ื™ืง ื“ื•ืจื›ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื–ืข, ืฆื™ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฆื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ? ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื“ื™ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ. ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึทื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื™ืงืข ืขืงืฐื™ืฐื•ืึทืœืขื ื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ื ืก ืื™ื™ื ืขื: 


87 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืฆืคืœื™ื›ื 


ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ: ืคื•ื• ืืฒึทืœืขื ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื”ื•ื™ืก. ื”ื•ืกื™ืฉ: 
.ืžืฆืกืฅ6 ืกื ื—ืžืช2ืŸ ,ืขื ืขืกืืก ืกื ืฆืข'ืš' 

ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ: 

ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ: ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ื™ืจ! ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ: !88 7606 ื–ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš, ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ: ืึท ืคืึธืœื’ ืžื™ืš ืึท ื’ืึทื ื’, 

ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ: 8600 2 ื–ืืกืžืขื”ื’ื” ื—ื”ื—ืก11 

ืœื™ื“ื™ืฉ: ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื•ื™ืš ื ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืึดื•! 

ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ: 0ื“188ืข0 6 ืคืขืขื–ื™ืข1ืŸ 

ื‘ืฒึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืื™ื“ื™ืึธืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื”ืฒื‘ ืึธืŸ! ืžึตื™ึธื” ื•ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ. ืžื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืฆื˜ ืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืึทืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš, 

ืคึผ ืึท ืคึผ ืึท. 


ื . ื‘. ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’: ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐื™ืงืขืก, 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธืจืงืฒื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง. 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื–ืฉืข ืขืก. 


7, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908 (12ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1909) 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืขืœ! 

ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, , ืฆืขืœืึธื–ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท. ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ 
ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทืก-ืขื ื™ื ื™ื. ื“ื• ืžื•ื–ืกื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืŸ ืงืœืึทืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ืœืขืš. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื—ื–ืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข: ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืชึผื ืื™, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข, ืกืฒื™ึท 
ืžื™ืจ, ืกืฒึท ื“ื•, ืกืฒึท ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข ืึทืฐืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืึทื– ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฆื™ืขืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืฉืขืฆืขืจื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืึท ื—ื˜ื. ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืึทื–ืึธืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึธื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื”ืึทืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆื™ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืคึผื•ืกื˜ ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืคื•ืœื˜. ืงืœืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข-ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื‚ื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึท ืกืš ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืžื™ึดืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึทื“ื˜, ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื›ืœืึทื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœืฐืงื-:ืขืงื™ื›ื 


5 ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธื›ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ืœืึทื 
ืžืฆื“ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ (ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ). ืึท ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ 
ืคื™ืจืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื“ืขื” ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจืก. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืคืจืขื’. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืœืฅ 
ื ืฒึทืข --- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš. ืื™ื ืขื ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ-ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ , ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ืžื™ืกืœ" (ืกืึทื ืงื˜- 
ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’) ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ 
ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“, ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข". ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ -- ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ื”ื’ื ื“ื• ืคื™ืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ืžื™ืกืœ" ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืฐืึทืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ,101". ื’ื™ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš, ืงื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืจืขืงืึธืžืขืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ืขืจืึธืœ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืค ืึทืคึผืึท 


8. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


(ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™), 23(10). 1. 19109} 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืึท! 
ื“ืขื ืืžืช ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืœื™ื™ื’ืกื˜ื• ืึทืฐืขืง ืขืคืขืก ืึท ืกืงืขืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ืฉืฒึทืœื“-ื”ืึทืจืึธืœื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ. 


ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžืึทื›ืกื˜ื• ืึท ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ืžืกื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื“ืึทืœ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ืึทืœ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜-ืžืขื“ืึท- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜? ื“ืึธ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื“ืึทืจืคืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกื˜ืึทืจืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข. ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื˜ืขืกื˜ืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืึทื˜ืขืกื˜ืึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื ื’ -- ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ, ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื˜ืŸ, ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจืก. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ื“ืขืงืึทื“ืึทื ืก (ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ) ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ! ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึทืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงืึทื™ืึท 
ืžื™ืกืœื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืž.ืก. ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืข. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึท ( ืคึผืึท). 


89 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


9, ืฆื• ื . ื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืž. ืก. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 15, 1, 19109ืŸ 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข! 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื•ืช, ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืึท ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’, ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืฑืกื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ 2700 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืึทืœืข ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืึธื˜ื™ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืขืก. 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืึทืฆืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 2 ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืฆืึธืœืŸ ืึท 
ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– 500--800 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข, ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข 8 ื‘ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ื’ื‘ืึทืจืข ืกื—ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 
ืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ืœื•ื–ื™ืขืก, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืคื•ืŸ 2000 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 500 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, ื“ื™ 
ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™-ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜.-ืœื•ื™ึทืก. (ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข), ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
2ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืขื˜ืึธ 500 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื’ืขืœื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ (ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™), ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ ืžืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืจื™ืจื˜. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฉืžื” 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก. 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื”. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ. ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ -- ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื•ื ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืฉืžืขืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจื— 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืจืึธืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ , ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื”" 
ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื’ืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืจื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื ืื” 
ืื•ืŸ... ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืก. 


0 ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ื‘ืจื™ืึทื ืึธ, 25, 1 (2.7). 109ืค1ืŸ 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื™ืขืฐืกืฒื™ืขืฐื•ื ืข! 
ืกืึทืจืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืขืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืจื•ื˜! 22 ื’ืจืึทื“ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืจืขืึธืžื™ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข. ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜. ื ืึธืจ --- ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง, ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข, ืึท 


90 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงื ืก, ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืงื™ืœืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– 27,1, ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื“ืขืœื‘ืขืจื’ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืืฒึทื ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืœื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื” 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืข. ืœ. ืกืงืœืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™-ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 500 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืก.-ืœื•ื™ึทืก 500 
ืจื™, ืžืึธื ื˜ืจืขืึธืœ ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ 200. ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื’ืึธ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ืš 
ืคึผื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืข (23000 ืจ'), ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืึทืœืฅ ืึท ื“ืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึท 
ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช. ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืจื™ืข (ืžืฆืจื™ื) 400 ืคืจืึทื ืง, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฐืขืจืคึผืขืŸ 150 ืคืจ' ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืกื•ืžืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ 200 ืคืจืึทื ืง. ืคืึทืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืก ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ (ื–ืข ,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงื™ 
ืžื™ืจ" ืื•ืŸ ,,ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“") ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข 100 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ. ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงื™ ืžื™ืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ 50 ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ,, ืคืจืฒื™ึทื ื“". 
ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจืš. ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื‘ืฆื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกืจื™ืœืขืฐื•ืงืข. ืึทืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉืฐื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ! ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืฉืึธื“. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื™ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ? ื›ื•ื•ืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ! ื›ื•ื•ืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ! 


ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. ืืฒึทืขืจ ืก. 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืฐื™ืœืึท ื‘ืจื™ืึทื ืึท, 25ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ (7ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ) 1909 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืขืœ ! 

ื ื•, ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืฒึทืŸ, ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืงืจืึธื˜ ืงืœืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกื•ืžืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื—ื•ื‘. ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข-ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ืื™ื– ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก. 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื“ื• ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. ื—ื•ืฆืคึผื” ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ืคึผืึทืกื™ืงืข ื“ืขืœื™ืงืึทื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขื ืขื ืกืฒึท ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืกืฒึท ืคืึทืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืขืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื™ื ืฅ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื‘ืึทื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืึทืจืคื–ื™ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ. ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™. ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืก ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขืจืœ. ื’ื™ื‘ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืœื™ื•ืกื™ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, 
ืงืึทืœื™ื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืงืฒื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘ึผ. ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื•ืฃ ื“ืึธ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 

ืึท ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 
ืคึผืึท(ืคึผืึท) 


ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื ืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ. ื‘ืึทื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ื. 


94 


ื‘ืคื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ื.ืœ, ืคึผืจื™ืฆืงืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื . ื™ืข. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


4 , 109ืคื ืŸ 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื™ืขืฐืกืฒื™ืขืฐื•ื ืข! 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–, ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืžืึธื™ืกืฒ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืึทื– ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื•ึผื•ื•ืจ-ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ึผื•ื•ืจ-ืžืึทื’ืึทื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 00614) 66:286 12, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืœืฐืึทืจ ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคืขืขืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ ? 
ืขืš, ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข, ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! ืฐื™ ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืง ืขืก ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืงื™ืขื•ื• ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืจื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ! ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกืฆื•ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืขืจ ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืึทืœืฅ 
ืžืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ืึทื” ื™ื™ื... ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜, 
ืึท ืกืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืข- 
ืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืึท ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ื•ืกื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ. ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš. ืฐืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ? ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– 
ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืึท ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉืžืขืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึท. ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืขืจืฉื˜-ืคืขื•ื•ืจืึทืœื™ืงืŸ" ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ,ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึท ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ืื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ืข ืœืฐืึธืฐื•ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ 

ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืก ืึธ ืœืึธืžืึธืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


3 ืฆื• ื . ื™ืข. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


(ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 11. (24). 2. ืคืกืŸืคื ืŸ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื . ื™ืข,! 
ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 105 
(ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœ. ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’ -- ?5), ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ื ืขืก ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื ื™ื™-ื–ืึทื•ื•ืขืจื•ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืก, ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ?25 ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท. ื›ึผื“ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื. ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ (ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™-ื‘ืขื ื“ ืฆื• 1 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื 20 ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืฆืขื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜). ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ 2700 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืฃ 75 


92 


ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืงื ื )ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ 1000 ืขืงื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื ื“. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ (,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”") ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืš. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ืคื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืจืขื›ื˜. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”", ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช 6 ื‘ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื 20 ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืŸ, ื“"ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฆืŸ-ืกื˜ืขืจืขืึธ- 
ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ืึทืœืฅ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆืจื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืจื” ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท: ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืชึผื ืึทื™, ืึทื– 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ (ืงืจื™ื ืกืงื™) ื–ืึธืœ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจืขื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ืฉื•ึนืชึผืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ 20 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข (ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืงืขืก) ืื•ืŸ 10 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจื™ื ืกืงื™ 
ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื ื•ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืงื ืึทืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“"ืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธื ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ืึธ ืืฒึทืš. ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืึทืš. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืงืข 
,ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืืฑื™ืคืœืึทื’ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 3--4 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜. ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš 20 ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 2--4 ืื•ืŸ 5 ืื•ื™ืคืœืึท- 
ื’ืขืก. ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื, ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ืคืึทืจ 4 ื™ืึธืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 12---15 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืจื™ื•ื•ื—, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืึทืฐื˜ืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืžืชืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืฐื˜ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืจื™ื•ื•ื—, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืืฑืกื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ (ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 20 ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึทืจื•ืก- 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 20 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ 20 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 10 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืฆื• 40 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 10 ื™ืึธืจ 1096 ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข 10 ื™ืึธืจ -- 2596 ืคื•ื ืขื ืจื™ื•ื•ื—). ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื 
ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 
ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึท ืฆืขื˜ืœ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืึทืจื•ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 5200 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 5056, 
ื“"ื” 2600 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื•ื“ื”, ืึทื– ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ 260 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ 
ื ืึธืš ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข. ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ื’ืขืœื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง. ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืฐืขืง. ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜! ืึธื‘ืขืจ... ื“ืึธ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ,ืึธื‘ืขืจ". ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ื•ืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืขืจ 
(ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐื•ืึทืจืฉืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ) ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืขืœืข 
ืึทื–ืึท, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜: , ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืึท ืคื•ืœืข ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืค?ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ, ืงืจื™ื ืกืงื™, ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข 20 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื™ ืืึทื–"ืฐื•. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืข ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ, ืึท ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืคื•ืŸ 10--15 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืจื•ื ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืขื ื™ืŸ. ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื“ืขื ืจืขืฉื˜ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ, ืœื•ื˜ 
ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืœืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืจืขืึธื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ. ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืืฒึทื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืคืจืึทื’ืข: ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื“ื•ืจืš ? ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืขื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, 
ื•ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืœื’ืข ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ืžืข ืžื•ื– ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท 
ื ืึธื˜ืึทืจื™ืขืœืข ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆืขืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜. ืคืึทืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืข 
ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืืึทื–"ื•ื• (ืฐื™ ืกื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ). ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืžืึธื™ืกืฒ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืขืฆื”. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื– ืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท 
ื™ื•ืฉืจ-ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืฑืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื•ื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ ื˜ืึธืจืžืึธื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืฃ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกืžืึธืœืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ. ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 8--10 ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™- 
ืงืขืจ, ื™ืึธ, ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ!!! ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ... ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืฃ, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึทืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื–ืœื“ื™ืง ืœืขื‘ืŸ... ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข , ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ". ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ. ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื“ื– ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืก ืึธ ืœืึธ ืžืึธืŸ 


4 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 14ื˜ืŸ (27ืกื˜ืŸ) ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1909 


ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึท: ืึท ืžืชื ื” 
ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ 25-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืึธืœืขื’ืขืก ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก, -- ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืœืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ; ื”ืœืฐืึทื™ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื•ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื•ืกืงืขืŸ, ืงืึธืœื™ืขืŸ, 


4 


ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื:ืฆืขืœื›ื 


ืกื™ืจืงื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ; ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ, : 
ืคื™ืจ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขื ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ืขืก ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื˜. ื ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื ื˜! 
ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืจืขืžื™ื ื’ื˜ืึธืŸ! ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืึธืจืŸ, 
ื”ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ-ืจื–ืจื“ื! 

ืฐืึทืก ื–ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืฒึทื ืข, ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข, ืคื™ื ืึทื ืกื™ืขืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึทื– 
ื“ืขืจ 2ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืึธื ื ืขืžื‘ืึทืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 1ื˜ืขืจ, ื“"ื” ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜-ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืง. 

ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ (ืื™ืŸ 2 ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜- 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ (ื—ื™ื”- 
ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข-ื˜ืฒึทื‘ืœ-ื˜ืฒึทื‘ืขืœืข) ืœื™ื™ื’ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืฆื• 

ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืึทื ืขืกื‘ื•ืจื’ (ืึทืคืจื™ืงืข) ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื ืข 450 ืจ'ื™. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 200 ืจ' ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทื›ืจืึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 150 ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ., ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืก ืึธืœ ืึธ ืžืึธืŸ 


5, ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 16ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1909 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ืฉืข, ืึทืœืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืงืึทืจื˜ืœืขืš. ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ,ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•ืกืงืึทื™ืึท 
ืžื™ืกืœ" ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ --- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•-ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. ืึทื’ื‘, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ (50 ืจ') ืึทื”ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ, 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืค ืึท ( ืคึผืึท) 


?5 


ื‘ืจื™ื—ื• ืคื•ื– ืฉ ืœื•ื -"ืขืœื™ื›ื 
6. ืฆื• ื . ื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืž. ืก. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 2ื˜ืŸ (15ื˜ืŸ) ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืž(ืึธื™ืกืฒื™) ืก(ืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ) ืื•ืŸ ื (ืึทื˜ืึทืœื™ืข) ื™ืข(ื•ื•ืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ืข)! 

ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืœืฒึทืขืจ, 

ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืฑื™ืฉืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ืกื•ืœ. ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืึทืจื•ื, ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’. ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜-ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ -- ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข, ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›(ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™). ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืึท ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื“ืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜? ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื . ืžื™ 
ืกื™ืจืงื™ื ืขืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท 
ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ? ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืขืฆื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™, ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ืึทื– ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“"ื’ืœ. ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืœื™ืฉืขืฐืกืงื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืข- 
ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 
5 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ 2700 ืจ'. ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืกืข ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื ืึธืš 800 ืจ' ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฆืึธืœืŸ 
(,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ืคืึทืจ 50 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก). ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืึทืš. ืึธืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืฒื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืงืœืขืจืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ืึธืœื’ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฐืึธืš ื’ืขืงืจืขื ืงื˜ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืขืจื ืกื˜, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ืกื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื’ืŸ -- ืฐื™ ืขืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจืขืกืŸ... ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฆืข, 
ืžืึทื™ืกืฒ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ? ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ ?... ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 2 ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกื— -- 2. ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืงืฒึทืขืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก, 


7. ืฆื• ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 6ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืงืึทืขืœืึท! 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ --- ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืขื›ื‘ื•ื ื™! ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜? ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ 
ืงืึธืœืขื’ืขืก ืึท ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ -- ืึท ืžืชึผื ื” ืฆื• 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘. ืจื‘ื•ื ื•-ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื! ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืŸ! 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“! ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึธืคื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš. ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื”ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ 


6 





ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืฉืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื-ืฆืœื™ืคื 


ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืึทื˜. ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืœืขื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขื ,,ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“" ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจืขื™ืกืงื™ ืžื™ืจ", ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืฉืคื™ืจื˜ ?... ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื• ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข 
,ืžื•ืจื™ื”" ? ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ? -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. 

ืขืก ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก, 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ื . ื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืž. ืก. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


1ื˜ืŸ (24ืกื˜ืŸ) ืžืฒึท 1909 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜(ืึทืœื™ืข) ื™ืขื•ื•(ืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ืข) ืื•ืŸ ืž(ืึธื™ืกื™ื™) ืกืึทืฐื•(ืขืœื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ)! 


ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข --- ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ื”ืึทื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’. ืžื™ืจืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ -- ืกืึทืœื™ ? ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉืฐืึทืš. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคืœื•ืขื ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคืœื•ืขื ืฅ ? 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึทืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ? ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ? 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ? ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื ืข. ืึท ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื ืึธืจ 
ืึท ืงื•ืจืฅ-ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื’ืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืึทื•ื• ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึทืฐืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืข. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจืงืข, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึท ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ? ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืขื” ืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืกื™ืจืงื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืก ืึธืœ(ืึธืžืึธืŸ) 


9 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืฐืึทืœื“, 12ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1909 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื (ืึทื˜ืึธืœื™ืข) ื™ืข(ื•ื•ืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื ืข) ืื•ืŸ ืž(ืึธื™ืกืฒ) ืก(ืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ)! 

ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ื•ื. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ,. ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืžืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ื”ื’ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ืจืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืคึผื˜ืจื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ -- ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ื›ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ื“ื•, ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืึทืกื ื•ื›ืข. ื–ืข ื ืึธืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืงืจืึทื ืงื”ืฒื˜ 
ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฑืกืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 


97 


ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื•ืŸืคื˜ืŸ ืฉืœืžืื˜ืขืœื˜ื›ื 


ืฆื™ื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืš. ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืœืขื‘ ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืข ; ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ึผืŸ. ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืกื ืึธื•ื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื“, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืจืขื’ืŸ. ื›ึผืžืขื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš --- ืืฒึทื ืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’, ื“ื•ืฉ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข, 
ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื–ืขื˜ื™ืงืข, ืึท ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข. ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืขืจ, ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข 
ืงืœืึธื–ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืขื ื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื™ื-ื ื™ื•ื•ืึธ -- 800 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืจื™ืจืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ. ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื“ืึธื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ. 
ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ. ืึท ืกืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืึทืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื›ืœืึธืคึผืฆืขืก ? ืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืกืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ืึธืœื’ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื•ื. 
ืก. 


0, ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


ืœื•ื’ืึทื ืึท, 24ืกื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909, ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื-ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืœื™ื‘ืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธืœื’ืข ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืฆืขืจื ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ื- ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. ืึธืœื’ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ. ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื—ืชื•ื ื” 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช (ืคืึทืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืขืŸ). ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื–, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฆืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืžืึท, ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉืฐืึทื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืฐืึทืœื“, ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉืฐืึทื›ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื–ืึธื’ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืฉืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงื”ืฒื˜. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืข 
ืฉืฐืึทื›ืงืฒื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืจืึทื ืงื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื“"ื” ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก... ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืกืคึผ ืœื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืœื™ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ; ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ -- ืึธื ื’ืขื“ืึธืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ... ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ! ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจืข. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืžืึธื™ืกืฒ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืก. 


8 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืงืžื: ืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท 


ืœื•ื’ืึทื ืึธ, 18ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1909 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืขืœ! 
ื“ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื (ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืคืœื™ื›ื˜), ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื“ืขืก. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ -- ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขื’ 5. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึดื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืขืŸ. ื ื•ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื–ืขืจืข. ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. 
ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื ื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ. ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืึทืœืฒืŸ, 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืจืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ. ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืจืึธื™ืึทืœ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืขืจ ืคื™ืฉ. 
ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ื–ื•ืžืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ื•, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš. 


ืคึผืึท ืคืึท 


2, ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


2ื˜ืŸ (15ื˜ืŸ) ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ! 
ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ืขืก ื“ื•ื ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืœื™ืฆื˜. ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื–ืฑ ืงืจืึทื ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึธืœื’ืข ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 2 ื˜ืขื’ 
ืึทืจื•ื. ื–ื™ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืžืขืจื™ื ืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืก ื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืง 
ื“ืขื 26/123 ื ืึธืฐื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ (ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ --- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก, 1909 ื™ืึธืจ). ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื• ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืช-ืœืขืช ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš. ืึธืœื’ืข ืคืึธืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื”ืขืžื“, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื ืฉ. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืจืงื™ื ืขืŸ. 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืก. 


2, ืฆื• ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 
ืœื™ืึทืœื™ื•ืง ! 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืึทื–ืฉ. ืกืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžืงื•ื™ื ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜-ื—ืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืŸ. ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ืฉืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 


ืคึผ ืึท ืคึผ ืึท 


9 -- ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ -- ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ึผื™ืจ 


59 


ืฆื‘ืจื˜ืฅื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื˜ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืžืขืžืขื ื˜ืึธ ืžืึธืจื™ --- ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื”ื’. ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื ื“ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ื—ื•ืคึผื”, ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืกืš ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื --- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 


4, ืฆื• ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 23ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™! 

ื”ื™ื•ืช ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืฑื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืึธืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœืกื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 50 ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืขืก ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคึผื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 50 ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืขืจ ? ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 6 ืจื•ื‘ึผืœ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 100 ื™ืึธืจ 600 ืจื•ื‘ึผืœ? ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง 
ื“ื™ืš ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืจืฒ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. 600 ืจื•ื‘ึผืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืกื•ืžืข. 100 ื™ืึธืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง ื•ื™ -- ืคึผืคื•! 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ (600) ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ! ืืžืช, ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉ ืึธ ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืึธืฉืข? ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉ ืึท ืฉ ืึท ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื–ืฑ --- ื ื•, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืื, ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึธื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ืกืกืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจื™ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ 122 ืงื™ืœืึธ (ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 114). 

ืึทื ื•, ื’ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ื˜ืึทืžื•ืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืกืงืœ. 
ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท 


5, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 23ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 


ื ื•, ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท, ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืจืึทื’ืขืก ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื• 
ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ? ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ืžืึทืจื˜ื™ืจืขืจ! ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื™ื˜: ื™ื•ื™ืคืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท? ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืกื˜ ืขืจ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืขืกืฆื™ืžืขืจ ? ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืฆื™- 
ืžืขืจ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึธื“ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ? ืึธื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขื ืข ื–ืึทืš ! ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืจื™ืกืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ! ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš, ืฆื• ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืึทื’ืขืก ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื’ืข 


100 


ืคื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื ืึธืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ: ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ื–ืœืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื›ืŸื•ื•!!! +- +- = 


ื’ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืขื ืฆื™ืขืŸ. 
ืคึผืึท ืคึผืึท 


6, ืฆื• ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 24ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 

ืœื™ื‘ืข ืœื™ืึทืœื™ื•ืกื™! 

ืึท, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ! ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• , ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืก 
ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜". ืึทื—ื•ืฅ , ืœืึทืš, ื“ื• ืคึผืึทื™ืึทืฅ", ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทื ืก: โ€ ืœืึท ืื™ืกืคึผืึทื ื™ืึธืœืึท ืกืึทืžืึทืจ ืงืึธื–ื™". ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ืกืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ. 

ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ื“ื• ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืึทื–ืฉ ? ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ,,ืงืึทืก. ืคึผืึธืกื˜. 66 ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™" ? ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงืึทืขืœืึทืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ? ืื™ืš 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืค ืึท ืค ืึท 


7. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


(ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™), 26ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 
ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืึทืœืงืขืก ื—ืชื•ื ื” 


ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืง, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ,, ื”ืฒืžืœืึทื ื“"... ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜-ื—ืœืง ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืง ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. ืึท ืคืจืึทืง, ืึท ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ 
ืฉื ื™ืคึผืก. ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ? ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืึท ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ ? 


ื’ื™ื‘ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ, ื˜ื™ืกื™, ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืงืขืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜. 


101 


ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืข ื˜ื™ ืฉืœืขื ื +ืค ืœื™ืœื›ื 


8. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ื•ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 
ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืง ! 
ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’: ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืžืขืจื™ื ืงืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ื’ื•ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ? -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื’ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ. 


ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ืœื•ื ? ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ืขื, ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ืœื•ื.. 


ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืงืขืŸ. 


9, ืฆื• ืึทืœื’ืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื•ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจื™, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ! 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืžืขืจื™ื ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื—ื•ืชึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ึดืงื˜. ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข 
ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึธืง. 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“. ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืก. 


0 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ,ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" 


ื•ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 4ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 

ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข! 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ , ื ื™ื™ื”ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื”ืœื˜", ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื”ืขื ื˜, ืึทื– ืึท ืืคึผืึธืจืคึผืึธื”ืœืงืฒ (ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“) ื–ื•ื›ื˜ 2 ืฆื™ืžืขืจืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ื ืข ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคืจื™ื™ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš, ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื•ื“ื™ืข, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 2 ืฆื™ืžืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืขื ืข ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธื”ืœืง (ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“). ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืกืึธื’ืœืึทื”ืกื ืข ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธื”ืœืง 
(ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“) ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ื ืข ื”ื•ื™ื–. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื”ืจื•ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ื”ืึท ื“ืขืœ ืคึผืึธื”ืฆืฆืึธ 65 ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืขืจื•ื™ ืงืึทืก. 
ืคึผืึธืก. 66, ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืึท. ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื”ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื”ืฉ 


102 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื•ืค ืœื™ืคื•ื 


ืฆื•ื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืจื™ื™ื”ื‘ืžืึทื”ืฉื™ื”ืŸ ืจืขื”ืžื™ื”ื ื’ื˜ื”ืึธื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืœืข ืื•ื“ืึธื”ืฐืึธื”ืœืกื˜ืฐื™ื”ืขืก, 
ืžื™ื˜ื”ืึทื›ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืกืคืึทื”ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืึธื”ืขื ื”ื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื”ื ืึธื”ื ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขื”ืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื”ื˜ื•ื ื’, 


ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืจื•ืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜-ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 4ื˜ืŸ (17ื˜ืŸ) ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืข ! 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืงืขื˜ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ , ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืงื‘ืฆื ื™ื", ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ , ืงื™ืขืฐืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜". 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทืžืข ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
,ืื™ืš ืœื™ื’ ืžื™ืจ..." ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ: , ืœื™ื’ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ,, " 
ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืึทืฐืขืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,,ืื™ืš" -- ืึท 2, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืœื™ื’" -- 
1. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื•ืขืกื˜ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ, ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท 
ืคืขืœืขืจ ืึท ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš, 
ืคึผ ืึท ืคึผ ืึท 


2 ืฆื• ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 14ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™! 
ื“ืึทืก ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช. ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ 
ืึทื ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึท ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืงืขืŸ. 


ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ 
ื’ื•ื˜. ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™! ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ? ืื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืฒืŸ, ืื™ ืึท ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก 

ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ? ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 
ืคึผ ืึท. 


ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข. 
-- -- -- ื’ื™ื‘ ืึท ืงื ื™ืค ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืงืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜! -- -- 


103 


ื‘ ืจื™ื•ื•:ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 
2, ืฆื• ืึธืœื’ืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 17ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื›ึผืฉื•ืจื”. ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ืขื ืจืึทืžืึทืŸ. ืขืžืึท ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึทื˜ืขืฐืขื˜. ื ื•ืžืึท ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึทืœืข ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืง, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื’ืึทื ืึธ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืกื˜.. -- -- -- ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืจื•ืขืŸ, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืึทืก. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ 8. 


4. ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 2ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1910 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืข ! 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜", ื–ื™ 
ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ 3 ืงืึธืคึผื™ ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืกื›ึผืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขื 25ืกื˜ืŸ (7ื˜ืŸ) ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขื 1ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ. 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš. 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึท ืคึผืึท 


5. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืคื˜ืŸ (22ืกื˜ืŸ) ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1910 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืขืœ! 
ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืžื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ 
ืฐืึทืก ื”ืึทืกื˜ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื—ื–ื™ืจื•ืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึทืœืฒืŸ. ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ? ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืงืœืขืฐืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ 1, ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ , ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜", ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš, ื’ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’, ืึทื– 
ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืงืŸ: ืึธืคึผื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 2ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืŸ". 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ึทืขืฐืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืŸ. 


104 


ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื– ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกื—, ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœ ืคืึทืจ 3 ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก (ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืคึผืกื—. ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“- 
ื”ืึทืคื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ !). 

ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ -- ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ;,ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืขืจ ืกื–ืึธืœ 
ืœืึทื›ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, 


6 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืคื˜ืŸ (22ืกื˜ืŸ) ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1910 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืข ! 
ืื•ื‘ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื•ื• ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜" (ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜), ื‘ืึทืžื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ 2ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ,ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืœืึทื›ืŸ". ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืœืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 2ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื–, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืึท ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš-ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉืข. ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš. 


ืคึผืึท ืคึผืึท 


7 ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืึทืจื›ืึทืฉ 


ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1910 


...ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจ-ืจืฒึทื–ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœืฐืึทืกืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ , ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืึทื™ืœืึธ", ื‘ืขืช ืžื™ืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉื™ืคืœ, ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง: ืึทืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก {ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืึทืกืขืจืŸ ืึท ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ- 
ืžืึทื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ื–ืึธื’: ,ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ืึทืจื•ื --- ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื—ืช!"... ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื•, ืืœื™? ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš- 
ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืžืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื‘ืึทืง: , ื‘ื™ื™ืจื™ืŸ, ื›ืึทืจืึธืฉ 
ืึธื‘ืขื–ื™ืึทืŸ ! ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืฒื ืฉืงื•!" ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื -- ื›ืึทื™ื›ืึท, ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก 


105 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‚ืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืึทืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ -- ื–ืข ื ืึธืจ -- ื’ืจื•ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜! ืคืข, ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขื’ืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš! ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึทืœื‘-ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง (ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ). ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑื™ืจื™ื, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืจืึทื ืง ืืฑืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜ืŸ, ืฉืœืขืคึผ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืขืจืœื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกืœืึทื ื“ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“, 
ืืึทื–ื™ื•ื•, ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื“, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืขืจ 
ืจืึทืืก: ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึท ื‘ืขืจ.. ื›ืึทื™ื›ืึท! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืœืขื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘. ืึทืš, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืจืฒึทื‘! ืื™ ื“ืึธืก -- ื‘ื’ื ื‘ื”. 
ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜... 

..ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืกื˜ื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืคื–ืขืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจ ืกื™ืžืึธื ืขื ืงืึธ? 
, ืงื™ื ืกื˜-ืœืขืจ!" -- ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื˜. ืึท ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ื“ื•ืจืš ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš, ื“ืขื ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ? ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึทื™ืœ ืžื™ื›ืึทื™ืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืึธื’ื•ืฉ ? 
ืึทื™, ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื, ื ื•, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท. ืึทืžืคึผื™ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืจืึธื•ื• ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื! ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึธื’ื•ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื•ื ื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืึทื– ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขื™ึทืง ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ: 
ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ , ืขื˜ืึธ ืคึผืึธืœืขื–ื ืึธ? -- , ืขื˜ืึธ ืคึผืึธืœื–ื™ื˜ืขืœื ืึธ". ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืกื™ืœื™ 
ืื™ืฐืึทื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผื™ื’ืึท? ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผื™ื–ื™ืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ? ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืจื•ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ, 


ืž. ื‘ ืึธ ื’ ื•ืฉื• 5 


ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคืึทืจืคึฟืึทืกื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ.. 
...ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืกื˜ื•, ืืœื™, ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ: 


ื“ื• ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ ื’ื™ื‘ ืึท ื’ื™ื™, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื™ืฉ-ื˜ืึทืจืึทืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื™ืึธืจื“ืึทืŸ. 


( ื”. โ€ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ืื™ืœื") 


8. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 11ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1910 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ! 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืœื™ืึทืœื™ื ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 


106 


ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžืœืงืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืฉืฒื ืขื ืœืึทื ื“, 
-- -- -- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืกืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ื–ื™ืš ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื. ืึท 
ื“ืึทื ืง ืึทืœืœืึทื”ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ. ืขืก ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆึทื•ื™ื™ 
ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ืขืŸ: ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ?... ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื›ืขืœ, ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื”: ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืœื“ืึทืฐืึทื ื™ืฉ. ื‘ืฒึท 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ื– ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ื–ืฉื•ืง, ืกื™ืจืงืึธ. ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื‘ ืึท ืœื“, ืงืœืึธืคึผื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึทื˜ืฒึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. -- -- -- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš. ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš, 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผ ืึท. 


9, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ื•ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 8ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1910 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข !ึผ 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคึผืจืขืกืข". ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš -- ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืฐืขื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืึทืฆื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืึทืจืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจืงื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืœืึทืžื‘ื•ืจื™ืฉืข ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ืึทื–ืึท ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืจื™ื™ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ืงื•ื ืกื˜". ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ื—ื“-ื’ื“ื™ื" ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื”, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ื ื“-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึทืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืึทืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืก. ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉืคึผืึทืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ? 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 


0 ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท 


ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืฐืึทืœื“, ื‘ืึทื“ืขื ืฐื™ื™ืœืขืจ, 29ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1910 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืข! 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ืฅ. ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืขืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื•ื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืึท ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืขื ื‘ืขืจื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืขื ืฐืฒืœืขืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘. ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ... 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืž(ืึธื™ืกืฒื™) ืก(ืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ). 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผ ืึท ืค ืึท 


107 


ื›ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื ื• ืฉืœื•ื:-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื• ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื‘ืึทื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืขืจ (ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืฐืึทืœื“), ื•ื•ื™ืœืœืึท ืงื•ื ื ืข, 24ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1910 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจืง! 

ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืจืก ? ืฐื•ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ? ื ื•"ื ื•! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื–ืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืกืคึผืึธืจื˜. 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ? ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื–ืึทืœื‘ืข ื“ืจื™ื˜ ? ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ? 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ? -- ืก'ืึท ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ! ืคืึทืจื’ืขืก ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื• 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท (ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ,,ืฐืึทืžืคึผื•ืงืึท"). 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืœืข (ืžืึทืœื™ื ืงืึธ ืคึผืึธืฐืึธื–ืขืฆืงืึธ -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš). ื’ื™ื‘ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ 

ืžื™ื›ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืจื” ืžืจืช ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. : 
ื“ ืฒึทื ืขืจ 


ื“ื™ {ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืคืขื ื™ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ึฐืงืึทืจื˜ืœ}, ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืจื‘ื•ื ื•ื™ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื! (ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ !). 


2. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืœื•ื’ืึทื ืึท, 10ื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1910 
ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•'ืœ ืคื•ื 'ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืจ'ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ืจ' ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก'ืจ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜'ืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื 'ืฐื•ืึทืจืฉืึธ. ืœื™ื™ื ื˜'ืก ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ื˜ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ืื™ื ืึทืงืึทืคืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื˜ื™'ื ืื•ื™ืก ื•'ืก'ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืจ ืฆ'ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ'ืฅ ืจืžืึทืŸ ืœืžืฉืœ ? ืื•ื™ื‘'ืกื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื–'ื—ืœื•ื ืื•ื ืจืึธื˜ 
ื˜ืึทืงื™ ืึทื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืขืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจ'ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ื–ืึธืœื™ืจ ืึทืจืึทื 'ื˜ืจืึธื’'ืฅ ืฆื• ื‘ื›ืจืš ืึท ื“ืจืึท --- ืœืคื—ื•ืช --- ืฆึทื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื“ืจื™ ื™ื‘ืœ --- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›'ืžื™ื™ื ื˜' ืึทืงื™ ื“ืจืึท, ืคึผื™ืจื™ืกื ื™ื˜ ? ื›ืึธื™ืื™ื ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื’ื™ืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืึทื ื™ื˜ืงืจื™ื˜ืงืข, 
ืึทื–ื™ื™ืจื™ื˜ื™ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืž'ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื ืฐื•ืึทืจืฉืึธ. ื˜ื”ื•ื˜'ืก ื•ื•ื™ื›'ื–ืึธื’ื™ื™ืš. -- 


2. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื•ึธืœื•ืฆืขืจืŸืŸ, 28ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1910 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘. ! 
ื˜ืคื• ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืกื™. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ื™ืกื™, ืฐื™ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš : ืžืึทืฉืึท ืงืฐืึทืจื˜ื™ืจืึท ืื™ืžืขื™ืขื˜ ืžื ืึธื’ืึธ ืคึผืึธื“ื•ืฉืงืึธื•ื•, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื˜ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ื :ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื™ืจ ืกืึทืœื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜? ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืœืึทื ื“ (ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ). ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืกื•ืžืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืฃ". ืื™ืš ื ืขื ื“ื™ืš 
ืึทืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜. 
ื• ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื ื• ืœื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืจื‘! 


4. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


{ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 10ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1911 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™-ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื”ืขื•ืœื". ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ,,ืื™ืœืŸ ื–ื”" ื‘ื™ื– , ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธ-ื“ืึทื™ืคืข" ืื™ืŸ ,, ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”"! ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• 
ื ืึทื›ื˜! ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืงืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ! ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœืขืš. ืื™ืจ 
ืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืฑืฃ ืึท 5 ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืœื•ืก. ื ืฒืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื ืขื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ! 


ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื”: ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš --- ืึธืคึผืœืฒื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ, 

ื˜ื• ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืขื ืฆื™ืข. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืค ืึท. 


5, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


{ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 16ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1911 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข !ึธ 


ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš. == -- -=, 





ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืงืข. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื™ืึทืงื‘ื™ ืึทืฐืขืง- 
ื’ืขื’ื ื‘ืขื˜. ืึทืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ื˜! ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ -- ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜. ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, 

ืคึผ ืึทื™ 


109 


ื‘ืจื™ืžื™ืคื•ื” ืฉืœื•ื ื˜ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆื• ืž. ืก. ืื•ืŸ ื . ืข. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


2ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1911 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ืŸ (ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฐืฒึทื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 2 ืฉืœื™ืึทืคึผืขืก- 
ืคึผืึทื ืึทืžืงืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. 


ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ื•ืฉืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืึธืจืขื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืคื™ืœ ืจืฒึทืš ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ึผืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื’ืึทืกื˜ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื‘, ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื•ืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช-ืื•ืจื—ื™ื, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืชึผืœืžื™ื“-ื—ื›ื : , ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•", 

ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ. ืื‘ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืึท ื’ืึทืกื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜, ืึท ืชึผืœืžื™ื“-ื—ื›ื, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึท 
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืŸ, ืึท ื’ืขื’ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทืกื˜, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืœื•ืงืกื•ืก, ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ืฐืึธื’ืŸ. ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ื’ืึทืกื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื’ืึทืจื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึทืงื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืœืฒื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ. ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืขืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ? 


ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืกืžืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืจ- 


ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ: 
ืคืึทืจ 2 ืฉืœื™ืึทืคึผืขืก ืฆื• 13 = 26 
200 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš == == 
224 


ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกื•ืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืง. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ื ืฒึทืก -- ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช. ืฉืึทืคึผื™ืจืึธ, ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคึผืึธืคึผืจืึทืฐื•ืขื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 2 ืคึผื•ื“ ืฐืึธื’. ื“ื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทื, ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืจืŸ 
2 ืงื™ืœืึธ -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืข", ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• 2 ืœื™ืจืขืก ืึท ืฐืึธืš (ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืข 
2 ืœื™ืจืขืก -- ืึทืจืึธืคึผ 2 ืงื™ืœืึธ). ืฉืขืคื˜ืขืœ ืื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื... ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื—ื›ื! ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 200 ืœื™ืจืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื—ื›ื. ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ. ื™ืขืœื™ื–ืึทืฐืขื˜ืึท ื™ืึทืงืึธื•ื•ืœืขืฐื ืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜. 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืฆื•ื’ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜- 
ืœืขืš, ืฉืคึผืึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคื•ืก. ื ื•ืžืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ื˜ื•ืจืขื". ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื™ืฆืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืฒึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™- 
ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข. ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื–, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืฉืึท 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื™ืจืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


110 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืžืงืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜, ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืŸ ืขืงื”ื•ื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื™ืขืฅ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื•ืžืึท, ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ื ื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข 
ืขื“ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื“ืฉื˜ืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ืคึผืฒึทืœ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขื 
ืขืงื”ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืงืึธืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื›ื‘ืจืขื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœืึธื–, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืœืึทื˜ (ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 2 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’), ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืจืขืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ืึธืœื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ, ื“ืึธื‘ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื’ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทืŸ 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ึทืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืœืฒื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ,,ืจืึทืงืขื˜ืข" ืื™ื– ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฉืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 
ืžืข ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื“ืึทื ืฉ-ื ื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื. ืžื™ืœื. ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš. ืก, 

ืฆื™ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื•, ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจ ื‘ืจื™ื• ? 


7, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก 


ื‘ืึทื“ืขื ืฐืฒื™ืœืขืจ, ืฐื™ืœืœืึท ืจื•ืคึผืคึผืขืจื˜, 15ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1911 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืฒึทื ืข! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• --- ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืก, ืžื™ื›ืืœืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืึทืก -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื™ืึธ, ืœื™ืึทืœืงืข ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืงืจืึธื›ืขื ืข. ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืึธืจ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. 
ืœื™ืึทืœื™, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ืขืœ-ื—ื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ: ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ืžืขื ื™ื ื™ืฆืข. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืœื™ื ื’-ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜, ืึทื– ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžืชึผื ื•ืช. ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก: ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผื˜ืฒืง ืึท ืงืœืฒื™ื˜, 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืึทืžืขื ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ื‘ืขืœืึทืก ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืžืขืก (ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™) ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ! ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš! ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื‘ืขืœืึทืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผืึทืก ื ื™ื˜. ื“ื• ื–ืข ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ,, ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจืึทืกืึทืฐื™ืฆืข" ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื‚ื›ืœ". ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืฉืขื ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืข 
ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืคืฉืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ 


ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. ื 


8, ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-:ื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืึทืจื›ืึทืฉ 


{ื‘ืึทื“ืขื’ืฐืฒื™ืœืขืจืŸ, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1911 
ืืœื™! ื”ืึทืจืฆืขื ื™ื•! ืœื™ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื•! ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืืžืช, ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ: 


ื•ืก 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ืœืจืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ? ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืจืฒื“ืŸ, ืึทื– 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ! ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื“ื• ืึทืœืฒืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜, ื›ืึทืคึผืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ืึทื– ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ -- 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจ'ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ? ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืึธ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื–ืึทืš, ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ืขืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื ืก ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืžืขื’ ื“ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ: 

,--- 20 ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก !!!ึต" -- 

,ืงื•ืงื˜, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืึท ืคืขื ืึธืžืขืŸ -- 20 ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ื“, 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ืฐื™ ืึท ืžืฉื•ืžื“! 20 ืงืึธืคึผื™ ืึท ืงื•ืง!!! 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9. ืฆื• ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ 


ืžืึธื ื˜ืจืข, 1ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1911, ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื- ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ ืชืจืข"ื‘ 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข , ืื™ืฉ ื—ืกื™ื“". ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืฆื• ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ืื•ืžืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ -- -- --. 

ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืื™ื–: ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ? ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืฒึทื ืข! ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ 
ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ? ื”ื’ื ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจืขืœื™ืงืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื“ืึธ. 


ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื- ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ. ืขืก ืจืขื’ื ื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง. ืงืึทืœื˜. ื˜ืจืขืคื˜, ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืžื•ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืฉืขื” ื›ึผืกื“ืจ ? ื‘ืขืœืึท! ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ -- ื–ื™. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื–, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–: ื’ื•"ื’ื™! -- ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœืขืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืœืข. ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืึท 
ืคึผืึธืœื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ! 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืžืช ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ึผืœ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 


0. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื•ืขืจื˜ ,ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ื•ืŸ" 


ื ื™ืฆืข, 8ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1912 


ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืž. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 


112 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืึทื“ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืœ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜, ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืŸ. ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ืึท ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืึทืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ื’ืึทืกืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื-ืคืจืึทื ืงืจืฒึทืš. 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ืคึผืจืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืžืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ื’ืึทืœืข- 
ืจื™ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ืขืจืก: ืึท ืžื•ืœืึทื˜, ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื, ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข (ื“ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ืึทืœื’ืึธ- ืฉืฐืฒืฆืึทืจ), ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืึทืคึผืึทืจ- 
ื˜ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืข-- - (ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืฐืขื ื™ื•-- -), ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืจืึทืฉื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึท- 
ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืึทืกืขืจืคืึทืœ-ืคืึธื ื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืฆืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ-ืคึผืึทืœืึทืฅ. ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™: ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘, 
ืขืจ -- ืึท ื‘ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืึท ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื‘ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ, ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื’ืขื ื™ืขื•ื•ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ื•ื’ืึธ. ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ-ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข. ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื–ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืก 
ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคืึทืœืขื ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื’ืจืึทืฆื™ึทืขื–. ื–ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื ื™ื™ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืึทื‘ืœืึธื ืžืขืกื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืฉืจื“ื™ืง, 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท ื‘ืึทืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’. ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ -- ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืŸ, ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžืึทืจืงื™ื–ืข ื“ืข ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืึทื“ื•ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึทื™ืขืกื˜ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทื“ืึธื ืข --- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜-ืฉืฒื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฉืขืœืžื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื‚ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืจื™ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืจืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขื’. 


ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, 
ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืฉืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืฒื“ืขื ืขื 
ื ืขืกื˜ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืึทื–"ื•, 
ืืึทื–"ืฐื•. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื”ืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ืข ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื™ืžืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืžืœื™ืฆื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืขื“ืข. 


ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜: ืึท ืกืึทืœืึธืŸ, ืึท ืงืึทื‘ื™ื ืขื˜, ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืœืึธืคืฆื™ืžืขืจ (ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึธื“- 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึทืฉ- ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฅ-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜), ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืงืœื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ. ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืฐื ื˜ื‘ืจืฑื˜. 


ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืึทื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงืฒื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึธืฐื ื˜ื‘ืจืฑื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ื‘ืจืฑื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืฉ, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื•ืืžื–ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืขืคึผืœืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืขืจืก. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš, ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืฐื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืึทืš. ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืขื›ื˜ืข ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืจืึทื˜ืŸ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืจืขื–ื•ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืจื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืœืึธืจื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆืŸ. 

ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืึทืคึผืึทืจื˜ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ 
ืงื‘ืœืช-ืคึผื ื™ื, ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืงืจืข. ืฐืึธืจืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืึธืจืขืžืข ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืึทื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืจื‘ (ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜, ืึทื’ื‘, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ 
ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืึธืจ ื’ืึทื˜ืงืขืก) ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉ- 
ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื™ ืคืจื™-ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฐืึทื›ื˜ืข ื“ืจื•ื-ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ื™ืœื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืคื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืคึผืจื™ื˜ืฉืžืขืœื™ืขื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ืข ืžืึทื ื“ืœื‘ืฒื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜, ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืžืึธื - 
ื’ืขื ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทื‘ืกืึธืœื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทื–ืึท ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกืฉื˜ืึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ ืงืึธืคืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืจืึทื ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ, 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทื ืงื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึทืกื˜- 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื•ื•ืขื’ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืข ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืขื ื™ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฑื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืงื•ืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’, ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื•, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืœื™ืข-ืกื™ื•ืจ-ืžืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, ื›ึผืžึผืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืกืึทืžืข ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื. 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฑืกืฆื•ืžืึธืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจื‘ืŸ. ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื”ืึทืคื˜ื™ืง. 

ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืž. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืฒึทื ืกืึทืžืข ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืึทื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืชึผืจื—, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ 
ื˜ื•ืœื•ืคึผืœ, ืึทื–ืึท, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืึทืœื“-ืคึผืจื™ืงืึทืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ -- ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ; ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืจื— ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื•ืœ ืึท ืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืžื™ืœื, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ, ืึธืคึผื ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืึท ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ืจื™ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึท 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืจ ? ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืึทื– ื™ืึธ, ืึท ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ 
ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืจ ! ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, 

ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืจื— ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื˜ืฉืึทืžืงืขื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืขื ืข, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื™ ืึทื–ืฑ --- ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืœืข ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืกืึทืžืึธืฐืึทืจืŸ, 

ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืขืžื•ื˜ื ืข, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ื™ืคึผื˜ ืึท ืจืขื’ื ื“ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. ืึท ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข -- ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืึทืœืฒึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ -- ืึทืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข. ื“ื™ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ืฐืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืจื— ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑื•ื™ืก- 
ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืจืขืฐื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืึท ืงืžืฆืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึทื“ืึทืŸ, ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืงืœืขืคึผื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืŸ ืื™ื–ืฐืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืจื˜, ืึทื–ืึท, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืึทืŸ ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืึธืฆืขืจืงืึธื•ื•. 

ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘-ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืชึผืจื—, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืฆืงืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืœืึธื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜-ื‘ืึทืœื•ื›ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึทืคึผื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื™ืง ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืึท. 

ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขื–. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ? ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ? ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืจื—. ื•ื•ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ืฑืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืฆืœื™ื ื’, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข, ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืึทื›ืŸ ืึทื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ืคึผืจื•ืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคืึทืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื•ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืจืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืึทื›ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืคึผื™ืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืึทืœื“ 
ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผื™ืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืึทื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’. ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืŸ! 

ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืงื ืึทืงื˜, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืชึผืจื—, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึธืจืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึท ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒื™, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึท- 
ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ - - - ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก! 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืึทื– ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื•ื™, 
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ื‘ืจื™ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ; ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ื‘ืจื™ืึทืŸ 
ืงืึทืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉื™ืคืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื• ืคื•ื ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื ื "-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืž. ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืจืฐื™. 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื–ืฐืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืึธื ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืฐืขื ื™ื•, -- - ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฉืœืขืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืึทื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืึธืคึผืงืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืกื›ึผื ืช-ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืœืึธืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ื•ื ืขืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ืจื•ืคืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื•ื•ื™ืœืข", ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš --- ื“ืขืจืฆื•! ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืึทืคึผืจื™ึถืขืจ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื–ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืืžืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื”ื•ื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
, ืฐืขืจืึทื ื“ืข", ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืงืขื›ื ืข ืึท ืžืขื’ืขืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืจื™ืึทืฐืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉ, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืžืขืจื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ืจืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, -- ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื‘ืข-ื™ืึทื›ื ืข ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, 
ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืขืจืข ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื’ืขืกื˜. ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืขืกืฆื™- 
ืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ืคืœืขืฉืœ ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืœืขืฉืœ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืขืœื™ืฉื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข, ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ืจืึธื‘- 
ืฉืžืึทืœืฆื™ืงืข -- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜, ืคืœืึทื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ -- ืึทื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืŸ. ืงืึธืžื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืึทื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ื’ืขืกืžืึทืงืขืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืงืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืžืขื’ืขืจืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืฐื•ืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ : 

-- ื ืขืžื˜ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ืœืึธืงืฉืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืขืกืŸ ืื™ ื“ืึธืก, ืื™ ื™ืขื ืขืก, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื‘ืœื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืกืคึผืึธื˜. ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืง ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ (ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธืœื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ืฉืึทืœื™ืง) ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ืคืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, -- ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืขืจืข, 

ื ืึธืจ ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื“ืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ืึท 
ืงืขืœืขืจ, ืึท ืฉื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืึท ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื ืขื•ื•ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืฉื‘ืขื›ืขืจ -- 
ืื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. 


ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข, ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืขืก 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™'ื›ื 


ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข 
ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืชึผืคื™ืกื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ืขืจ-ื›ืึทืคึผืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืœื™ืกืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ืžื—ืžืช ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ื˜ื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื– ืžืข ืคืึทืจืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, 

ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ื™ืง ื›ืจืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึทึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื’ืข: ืฐืขื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืึธืš ? 


ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืึท ืคึผืฒึทื ืœืขื›ืข, ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ื ืึทื›ื˜. ืึท ื”ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื• 
ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืฒึทื’. ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ -- ืึทื– ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืคืฒึทื›ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื™ื˜ืฉ-ื ืึทืก. ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคืœ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืจื•ื !... 


ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขื˜? ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืกื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืกื˜, --- ืžืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื ืึธืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, -- ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ื™ื›ื› ื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืขืก, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš ืงืจืึทื ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ ืึทืฐืขืง- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืข. 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื! ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ? ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ? ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข 
ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ -- ื ืึทื˜ ื–ืขื˜ --- ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืจื™ื ื“ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทืืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ. ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ? ื ื™ืฆืข -- ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜! ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขื ืœื™ื’ืŸ: ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื–, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึทืžืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืึทื˜ืึทืงืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืข ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืž., ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ื™, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืึทื ืขืก ืึทืจืฑืฃ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื’, ืงื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื˜ืจืึทื. ืกืื™ื• 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ. ืึทืœืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืึทื›ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืคืึทืจื“ืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื‘ื•ืœ-ืคึผื”ื ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ื•ื™ ืคึผืขืš. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืคื™ืกื˜ืึธืคืขืœ -- ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–. 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืขืจืข. ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืœืฒื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื’ืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜, ืึทื’ื‘, ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื–ื™ืข, 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืจื™ื ื“ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื—ืœื” ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ, 

ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืคืึธืจืŸ. 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื– ื ื™ืฆืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ 
ืฐื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืฉืขื” ืจืฒึทื–ืข. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืขืจ, ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืœื•ืงืกื•ืกืฆื•ื’ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉืขื”, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืก --- ืคื™ื ืฃ. ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืฐืึทืงื–ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืข ื–ืขืงืก ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฆืขืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืฆื•ื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืึทื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื’ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจ, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคืจื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืฉืึทืžืงืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒื˜ 
ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื›ึผืœ-ื‘ื•ื ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงื ืขืคึผืœ, ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืงื•ืจืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ... ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืข, 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคึผื ื™ืžืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึทืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืงืœืขืžืขื ื™ืฉ. ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ? ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก 
ื–ื™ื ื“ ? ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ --- ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, 
ืฐืึทืก ืงืึธืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ?!.. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ. ืงื•ื™ื ืฉืœืขืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงืœื”ืึทืคื˜ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉ-ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืœ. ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืจื™ื ื“ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉืžืฒึทืกืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืฆืจ-ื”ืจืข. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืฆืฒึทื˜! 

ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ื’ืฒืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜. 
ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึทื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงื•ืœ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, 

ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืึทืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, 

ืึท ืกื•ืฃ 


118 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืž: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืžืึท 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 2ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1912 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ 18ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท! 
ืื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืœื•ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืึทืœืข ื ืขื’ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ! ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ืš 
ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื ื˜ืจืข, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ 
ืึทืจืฒึทื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™ืก ืึทืœื‘ืึธื, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ : , ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืข 
ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืžืึท -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืึทืจ". ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผืึทืก ื ื™ื˜. ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ,ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข", 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึทื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื•ื ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ 
ืœื™ืึทืœื™. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜. 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง. 


2, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืขื“ืŸ-ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, 5ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1912 
ืžืขื ื™ื• 
ืกื•ืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ืขื’ืจืฒึทืคึผืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืžืœืขืš. 
ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืคื™ืฉ, ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขืกื˜" -- ื˜ืขื ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ! 


ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคืœื™ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ. 


ืจืึทืกื˜ื‘ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืžื›ึนึผื” ืฐืขื˜ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš! ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: ืคึผืึทืกืึธืœืงืขืœืขืš, 
ืงืจื•ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื™ืขืจืœืขืš, ืึทืจื‘ืขืกืœืขืš, ืกืคึผืึทืจื–ืฉืข, ื‘ืจื•ืกืขืœืงืขืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืจื•ืช, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขืง! 


ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ! ืฆืขื’ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, 


ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืฃ, ืฐืฒึทืก ืขื•ืฃ, ืกืึทืžืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืง, ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ-ืขืคึผืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืจืึทื•ืฉืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื‘ืขืœืงืขืœืขืš, ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื‘ืฉืžื™ื! 


ืกืึทืœืึทื˜ -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืกืึทืœืึทื˜! ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึทื˜ืŸ-ืœืึทื ื“! ืžืข ืžืขื’ ืื™ื ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜! ืจ 


ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืึทืจืœืึธื˜ืŸ-ืฉืœืึทื’ื–ืึทื, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฐื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช-ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึท 
ื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคึผื™ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ! 


149 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืคื•ื– ืฉืœื•ื:-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ -- ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืช: ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืœ, ื‘ืึทืจืŸ, ืคืœื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, ื ื™ืก, ื‘ื™ื– ืคืฒึทื’ืŸ, ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทื ืึทื ืขืก, ืจืึธื–ืฉื™ื ืงืขืก ืืึทื–"ื•ื•, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืคึผื™ืจืึธื–ืฉื ืขืก. 


ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงืึทืจื’ -- ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืกืขืจื˜ ! ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจ'ื˜ ืื™ื ืขืกืŸ ? ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ื›ึผื•ื— ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ึผื•ื— ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ! ืื•ื™, 
ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ?! 


2, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


{ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 7ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1912 


ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท! ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข, ืฆื™ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืข ? ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืึถืŸ! ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ !ึผ 
ืคึผ ืึทืคึผ ืึท 


ืœืึทื ื˜ ืฉืขื• 


ืœืึธื ื˜ืฉ -- ืึธื ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก! ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 12 -- 1 ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื—ืœืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ, 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ -- ืœืขื‘ืขืจืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื“ื•ืฉืขื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกืžืขื˜ืขื ืข ื’ืจื™ื‘ืงืขืœืขืš, 
ื˜ืขื ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ. ืžืข ืขืกื˜, ืžืข ืขืกื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš. 


ืึท ื‘ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืงืกืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฑืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื -- ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคืœ-ืคึผื™ื•ืจืข, 
ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืœืš, ืฆื™ ืฐืึธืก ? ืžืข ืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. 


ืžื™ื™ืขืจืœืขืš, ื’ืขืคึผืจืึทื–ืฉืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจืขื’ืœื˜, ืžื—ื™ื”-ื ืคืฉื•ืช! ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืกืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืึธื’, 


ืงืึทืœื˜ ืขื•ืฃ, ืงืึทื˜ืฉืงืข, ืงืึทืœื‘ืกื‘ืจืึทื˜ืŸ, ืจื•ื™ื˜ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืฉื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ืงืึธืœื‘ืึทืก (ื›ึผืฉืจ) -- ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ, ืึทื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื”ืึธื“ื™! 


ื ื•, ืกืึทืœืึทื˜, ื’ื•ื˜ ืคึผืจืขืคึผืึทืจื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜... ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ-ื™ืึธืจ ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™! ืกืึทืœืึทื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืžืื›ืœ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜. ืกืข ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš!' 


ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืึทืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืฉืงืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ืึทื ืึทืกืŸ-ื™ื•ื™ืš, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืกื–ืึธืœ 
ืฉืžืขืงืŸ. ืึท ื”ืฉื‚ื’ื”! 


ืงืขื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ -- ืžื™ืœื, ืงืขื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืฒึท ืš ืžื•ื—ืœ! ื ืึธืจ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท 
ืžื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึทืก ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื–ืึท โ€ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฐื•ืขืจืขื“ื ื™ืง, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš, ืขืก ืึธืŸ ื‘ืจืฑื™ื˜! ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 


1200 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึทืก ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ? ืึทื™, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืึทื”ืขืจ 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš!! -- - - 


4 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ื•ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1912ืŸ 
!ืคื— ื“ ืจ "ื’ ื– 


ื‘ืฒึทื ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™! ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ืื•ื™ืš. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืš 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทืฐืข, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืžืข. ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžื™ืŸ! 


ื•ืคื—ืจืจ"ื’ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜! ื’ืœืึทื•ื• 


ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผื ืึทืจืŸ ืคืึธื ื™ืขืŸ! -- -- -- ืึท ืžึฟื›ึผื” 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜. ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืึทื– ืก'ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ ื—ื”ื“ืจ"ื’! 

ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืืฑืกื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื‘ื•ื ื™ืžืึธื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืœื˜ -- ืึท ืžื›ึผื” ืื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ! 


5, ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


2ื˜ืŸ (15ื˜ืŸ) ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1912 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ! 
ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืงืจืึทื•ื–ืข. ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืฐืึทืœื“ (ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืขื ืฐืฒืœืขืจ) ? 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืจืึธื™ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื ื™ืง. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืœืึทื“ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืึธื ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข ืจืึธื™ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืึธืคึผื™ื•ื ื‘ืึทืจื•ึทืงื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ --- ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื’- 
ื’ืœืขืš) ืึทืŸ ืึทืžื‘ื•ืœืึทื ืก-ืืฑื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ (ืขืก ืงืึธืกื˜ 90 ืคืจืึทื ืง) ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืžื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ. ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ ? ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืงืจืึทื•ื–ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืึทื‘ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื˜ืึธืœืง. ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืข ืœืฐืึธื•ื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ 
ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœืขืŸ ? ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™, ืึทื’ื‘, 
ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึท ืกืš. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– 
ื”ืึทืจื‘ืกื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืจื•ืกืงืึธื™ืข ื‘ืึธื’ืึทื˜ืกื˜ืฐืึธ". ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 


1041 


ื‘ื›ื™ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ืื•ืžืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ: ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืคื™ืกืงื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜", ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื”ื”' ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ (ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™) 
ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืก-ื‘ืึทื ืง. ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก. ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืฅ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜: ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ. ืฆื™ ื–ืขืกื˜ื• ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ืฐืขืจืจ? ืฐืึธืก ?7" (ืฐื™ ืขืก ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจืก). 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธ ืœืึธ ืžืึธืŸ 


6 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


8ื˜ืŸ (21ืกื˜ืŸ) ืžืฒึท 1912 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงืจืขื ืง ื‘ืฒึท ืึธืœื’ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
,ืคืœืขื‘ื™ื˜", ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื” ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืœื™ื’ืŸ, ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธืœื’ืขืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืกืžืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทืจื’ืึธืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึท ืžืึธื“ื ืขืจ. ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ? ื“ื• 
ืคืจืขื’ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ ? ื–ื™ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึธืœื’ืข ื˜ืึธืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืขืฆื”ื ืขืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื 
ื”ืึทืจืฅ (ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึท ืจืฅ). ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื‘ืขืจืงืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืคืึทืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก: ,ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฐืึทืจืคื ื“ื™ืง" ืื•ื ื“ื– ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืจืŸ , ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื›ืึทืคึผืŸ"). ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ื–ืฉืข, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืจืึทืกืึทืฐื™ืฆืข 
ื‘ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึธืœื’ืขืก ืงืจืึทื ืงื”ืฒื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ืคึผืงืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืึทืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืึธืœื’ืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ -- 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื– ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทืœืฅ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืคึผืฑืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืกื˜ื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ? ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืก ืึทื“ืจืขืก: 
4 ื™ืึธื”ืึทื›ื™ื ืคืจื™ืฉ-ืฉื˜ืจืึทืกืข, ื”ืึทืœืขื ื–ืขืข, ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ. 
ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ. ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื”-ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคึผืžืึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื, ืึท ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜-ืžืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœืฒึทืกื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืข ืงืจืึทื ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’. ื“ื• ืงืึธื ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ -- ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืึธืŸ ืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืขืžืขืŸ.. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉื•ืจื” ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืค ืึท ืจ ื“ื™ืจ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืึธืŸ ืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืขืžืขืŸ! ื ื™ื™ืŸ, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš! ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทืœืฅ? ื™ืึธ, ืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืึทืœื“ื–, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืก ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ. ืขืจ 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ. ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 5 (ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืขืก 10). 
ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข. ืืžืช. ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื•ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ? 


ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 


7, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืœืึทื–ืึทืŸ, ืคื˜ืŸ (22ืกื˜ืŸ) ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1912 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก. ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืจื™ืฉื ื™ืข ื‘ื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื ื˜ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืขืช ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ-ืคึผืึทื ืกื™ืึธื ืึทื˜ 
,ืงืึทื˜ืขืจืขืจ" ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืึทืจืึทืŸ, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœืฐืœ. ืึท ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ. ื ืึธืจ 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืจื™ืึธื– : ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ --- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก --- ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ื•ื‘ืœื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš. 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื•, 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืก. 


8. ืฆื• ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึธ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1912 
ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข! 
ืฉืœื—ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืช. ื›ืกื. ืžื ื•ืจื”. ืงืกืช. ืขื˜. ืœื—ื. ืึทื‘ื. ืืžื. 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 
ืคื ืคืึท 


9. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึทื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ (ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ), 22ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1912 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข! 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ! ืึท ื™ื 


123 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืึท ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืœืขืŸ. ืชึผืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืœื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฐืขืจืึทื ื“ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ, ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ื›ึผืฉื•ืจื”. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 


ืคึผ ืึท. 
ืชืžื•ื”! ืฉืžืฉ! ื—ืžื”! ืื•ืจ! ื’ื•"ืขื“ืŸ! 


ืึธื‘ื™ืš 


0, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, 25ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1912 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท ! 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ืงืึทืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืึธืœืง 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ 
ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึทืŸ. 


ืคึผ ืึท. 


1, ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื•ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸืŸ, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1912 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท! 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ (ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก): ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืฉืึทืคึผื™ืจืึท? ืืฑื‘ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ 
ืฉื™ืงืŸ 50 ืคืจืึทื ืง (ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืงืขืฉืขื ืข-ื’ืขืœื˜ืขืจ) ืื•ื™ืฃ.. ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ื“ื• ื•ืฐืขืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข 50 ืคืจืึทื ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืขืจ, 
ืึธืŸ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ , ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ", , ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ", ืืึทื–ืฒื•. 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 
ืคึผ ืึท. 


ื“ืึธืก 110ื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืงืœืึธืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืืฒึทืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 50 ืคืจืึทื ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ! ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคืกื˜ื• ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืึธืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืขืจืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืกื•ื“ืึทืจืกื˜ืฐืขื ื™ 
ื‘ืึทื ืง. 


128 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื”ื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ืืคืงืคืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœืฐื•ืขื“ืขืจ, ื ืฒึทื™ืึธืจ 1913 


ืžืขื ื™ื•. 
25 6001016 6ื ืขื’ืžืกืคืž00ืก 


1) ืงืึธื ืกืึธึทืžืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื–ื•ืคึผ. ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขืฃ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ. ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขืคืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. ืึทื– ืก'ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– 
ื ื™ื˜ -- ื ื™ื˜, 

58ื˜ืกื˜? 12 8 120 ื˜4 ืกืขื˜ื’ืขืก 


2) ืคื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืœื•ืงื•ืœื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ. ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜. ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ: ื’ื™ ื–ืฒึท ืึท 
ื ื‘ื™ื, ืึทื– ืœื•ืงื•ืœื•ืก -- ื™ืžื—-ืฉืžื• ื•ื–ื›ืจื• -- ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคืจืขืกืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜... ืจืึทืงืขืก! ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื™ึดืขืจ-ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื—ืœืฉื˜. ืœื•ืงื•ืœื•ืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ! 

6 ื‚5ึธ 12 8 ืž110302 ื˜4 ืคืชืกืžื”ืžืก 


3) ืงืึธืคึผื”ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืึทืŸ. ืื™ื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื– ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ : ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืก! ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœื–ื”, ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื‘ืงืขืก, ืคึผืึทื˜ืœืึทื–ืฉืึทื ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืจ-ื™ืจืงื•ืช. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคืœื™ืขืก ืฆืขืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืง 
-- ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคืœื™ืข ! ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš: ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆืขืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคืœื™ืขืก ? -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืึท: ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื•ืช! 

9008 66 3ืื–ื 1016 66 84216ืข 


4) ืคึผืึทืจืคืข -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœืฉืข ืœืขื‘ืขืจืœืขืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื ื’ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืึทืจื™ืงืœืขืš. ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ: ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœ ? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืขืจ: ืกืึท ืžืฉืœ! ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืงืึทื˜ืฉืงืขืก ื‘ืึธืจื•ื•ืขืก, 

801060 212:06 


5) ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื—ื›ืžื”: ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ืžืึธืจืึธื–ืฉืขื ืข: ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึท ,,ืจืขื˜ืฉ", ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืขืกื˜, 
6ื‚. 16046166 1212102551 066 56116 


6 ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืกื™ืงืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. -- ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึท ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช-ื”ืคึผืจืฉื”! ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ -- ืึทืŸ 


ืขืกื™ืงืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ื˜ ืกืึทืœืึทื˜. ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืŸ ืขืกื™ืงืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขืกื™ืงืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื‘ื•ืœืงืข -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืง! ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ ืกืึทืœืึทื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ. 


6ื 2ืžื–12ืก 12 8 0/8:9100205 005 


225 


ื‘ืจื™ืฐื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


) ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืฉืึธืงืœืขืš, ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขืกืœืขืš. ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื›ึผื•ื— ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขืก! ืึท ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื• 


ืฉืึทืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืŸ, 
6 0ืกืขื’ื 12 2 1156ืง1ื˜ืค ืžืก 1616106ืช6) 


ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืฐืฒึทืกืขื›ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ. ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš: ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ ? ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฆืขื’ื™ื™ืŸ ? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืึท: 
ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ, 


8) ืึท ืกื•ืจืคึผืจื™ื–-ืึธืžืœืขื˜ -- ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ืกื•ืจืคึผืจื™ืŸ: ืงืึทืœื˜ืข ืžืึธืจืึธื–ืฉืขื ืข, ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ 


61 ื•ืก 168ื˜ืขื™ื“ 


9) ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคึผื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 
68 111 


0) ืฆื•ืงืขืจืœืขืงืขืš, ื˜ืึธืจื˜, ืฉื˜ืจื•ื“ืœ, ืงื™ืฉืขืœืขืš, ืคืึทืจืคืขืœืขืš, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ืก -- ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื™ืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืึธื’ื ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืงืึธื›ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ื•ื–ืžืึท ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ! -- 


3, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืึท 


ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, 4ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1912 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท! 

ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื—ื›ืžื” ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜: ื“ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ. ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืขืžืึท ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 50 
ืคืจืึทื ืง ? ื ืึธืจ ืขืžืึท ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืขืจืœืขืš, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืึทื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื–ืึทืš. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื–ืฉืข ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš (ืึท 
ื“ืจื™ื˜) ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ืฉื™ืงืกื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ, 

ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ (ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ) 
ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ? ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• 50 ืคืจืึทื ืง. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ; ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึท ื ื™ื˜ -- 
ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืœื˜ ? 100,000 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ; ื’ืขื›ึผืคืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 50 ืคืจืึทื ืง, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืก: 25.000.000 ืคืจืึทื ืง; ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš 12,500,000 ืคืจืึทื ืง. ืึทื–ืึท ืกื•ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ! -- 

ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 


126 


ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืžื–ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ื’ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸืŸ, 7ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1913 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ! 

ื”ื•ืจืจืึท! ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืขืคึผื™ืœืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ , ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ". ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืึท ืฐืึธืš. ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืึทื‘. ืงืึทื”ืึทืŸ ? ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ. ื ื ื–ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”! 

ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท! ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืฅ. ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืึท 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ -- ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ. 
ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข 50 ืคืจืึทื ืง. ื”ื’ื ื‘ื™ื– 
ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš. ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ืœืึธื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, 


ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 


5, ืฆื• ืขึดืžืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึธื ื˜ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืขื’ืœ, 15ื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1913ืŸ 


;..ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ! ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง 50 ืคืจืึทื ืง. 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืฆื•ึผืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ,, ืกืึธื•ื•ืจืขืžืขื ื ื™ืง" ? ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ? 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 


6, ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื•ืึธืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืขืŸ 


ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท! ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 50 ืคืจืึทื ืง ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจื’ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืจื™ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, 

ืึทื– ืžืข ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื! 
ืคึผ ืึท. 


ืขืžืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ 50 ืคืจืึทื ืง. ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
0 ืคืจืึทื ืง, 


17 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื‘ืขืจืŸ, 18ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1912 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื ื–ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ึทืงืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื’ื™ืง 
ืœื™ื ื“ืขื ื”ืึธืฃ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึท- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ -- -- --. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืึทืœืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึธื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, ,ืจื‘ ืฆืขื™ืจ", ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืจื™ื™ื›ืกื‘ืขืจื’, ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฆืจื•ืช -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ึดืงื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืึทื– ื’ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืขืก ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื“ืึทืจืคืกื˜ ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ืืคืฉืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, 

ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘, ืฉ. 


8, ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืŸืŸ, 19ื˜ืŸ (8ื ื˜ืŸืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1912 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืึท! 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื”ืึทืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ืจ 50 ืคืจืึทื ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ 50 ืคืจืึทื ืง. ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึทืฃ ืขื+ 
ื•ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืœื•ืฆืง, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–, 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. ืคึผ 


54 


ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืขื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš. ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ. 


9, ืฆื• ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื‘ืขืจืŸ, 25ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1913 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ! 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืจืึทื ืง. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื”ืขืจืฉืŸ 


128 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ (ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืกื˜ ?), ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื’ืขืจืก , ืคึผื ืงืก". ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ื ื™ื’ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจื™ 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ? ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ? ืฆื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. = == -- 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœ. 


0. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ืขืจืŸ, 1ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1913 


ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ! ืคืึธืจื™ืงืข ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื• 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜, ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืจื™ืงืข, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื... ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื‘. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฆืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืกืš ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ -- ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฉืขืคืขืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ? 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืขืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’! ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืึท ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ืžืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”. ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืœ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™! --- ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸืŸ ? -- -- -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืึธื ืกื™ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืฒื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืึทื›ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืžืžืฉ ื’ืขืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ. ื’ืจื™ืก ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืขืก ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท 
ื ืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื”. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ 
ืžื™ืš, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ืžื™ืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, 


129 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขื ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื ืงืœืึธืจืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, 
ืฉ. 


1 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ืขืจืŸ, 4ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1912 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ 9 ืฉืขื”. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืงืœืขื ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท 
ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’. ืงืœืฒื™ื ืฐืึทืจื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืœืขื’ื™ืจื˜ ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืึทื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžืึทืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืคืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึทื”ืฒื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ. ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข 

ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘, ืฉืœ. 


2 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ืขืจืŸ, 24ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1912 
ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื—'! 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืกืึทืœื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ (ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ืึทืš, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืฆื• ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ, ืœืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜!) ืฆื• ืงืึธื›ืขืจืŸ. ืึท ื’ื•ื™ ืึท ืงืฆื‘! ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื›'ืžื•ื– {ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ} 
ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ื’ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืึทื ื™ื˜, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื—ื–ืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข -- -- -- ื“ืึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ! -- ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก (ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทื›ื˜ืึธื’ืŸ) ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึทืจืึทืงื•ืœ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืงืึธื›ืขืจ, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงืึธื›ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ืกืึทืœื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ืจื•ืฆื—! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ -- ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืึทื™ ืฆื• 
ืฉืคึผืขืงื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ?... ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ? ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื›ืขืจืก ืžื™ืฉืคึผื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ืึทืœืฅ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. ื™ืขืฆื˜ -- -- -- ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึทืจืงืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึทืฉืงืขืก. ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ, ืึทื– ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ, ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ (ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ). ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, 
ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 
ืึธื‘ื™ืš ืื•ื”ื‘ืš ืžืื“ ืฉืœ. 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื›ื•ื 


2 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ืขืจืŸ, 026ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ื•ืึทืจ 1912 
ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื—ื™, 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื’ื•ืœื’ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• 
ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ. -- -- -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš, 
ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืœืขื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื’ืœืขื–ืœ ืฐืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทื ื˜, ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง ืžืึทื›ืŸ -- 
ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื ืึธืš ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืœ {ืขื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ ืคึผื—ืช, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืœื™ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื” ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืขืŸ 


ืึธื‘ื™ืš ืฉืœ. 


4 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 28ืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1913, ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’, 9 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข! ื“ื™ ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึทืœ". ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’. ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืก ,,ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืง" ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืงื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜ืœืขืš. -- -- -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜. 
ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืึธืŸ , ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื™ืง". ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึท ืคึผืจืฅ-ืึธืฐื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ 
ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ืขืคื™ืฆื™ื˜. ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ , ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ"; 
ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข --- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงืฒึท, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ , ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ื”ืขื•ืœื", ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ --- ืื•ื™ืฃ... (ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜). ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 
ืคึผ ืึท. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื– ืฉืœื•ื ื˜ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื’ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1913 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ! 

ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื”, ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืงืึธืฉืžืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืฆื•ืงืขืจืงืึทื ื“ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืฉื‚ื-ื—ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืงืึธื›ืขืจ 
(ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืงืฒื˜) ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ืึทื’ื ืึธื– (ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ! 
ืึทื ื™ื˜ -- ืื™ื– ืงืึทืคึผื•ื˜! -- ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืคึผืจืฒึทื–, 1000 ืคืจืึทื ืง, ื ืึธืš ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื“ื™ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜!), 
ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจ. ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืฆื•ืงืขืจืงืึทื ื“ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืึธืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื–ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืึทืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืจื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ, 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 
,ืขื“ืŸ"-ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืจื•ืœืงืŸ, 

ืคึผ ืึท. 
ืชึผืžืจื”! ืื ื™ ื ื•ืกืข ื ืจื•ื™ื”. 


6 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 2ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1912, 9 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ! 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข --- ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. ื’ืึธื˜ ! ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ! ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืš 
ื–ืขืงืก. ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ. 
ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ืงืึทืœื˜ืก. ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ืขืกืœื•ื™, 25 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžืึทืœื‘ืขื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืฆื•ืงืขืจืงืึทื ื“ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, , ืขื“ืŸื™ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, 


ืค ืึทื™ 


ืชึผืžืจื”! ืื ื™ ื ื•ืกืข ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื” == ื’ืจื•ื™ื”. 
ืคึผ ืึท ืค ืึท 


ื‘ืขืจืœ! ืขืก ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึธ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืกืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืึทืœืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื‘. 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ- 


132 


ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆืขืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขื ,,ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ". ืึทื’ื‘, ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื-ืึธื“ื ืค. ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื‘ื•ื’" ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ. 
ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ื– ืขืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘. ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• 
ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืจืึธืžืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืฆืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธืคึผื ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜! ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ 
ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, 

ืืฒึท ืขืจืขืจ 


7 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ,, ืขื“ืŸ"-ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, 4ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1913, 11 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข! 
ื ื•, ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ! ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš, ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ื•ื’" ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข. ืื™ืŸ ,, ืขื“ืŸ" ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ 
ืžื™ืš ืฐื™ ืึท ืกืึธืœื“ืึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธื˜ืคึผื•ืกืง" ืึทื”ื™ื. ืžื™ืจ 


ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. ืคื 


ืชึผืžื•ื”! ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื ืจื•ื™! 


8. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 4ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1912, ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ! 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืœื•ืคื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืข! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธืคึผื ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืคื™ืฉืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืึทืจืึธืคึผืฆืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš. 


ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง! ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš ! 


9, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 
ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 10ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1912 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข! 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ (ืึท 
ืคึผื ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’), ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜, ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืขื” ื ืึธืš ืึทื ืึทื ื“. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืงืข ืฆื™ ื‘ืขืœืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
-- ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืกืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทื‘ืกืึธืœื•ื˜ืข ืจื•. ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืงื™ืœืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ื ื•, ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื–ืขืŸ! ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืืฒึทื ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ืขื’ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืœืืš-ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข! 
ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจืก. = -- = 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 


0. ืฆื• ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 11ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1913 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ืžืฒึทื ืข! 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืœื˜, 10 ืœื™ืจืขืก, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืœื™ื™ื’ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื ืข 
ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš, ืงื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ื—ื‘ืจื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทื™ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ืคืึธืจืกื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜; ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืžืกืชึผืžื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืงื ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข: , ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. 
ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท", 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง. | 

ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท 


1, ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


4ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1913 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ! 

ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืœื™ื•ืกื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืึท ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึทืจื˜ืœืขืš --- ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืืก-ืฆืœื™ืคื 


ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงื”ืฒื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ. ืึทืŸ 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง -- ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืช ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš 
ื–ืข ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•, ืึทืŸ ืึทื‘ืกืึธืœื•ื˜ืข ืจื•. ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงื”ืฒื™ื˜ (ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ) -- ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืžืึทื˜ืขืจื˜ืงืฒื˜. ื”ื’ื ,,ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืขื ื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืึทืกืขืจ" ? ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืขื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื™ืŸ-ืคึผืขื ื›ืขืจ ? ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื–ืฑ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืœืขืš, ื–ืึธืœ ืœื™ื•ืกื™ืข ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืžื™ึดืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ. ืึท ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 

ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืก. 


2, ืฆื• ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1913 

ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท! 
ืึท ืฉืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืึธืš ืคึผืกื—. ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข. ื“ืขืจืคืจืขื’ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืกื—, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื ื•ืžืึทืŸ. ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืคึผ ืึท ืคึผ ืึท 


2 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1912 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท! 
ืžืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื–ืข 1 ื’ื•ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทืžื™ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜. ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืึทืœื–ืึทื˜ืฒ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ื“ืึทืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ: , ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ืึธื“ืขืกืกืึท"? ืฆึดื™ , ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ"? 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ , ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท" ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข-ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ืก ? 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš, 
ืคึผ ืึท ืค ืึท 


135 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


4 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, 10ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1914 

ืœื™ื‘ืข ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ! ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ื ื™ื˜! 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ; ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ? ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ. ืึตื™ืึธ ? ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคืจื•ื™ ื‘ืขืœืึท ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ. ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืจ, 
ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืึท ื”ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ืึทืžื“. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 


ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ? 
: ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึทื›ึผืึท ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืœืคึผืขืœืข, ืกืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจื•ื™ืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ืึทื–ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื– ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืกื™ื ืข- 
ืžืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœืขื›ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื“ื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–. ื’ื™ื‘ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืคึผืึทื˜ืฉืงืึท ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœืŸ. 


5, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืฉื˜ืจืึทื ื“ื™ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1914 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข! 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง, ืžื—ืžืช ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืึทื›ื˜-ื ืฒึทืŸ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื”ืจื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืฆืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท , ืจื™ื˜ื•ืึทืœืฒ. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืึธื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึทืคึผืึทืœืึธ. ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›ึผื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ืึทืง 
ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื•ืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจืึทืคึผืึทืœืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ! = - - 


6. ืฆื• ืึธืœื’ืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 
ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 25ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1914 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ! 


ื•ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ืžืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


136 


ื‘ื ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœื•ื:ืขืœื™ืคื›ื 


ืคืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ. == -- == 

ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜! ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš! ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื•, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ? ืžื—ืžืช ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึทืžืข. ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืง ? 
ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึท, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืจืึทืžืข, ืœื•ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื 
ืคึผืœืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืึทืจืฑืก ืฐื™ ืขืก 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ืขืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ, ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜. ืกืื™ื– 
ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืคื™ืจ ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจื™ 
ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข. ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืจื™ืจื ื“, ืฐืขืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืงืขื˜ืข ื•ืขื ื˜, ืงื•ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื™ืชื•ืžื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืฅ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืก'ืึท ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื... 
ืคืึทืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ (ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึทืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื™ื” ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ) ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืึธื ืคื•ื–, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืึทืฅ.. 

ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืžืึธื˜ืœืขืŸ". ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื—ืœื•ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืžืึธื˜ืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ -- ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืคื™ืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,ืžื‘ื•ืœ" ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜: ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ? 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ 


7, ืฆื• ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 9ืกืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1914 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ! 

-- -- -- ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืงื•ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜: ,ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ืกื˜ื•? ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜? ืื™ืš 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ? ื“ื• ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•," 

ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื™ืชื•ืžื˜ืข ืงืึทืฅ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,, ื™ื”" : 

-- ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคืขืจื“, ืฐื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื–ืขืกื˜ื• ? 
ืึท ืงืึทืฅ -- ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ? ืึท ื—ื™ื” ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ... ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: 
,ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื"... 

ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ? 


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ืคื”ื™ื˜ื” ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื-ื”ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ื ื•ืžืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 26ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1914 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง! 
ืื™ืš ื’ืจืึทื˜ื•ืœื™ืจ ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข (ืงืึธืœืขื“ื–ืฉ) ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš, 
ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท 


79. ืฆื• ืžืฉื” ื‘ืึธืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืŸ 


ื ืจื•ื•ื™, ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืชืจืข"ื“ 


ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉ, ื”ื—ื•ืชืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ (ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ืžื–ืจืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื), 
ืื™ืฉ ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช, ืจื‘ ืคึผืขืœื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืœืื›ืชื•, ื•ื›ื• ื•ื›ื• ื•ื›ื•', ื›ืžืจ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืึธืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืŸ ื "ื™. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืจื‘ ืžืฉื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืขื’ืžืช-ื ืคืฉ. 

ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืžื™ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ืจื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจื™ืฉืขืฉืข ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจื™ืฉืขืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜, 
ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ืฒืœื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ื˜ืึธืจ 
ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื‘ืจื”, ืึทื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืœืึธื‘ืึธื“ืงืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœื“ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืจืŸ. ื˜ืฉืขื‘ืขืจื™ืึทื˜ืฉืงืข ืžืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜! ืฐืึธืœืงื™ื•ื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื™ื -- ื ื™ื˜! 
ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืœืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ื›ึผืจืžืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,,ืขื™ืŸ-ื’ื“ื™", ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืึท ืคืœืึทืฉ ,, ืขื™ืŸ-ื’ื“ื™" ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ!... ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืฉื-ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ 
ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืึทื˜ืฉ! ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืงืึธืฅ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืข, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืฒืฆืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขื“ื–ืฉ 
(ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข ื‘ืœืข"ื–), ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืฉืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึท ื‘ืขืจื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฒึทื ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืขืจ ืจื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ื‘ืึทื”ืขืœืคืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื“ืจื“ืงื™-ืžืœืžื“, -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, 
ืขืก ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืขื’ืžืช-ื ืคืฉ: 

ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš, --- ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉืืœื”: ืฆื™ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื ื”ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ? ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœ ืึทืฐืขืง. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 


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ื‘ืจื”ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืืž-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜, -- ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ?! ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ -- 
ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขืžื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืกื•ืง: 
ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•ื™. ืึทื– ืกืื™ื– ื™ืึธ ืึทื–ืฑ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื’ืขืฅ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืœื™ืช-ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืฒื™ื ืฐืฒึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ,,ืฉืžืข-ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™, 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ืงืึธืœืขื“ื–ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื•, ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื“ืจื‘ื, ืคึผืกื— ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืขืกืŸ ื—ืžืฅ! ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ 
ืœืึทื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืงื ื ื™ืขื ืขื ื’ื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ , ื–ืฉื™ื“" ! ืึท ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื”... 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึธืคึผื ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจื™ื•ื•ื“ืข, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืŸ-ื–ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื™', 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืื™ื– ืึทืงื•ืจืึทื˜ ืฉื‘ืช ืจืืฉ-ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืคึผืจืฉื” ื•ื™ืงืจื, ื“ืขื 28/15 ืžืึทืจื˜., 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืชึผื ืื™: ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืข 
ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขื ืฉื‘ืช, ืึทื ื™ื˜ -- ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืจืึทืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืฐื•ืจืึทืœ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึท ื ื“ื—ื”. ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึท 
ื“ืจืฉื”, ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ืึท ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืึท ื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืขื ืขื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื“ืจืฉืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืจืฉื” 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ... ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ -- ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช, ืจื—ืžื ื-ืœืฆืœืŸ! ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืฆืขืคืจืขื’ืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืึทื ืฉื™ ื˜ืึทืžืึธื–ืฉื ืข, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืคืœืขืฉืœ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ืกื›ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื– ืกื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืคึผืึทืจื—ืชืžืขื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ืฉืคึผื ืงื ืฉืœื›ื, ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืœืขืฉืœ ,ืขื™ืŸ-ื’ื“ื™" ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืข 
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื ืึทืžืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจืฒึทืฆืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืœ (ื›ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ืงื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืŸ"ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื—. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื, ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืœืขืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืคืขืคืขื ืขืŸ, ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื›ึผื•ืก ืึธืคึผื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืคืœืขืฉืœ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืึธืจืงืขืฐืขืŸ -- ืื™ืš 
ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืš ืคึผืกื— ืึทืจืึธืคึผื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืื™ื‘ืขืจ , ืจื™ืกืขื ืœืึทื ื“" 
ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ, -- ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ,,ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืžืจ", -- ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜, ืœืึธื– ืขืก ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืœืขืจ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื—ืชื•ื ืชื• ื•ื™ื•ื ืฉื‚ืžื—ืช ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจ- 
ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื•ืช 
ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื ื—ืžื•ืช ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื›ึผืœืœ-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ -- ืึธืžืŸ ื•ืึธืžืŸ. 


ื™ื“ื™ื“ื›ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื›ื ื•ื“ื•"ืฉ ืขื›ื‘"ื‘ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ื ื™ืช, ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ -- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจืขืŸ ืึท ืžืฒื™ื“ืขืœืข! ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜? ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“. 


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ื‘ื›ืจื™ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื–ืขืงืก-ืื•ืŸ-ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืกื˜ื•ืงืขืœืข ?... 


0, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก 


ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, 1ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1914 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ! 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฆืฐื™ื™-ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืฒึทืก, 
ืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืฉื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืฉื”: ื•ืžืคืชื— ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“, -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜, ืื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืืฒึทื ืœืึทื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ืึธ- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข (ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ), ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืคึผืงืึทืŸ. ืึธืงืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื›ึผื•ื— ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืจ (ื“ืขื ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขื- 
ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜) ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข (ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขื-ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืกื™ืžื™ืกื˜ืงืข). ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืืฑืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืก -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกื— (ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ; ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืขื’ -- ืขืก ืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข), ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื” ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืคื•ืœ. ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืกื™ืžื™ืกื˜ืงืข ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืขื’ืึธื™ืกื˜. ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทื”ืฑืคึผื˜, ืึทื– ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืก. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– 
ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš : ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืขืงื–ืึทืžืขื ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช -- 
ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืขืคื˜ 400 ืคึผืจืึทื ืง, ืืึทื–"ืฐื•. ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ืœื•ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื•ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฆืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืœืขืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœืข, ืฆื™ ืึท ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืง, ืฆื™ ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื–ืึทืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ. 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคืจืึทื ืง ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืคืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ? -- -- --. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐืขื’ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืึท ืจื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขื’ืึธื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜. ืขืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืกืš. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืขืก ื“ืขืจ" 
ืžืึธื ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื›ืช-ื”ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื”ื™ืœื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจืœืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื ื ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืง- 
ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. -- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืข -- ืึทืœืข ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื‘ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกื“ืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืกื“ืจ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ. -- -- -- ืึทืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืงืข 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื ื” ืฉืœื”ืื™ื’ืขืงื™ื›ื 


ื–ืขื˜ ื ื•ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจืžืขืœืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืœ! ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ! ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื™ืŸ! 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ, ืคึผ ืึท. 


1 ืฆื• ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ 


ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, 5ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1914 
ื‘ื”ื“ื‘'ื™ื™ื•ื•ื• 

ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื™ื›ืœ, ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคึผืœื•ื ื™ืชื˜ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœ -- ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึทืจืขืจืึทื, ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืคืึทืจ- 
ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฅ -- ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื›ึผืคืœ-ื›ึผืคืœื™ื™ื. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ื™ื ื’ืึธืœื“! ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข , ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืข 
ืึทืœืžื ืก", ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืกื—, ืึทื–ืึท ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึทืœืข, ื—ื•ืฅ 
ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ืขืœื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“, ืึธืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื ื“, ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื‚ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ืฉืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื• ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืžืฆืื”, ืึทื– ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื• ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’ 
ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื— ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืืฑื™ืกืฐืึทืงืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ! ืื™ืš 
ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก! ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ืชึผืขื ื•ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื—ืช-ืจื•ื—, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ื‘ื ืขืจื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื–ืงื ื™ื ื•, ืฆื•ื ืกื“ืจ -- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืคึผืกื—ืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ? -- ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืขื’ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, 
-- ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฒึทื ืคืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื™ืฅ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืึทื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜, 
ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“, ืฉืขื ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ! ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื‘ืึทืงืก, ื˜ื™ืกื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฅ-ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืึทืงืขื˜ืข ื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืึทื‘ืึทืฆืฆื™ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื‘ืขืœืึท ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืžืจื” ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืคืึทืœื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึธืงืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ! ืึทืš, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ! ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ! ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืคื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืŸ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืœืขืก ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง. ื“ืขื ืกื“ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืขื›ื˜ืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื‘ืึทืงืก, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ. ืึท ืงืฐืึทืจื˜ื™ืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœึทืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื’ืขืกื˜ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ืข ื‘ืฒึท ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืึท ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื” ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืชึผืขื ื•ื’, 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข (ืžื™ืฉืึท ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกื— ืคื•ืŸ 


141 


ืฆืจื™ื•ื” ื›ื˜ื” ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืคืฆืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ), ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื ื—ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš -- ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื 1/14 ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ืจืง ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึทืคืฐืึทื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืึทืœื™ืฉ -- 
ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ --- ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ -- ื”ื–ื”ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืžืจ -- ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึท! 


ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื‘ื™ื›ื ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืœืจืื•ืชื›ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืžื— 
ืฉืœื•ื ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืค9ืก. -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™, 11.30, 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš -- ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™! 

ื .ื‘. -- ืึทื’ื‘ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื”-ืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืจืงืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ (ืจืฆ"ืคึผ ืื’ืจืชื•), 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ืฉ. ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกื— ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืจืึทื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ. ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 100 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 100 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 2 ืคืจืึทื ืง ืึทืคื™ืœื•. 


2, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 


ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, 2ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1914 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืึทื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, 

ืขืก ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืกื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืึทืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืฃ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข, 
ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜-ืฆืขืคืฑืœื˜ืข, ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื™ื“ื˜ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื–ื™ืš ืึท 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืจื™ื—. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืž- 
ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืก 
ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึท ื˜ืฉืžืึธืงืข 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื– ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืขืจื’ืขืจืก.. ืึท ืžื•ื™ืœ ืึธืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื˜ืฉืึทืžืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื™ืฃ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ: 

-- ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื ! 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื”ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื ื—ืœืฉืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืืš-ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ? 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื–ื—! 


ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืคื™ื ืฃ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื”ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ื‘ืฒึท ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืข ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ื ืฉืžื”. 


3. ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ {|ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1914| 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ! 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืจืงื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื˜ืจืขืจื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืขืœืข- 
ื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืึท ื˜ืขืœืข- 
ื’ืจืึทื. ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, -- ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜! ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข 
ืื™ื–, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืึท ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืงืกืœืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,,ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ?, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ? ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ืงืจืึทื ืงื”ืฒื˜ -- ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ืงืจืึทื ืงื”ืฒื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜! ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท , ืฉืึธืง", ืึท 
ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ-ืึธื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึท 
ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ. ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ืื‘ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืง ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื•ืžืขืก ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 200 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืึทื–ืึธืฐืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืึท. ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ- 
ืึทื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“ืกืžืึทื ืกื‘ืึทื ืง". ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืึทื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืžืข. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืง ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื•ืœืึทื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืง ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืงืฐืขืžืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 300 ืจ' ื ืขืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืง, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืžืข 
ืฆืขื“ืจื•ื™ื‘ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ: ืฆื• 200 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ -- ืžืฒึทื ืขื, ืึธืœื’ืขืก, ื‘ืขืจืงืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, ืžื™ืฉืขืก, ื™ืข. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก (ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“') -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืคึผืœ (ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•), ื“"ื” ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฅ-ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ื–ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื“ื•ืœ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ.. ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ืฐืขืจ 
ืงืึธืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ?... 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืกืึธ ืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 


4, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ, 12ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืฐื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1914 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจื•ื (ื“ืขื 161 19 ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ) 


13 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืœืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืึธืคึผืฉืฐื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ,, ืคืจืขื“ืขืจื™ืง-8ึฟ" ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื ืึธืจ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 12 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 7, ืžื™ื›ืึทื™ืœ, ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืึท -- ืื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ืคึผืงืึทืŸ. ืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขืŸ- 
ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืฐื™ ื’ื™ืš ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ -- ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขื˜, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืึทืจืฑืก ืึทืœืก ื–ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื“ืขื ื’ืฒึทืกื˜. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืก ืึธ ืœืึธ ืžืึธืŸ 


5, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื“7ื˜ืŸ (20ืกื˜ืŸ) ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1914 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข !ึผ 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ืฒึทื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื›ืึธื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืจื•ื™ึทืง. ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง -- ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืžื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื, -- ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื, 
ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืฉืŸ. 
ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 


6, ืฆื• ืขืžืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื•ึทื“ืึทืžืคืฉื™ืฃ , ืคืจืขื“ืขืจื™ืง ื“ืขืจ 8ื˜ืขืจ"ืŸ, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1914 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท! 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืžื—ืžืช ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฆืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ. ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. ืคืึท- 


7, ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


ื ื™ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, 3ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1914 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข! 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฆืฐืฒื™ืฐืึธื›ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ 


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ื‘ื”ื™ืฐื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทืœืฅ: ืกืฒึท ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื, ืกืฒึท ืึท ื”ื•ืจืึทื’ืึทืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืฉืจืขืง ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ื ืขืŸ-ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื-ืงืจืึทื ืงื”ืฒื˜, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืžื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ื‘ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืœืจืฒึทื˜! ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ืชืขืฉืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึธืœื’ืขืก ืคึผืขืกื™ืžื™ื–ื. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฐืขืจื˜! ืึทืœืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืขื–, ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“"ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“"ื’ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื“ืขื 14ื˜ืŸ. ืžืข 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฑืกืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜, ื“"ื” ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ืจื”. 

ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืž(ืึธื™ืกื™ื™) ืก(ืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 

ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ, 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 

ืก ืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 


8. ืฆื• ืขืžืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ื™ื•ื™ื™ืึธืจืง, 110 ืœืขื ืึธืงืก ืขื•ื•ืขื ื™ื•, 12ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1914 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท! ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื˜ืขื’ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง. ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื“ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื ื“ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื. 


ืคึผ ืึท. 


9, ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, 5ื ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1914 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ! 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜. ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผืจื•ืคืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘. ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ- 
ื™ื•ื ืœืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ื’ืขืคึผืึทืงื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜-ืงืขืคึผื™ืงืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท 2ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืจื ืขื’ื™-ื”ืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 


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ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ื›ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทื’ื ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืขื ืขืžืึทืจืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“, ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืกื™ืžืขื ืกืขืŸ -- ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืื™ื. ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ! ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ืจื” ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื˜ื™ืกื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธื›ื ื‘ืœืึทื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท. ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’-ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš! ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืž(ืึธื™ืกืฒ) ืก(ืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข, 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืก ืึธ ืœืึธ ืžืึทืŸ 


0, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื ื™ืฐืฒื™ืึธืจืง, 29ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1914 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ! 
ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื’ืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ (ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš) ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืฒึทื ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ: ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ 
ืึท ืฉื•ืจื”, ื“"ื” ืคืึทืจ 10,000 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช -- 10:000 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจืึท ืฉืึทืคึผื™ืจืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึธื ืกืึธืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ (ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืกื™ื ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“). ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ (ื“ืขื ืคื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ) ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืœื™- 
ืคืึธืจื ื™ืข -- ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืขืจืข. ืึธืœื’ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืึทืœืข ื“ืฒึทื ื™ืงืข. 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš, 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืœืึธ ืžืึธืŸ 


1, ืฆื• ืขืžืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, 14ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1915 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท! 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ. ืึท ืกืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ืขืก ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกืึทืจื™ืึธ 
ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. -- -- -- ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผืจื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืงื•ื•ื•ึผื“ 
(ืึท ืคื™ื›ื˜ืŸ-ืฐืึทืœื“), ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผืจื• -- ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง-ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง. 
ืคึผ ืึทื™ 


26 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื ื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
2, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง), 15ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1915 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท ืžืฒึทื ืข! 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื“ืึทื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืš ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ. ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท, ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ื›ึผืกื“ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืจืขื ืงื˜. ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืึธืก , ื“ืึธืก 
ืงื™ื ื“ื™' ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ึผืงืก, ืจืขื“ื˜ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ 
ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ ื™ื•ืœื™, ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึท ืžืึทืš ืื™ืš ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ืขื“ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืก, 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. ืค ืึท. 


2, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


(ื ื™ื•ื–ื™ืึธืจืงืŸ, 17ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1915 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงื, 
ื“ื• ืคืจืขื’ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ -- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจืึทื“ 
ื•ึฐื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจืŸ. 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืฆืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš. ืคึผ ืึท. 


4, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ื ื™ื™, ืžืึทื ื”ืขื˜ืŸ-ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, 26ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1915 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท! 
ืึทืœืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึทืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื‘ื— ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜. ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื”ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืึธืš. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ. ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืจ ื ื•ืžืึท. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžื™ืš 


ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ. 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš. ืคึผ ืึท. 
5 ืฆื• ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 
ื ื™, 7ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1915 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ! 


ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก -- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ ? ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ 


17 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืืงื•ืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜, ืžื—ืžืช ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, 
ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท, ืคืึทืจื’ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจ. ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฆึดื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืขื, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื–. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ืžื™ืฉืึท, ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขืจืฆื™ืข ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจืึท, 
ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืจื’ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืึทื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืคืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื™ืกืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ืฉื™ืœืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืœืึทื ืขืœืขื ืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ. 

ืื™ืจ ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜, ืžื—ืžืช ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ (ื‘ื™ื–ื™). ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืกื“ืจ. ืื™ืš -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืš ืคืึทืจืŸ , ื˜ืึธื’" ืื•ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ -- ืึท ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืคืึทืจืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ 
(ื–ื™ ื”ืฒื™ืกื˜: , ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืก"). ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืคืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื‘ืกื˜ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทื“ืœืขืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธืžืึทืฉืขืฐืกืงื™ืŸ. ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ. ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืก. ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืจ. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื˜ื™ืกื™ 
ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกื™ื ืขืžืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ --- ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื–ื•ืžืขืจืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ืขืžืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ืžืึธื’ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, 
ืคื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ. ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืฐื•ืงืึทืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื— ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐื•ึผ -- ืึทื–ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื”ื•ื™ื–. ื ื•ืžืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: 1) ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ, 2) ื‘ืฒึทืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ 2) ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืš. ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ? 
,ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื”ื™ื™ืก", ืฐื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืกืึธืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืฉื“ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜!? ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื”ื™ื™ืก. ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ืŸ -- ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ ืึท ื ืขื ื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ , ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ, ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™"... 


ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. ืคึผ ืึท. 


6, ืฆื• ื‘ืขืœืึท ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ 


5ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 5, ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืขืœืึธื˜ืฉืงืข ืžืฒึทื ืข! 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘! 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


148 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฐื- ืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


5ื˜ืŸ ืืฑื’ื•ืกื˜ 1915 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืขืœืึธื˜ืฉืงืข ! 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื“ืขืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึธื ื˜ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืก, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืขืจ ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ 
ืึท ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืึทื˜ืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท 
ืžื™ื›ืึทื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึท ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท 

ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืึธืจืง, 2ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1915 


ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืึทื“ืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธื ื˜ืขืงืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืœืžืึทืจ, ื‘ืฒึทื ื™ื. ืึธืœื’ืข ืฐืึธื–ื’ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืก. ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืื™ื– ืงืจืึทื ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื’ืจื™ืคึผ. ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท. ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืึท 
ื“ื™ืจื” ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ืฅ. ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 6 ืžื™ืœืืึธืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคึผืึทืกืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืืฒื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืง-ื”ืขืกืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ืงืจื•ืช 
ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง 10 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช, ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืก! ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึทืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืึทื”ืฒื. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืž(ืึธื™ืกืฒื™) ืก(ืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ) 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธ ืœืึธ ืžืึทืŸ 


9. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก 


ื•ื‘ืขืœืžืึทืจ, ื . ื“ื–ืฉ.ืŸ, 2ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1915 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืœื™ืึทืœื™! 
ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืก. ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืก. ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืื™ื– ืงืจืึทื ืง 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืคืœื•ืขื ืฆืข. ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืึท ื“ื™ืจื”, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 


149 


ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืฆืœื™ืคื 


ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื™ืœืข (,ื‘ืึธื ื’ืึธืœืึธ'). 
ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ืคืจืขื“ืขืจื™ืง 
ื“ืขื 8ื˜ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” 
ื–ืึทืœ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ืฒื. ื˜ื• ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืœืึธื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ึผ. ืžื™ื›ืืœืŸ -- ืึท ืงื•ืฉ. 

ืคึผืึท ืคึผ โ€ 


6 


ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืึทืจ ื‘ืขืœืึธื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ: ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืืฑืกืฐื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื“ื™ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืืฑื™ืกืฐืึทืงืกืŸ, 
ื“ืึทืจืคืกื˜ื• ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืžื™ืœืš, ืขืกืŸ ื–ื•ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธื ืคืขื˜ืŸ. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก 
ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ืึทืœืงืขืก. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ื ื•ืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ืจ. 


0 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท 


ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, 5ื ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1915 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท! 
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื ื’, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 
ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก (ื“ืขื 13ื˜ืŸ) ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ , ืคืจืขื“ืขืจื™ืง ื“ืขื 8ื˜ืŸ", 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš -- ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ***! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืžื—ืžืช ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฐืึทืš. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ 
ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฒื™ื›ื ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, ืžื™ืฉืึท, ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืœื™ืคืึธืจื ื™ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื™ื•ื- ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข 
ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืกื•ืฃ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื”ืขืจ. ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจ-ืจืฒึทื–ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจืึธื“ ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ (ื“ืึธืก 
ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืงื˜ืฉื•ืจืก). ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ 
ืึท ืกืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกืงืึทื ื“ื™ื ืึทืฐื™ืข. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข, ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืึทืœื˜ืข 
ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืก. ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ืก- 
ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืคืงืึทืจื˜ืขืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก ื“ืขื 22ืกื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
2ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ (ืžื™ื˜ ,,ืคืจืขื“' ื“ืขื 8ื˜ืŸ") ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ. 


1590 








ืฆื‘ืจื™ื”ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื - ืฆืœื™ ื›ื 


ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ. ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื, 
ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืžื™ืฉืึท, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ! ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืš, ืขืžืึท ! ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ. 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜: ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืฉืขืก ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืขืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ืŸ. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ (ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ืขืกืง) ืคืึทืจ 
ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท --- ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ 
ืึทืœืฅ: ืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืฉืึท ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ -- ืงืึทืœื™ืคืึธืจื ื™ืข, ืœืึธืก- 
ืึทื ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก ืืึทื–"ืฐื•. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ! ืื™ืš ื ืขื 
ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 

ืคึผืึท ืค ืึท 


1 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก 


ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืึธืจืง, 21ืก0ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1915 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืœื™ืึทืœื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ! ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ! 
ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ึถื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ? ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ื˜ื•ืŸ ? ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืœืฅ 
ืึทืจื•ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืš, ื‘ืึทื ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• --- ืžื™ืฉืึทืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–. , ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฒึท-ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜. -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืœื™ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ". ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ: ,,ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงืŸ ืคื•ืก". ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก: , ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื• 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ -- ื”ื™ืฒืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ". ื“ืขื 
2ืกื˜ืŸ ืืฑื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ : ,, ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืžืึทืžืึท ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”"... ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ -- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืžื—ืžืช ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ (ื“ืขื 30ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 14-12ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ), ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ื˜ื•ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืœืึธื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืžืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ืขื” ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืงื“ื™ืฉ --- ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ? ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆืขืจื™ืกืขื ืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ? 
ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืึทืจื•ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ? ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืืฑื™ืกืžืึธืœืŸ ? ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื” 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ (ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ), ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื—ืฉื‚ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื”ื” ืฉืœื•ืืงืฆืœื™ื›ื›ื 


ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืง ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืึธืก ืกืึทืžืข ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ืึธืจืฆืฒึทื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืึทื‘ึผื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืจืขื›ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ? ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืข ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš. ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทืžืขืจืข 
ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข ? -- ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ? ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืœืขืš. 
ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข --- ื’ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš -- ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ืฉื˜: ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึธื’ ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฉืžื”. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื•ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืžืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ื‘ืฒึท 
ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืžืึธืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื‘ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืจืฅ: , ื•ืฒึท ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืžืึทืจื˜ื™ืจืขืจ!".. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึท ืžืึทืจื˜ื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืขืœ-ื™ื•ืฆื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขื ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ -- ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื ืฉืžื” ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืžืึธื’ื˜! ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜! ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜-ืืฒึทื ืจืฒื“ืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ? --- ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืึธืœ, 
ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข; ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜: , ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ" --- ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜: , ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ". ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜! ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขืก ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื! ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš, ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืœืฒื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•! ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืึธื‘ืขืจ --- ื’ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืึทืจืง! ืึทืš, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื ื“ื• 
ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืžื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜! ืฐื•ึผ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืึทื”ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ?... ื–ืฒึท ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืœื™ืึทืœื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืึท ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืฃ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืกืึทืžืข ืฉืฐืขืจืกื˜ืข. ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจืึธืš (ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ืคื‘ืŸื™ื—ื™ื“ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“!). ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืœื™ืึทืœื™, ื“ื• ืงืึธื ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืึธื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืึทืจื•ื ืืฒึทืš ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ. 


ืค ืึท ืคึผ ืึท 


ืคึผ. ืก. --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื‘ ื“ื• ืคื™ืœืกื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉ, ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš 
ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ืขื” -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื”. 


157 


ื‘ ื”ื•ื™ื•ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื ื“ืข ืœื™ื™ื•ื›ืž 
2 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืึท 


ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืึธืจืง, 14ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1915 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืœื™ืึทืœื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ! 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืฒึทื ืข. ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื• 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืŸ {ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืึทื’ืข, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืฉืึท ,,ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ". ืื•ื™-ืฐื•ื™ื™! ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš , ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜". ืกืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืกืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ: ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืฉ 
ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื”ื™ื™ืœื˜. ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจืึธืฉ-ื”ืฉื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข 
(ืขืžืึท). ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ -- ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื—ืžืช ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืงืจืึทื ืง ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ; 
ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ; ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืœื™ืฉืข ืจื• ืื™ื– ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื™ืฉ 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื“ื™ืงื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืงืึทื˜ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ืึทื– ืึทื–ืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ... ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึทื™ืœืก ืขืงื–ืึทืžืขื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 12ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจืึทื˜ื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืคื•ืœืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜, 
ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื™ื’ืขืœืข ื‘ืขืœืึท ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’. ืฉืขื ืง ืื™ืจ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ื“ืขื 
,ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ" ืžืฒึทื ืขื ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก. ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืง-ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืœืึธื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ื›ึผืกื“ืจ, ืฐื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืฆืฐืึทืžืขืŸ, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืขืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ื•ืจืœ. --- ืึทื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ 
ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ื“ืจื•ืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืึท ืงื•ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ื›ืึทื™ึทืœืŸ: ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืึธืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทื’ืข -- ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื! ื ื•ืžืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ. ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืจืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื™ื“ื™, 
ืงื ืึทืงื˜ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก. ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืึธืคื˜. ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืœื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ. ืื™ืš ืœืึธื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš 

ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืžืึธืœ, 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื›ื 


3, ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 


6ื˜ืŸ (29ืกื˜ืŸ) ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1915 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ! 
ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืึทืจืŸ 20ืกื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืขืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ! ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธืœื’ืขืŸ 1 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ... ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ืึธื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ((,ืžื™ืกืœ") ืฆื™ ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ? ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 
9ืกื˜ืŸ ืืฑื’ื•ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ, ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 24 ื™ืึธืจ, 
ืึท ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ. 2 ืฐืึธื›ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืข ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ -- 
ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข... ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ 25 ืคื•ื ื˜ ืฐืึธื’, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืžืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืœืขืš. ืึธืœื’ืข, ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืคืง, ืฆื™ ื–ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก, 
ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ. 
ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ. 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืก ืึถืœ ืึธ ืžืึธืŸ 


ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืคืึทืจื’ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, 


4, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก 


ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, 2ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1915 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ! 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ? ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืก. ืขืก ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ (1915) 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ -- -- -- ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžื™ืจืŸ ื–ืขืŸ. ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื ื—ืžื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข ืื™ื– ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืคื™ืœ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ! ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืื•ื™, ื•ืขืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึท ืœืึธื– ื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข! ื ืึธืจ ืฉืึท -- ืฉื˜ื™ืœ! ื–ืึธื’ ืขืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืึท ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ? ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ -- 
ืึธืงืขืจืฉื˜ ื•ื™ ืžืข ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืื•ืกืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜: ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืขืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืื™ืš 
ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืข ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ, 


154 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ื ื™ื•"ื™ืึธืจืง, 29ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1916 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึทื™ึทืœ! 
ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜. 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ืฐืึธืš ื–ืขืงืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืจืขื ืงื˜ -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืคืœื•ืขื ืฆืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง. ื”ื’ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ. ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ื˜ืึธื’" ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ -- ,ืฐืึทืจื”ืฒื™ื˜". ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข. ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ -- ืฆึทื•ื™ื™ 
ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืฐืึธืš. ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึท ืกืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจ. ืึทื—ื•ืฅ 
ื“ืขื, ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,,ืฐืึธืจืœื“ืฒ (ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜) ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืงืึทื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืึทืจ- 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ืฐืึธืš, ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง 
ืึทื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืจืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ. ื–ื™ 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ , ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืคึผื™ื™ืกื™ ื“ืขื ื—ื–ื ืก" ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืขืก. ื“ื™ ืจืขืงืœืึทืžืข ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืึธืœืึธืกืึทืœืข. 
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื•ืคึผื˜ื‘ืึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืึทื ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜: , ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทืจืง ื˜ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ื ืขื 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ , ืฐืึธืจืœื“"! ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ! ื ืฒึท ! ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ! ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ!'- - - 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘. -- -- -- ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื‘ืขืœื ื™ื ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคื•ืœืข ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ื“ื™ ืฆืจื” ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจืก. ืงืึทืœื™ืงืขืก. ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจืก. 
ืคืึทืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืืคืฉืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜, 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืฒืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื ื“. ื“ื™ ,ืฐืึทืจื”ืฒื˜" ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง 
ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ (ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“). ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืžืึธื˜ืœืขืŸ" (, ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืคึผื™ื™ืกื™ ื“ืขื ื—ื–ื ืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข") ื ืึท ืจืฒ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืžืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืึทืจืงืฒื™ื˜ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืœืึธื’ืŸ. ืึทื“ืจื‘ื, ื“ื™ืึทืžืขื˜ืจืึทืœ ืึทืงืขื’ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืึทืจื•ื ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืึทืœืก ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื”ืชึผื•ืจืŸ". ืึทืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืจืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืคืœื•ืขื ืฆืข. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื‘ืขืœืึธื˜ืฉืงืข ? ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš. 
1; ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืค ืึท ืคึผืึท 


6 ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ ืคื™ื™ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ืœื™ื™ืงื•ื•ื•ึผื“ ื•ื ื ื™ื•ื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจืกื™ืŸ, 5ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1916 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืœื™ืึธืฐืึท! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธืงืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžืึทืŸ, ืœื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคึผืขืœ, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื•ืฉ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 


195 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืขืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœ -- ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ืงื•ืฉ -- ื•ึถื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื˜ืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื’ืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, 
ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื•ื. ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉ. ืขืœ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก. 


7 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก 


ื ื™ื•ื™ื™ืึธืจืง, 17ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1916, ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื— 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœ, 

ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1916. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1915 ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจ 17ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ.. 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืœื™ืึทืœื™! ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื–, 
ืึทื– ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคึผืกื—. ืขืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื“ืจ. ื ืึธืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื’ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ!... ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜... 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ -- ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ืฒึทืก: ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื™ื™ืึธืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ืึทืจ" 
ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืžืขืŸ-ืคึผืึทื˜ืจืึธื ืขืกืŸ. 
ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ (ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท) ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืจื™ื ืก. ื’ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื 200 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ืึทืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขื ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ (20 ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜). ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื• 
ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืฑ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉ. (ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจ) ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ 200 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ืึท ืกืš ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ -- ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื“ืขื , ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก", ืคึผืจืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก. ืคืึทืจ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืฃ (ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื”) ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ 20 ืจื•ื‘ืœ (10 ื“ืึธืœืขืจ). ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทื–ืึทืจ". ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืฆืฒึทื˜-ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคึผืจืฆืŸ. ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข {|ืžืœื—ืžื”-| ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื, 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื—ื•ืœ-"ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืฒื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืก ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™. 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง. ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืคืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ? ืœื™ืึทืœื™! ื”ื™ื•ืช ืึทื–ื™ ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืึท ื“ืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืึท 
ื“ืึทืงื˜ืึทืจืก ืึท ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืขืก ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคึผื ื™ื. ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœืึธื˜ืฉืงืข ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืœืึธื˜ืฉืงืข ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ืื•ื ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ. ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜! 

ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, ืคึผืืคึผืึท 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ -- ืขืจื-ืคึผืคึผื—ื“ื™ืง! ื–ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ 
ื›ึผืฉืจ. ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื–ื™ ืงื•ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ. 


ืคึผ ืึท ืคืึท 


1596 


ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืก 


17 
ื•ื™ 





ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืฐืŸ ืฉืงื•ืื‘ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


(.296 .16868) 2002088 128ืกื .ื–ืŸ 


ื‘ืขืœืึทื™ืึท ืฆืขืจืงืึธื•ื•, 
3 


6() 8 ืขืฆื™ืขืžึผืกื263 .1/1 .ื™) ืฉืข- 1 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืึทืจ, 
ื’ื ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืขืจ, ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ ืžืึธื™ืกืฒืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 


ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ; ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืกืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืง- 
ื–ืึทืžืงืฒื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฅ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืคืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, 
ืึท ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฆืขืึทืงืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธื›- 
ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืฒึทืกื™ืง ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜, 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ,ื™ืขืฐื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืึธื™ืข ืึธื‘ืึธื–ืจืขื ื™ืข" 
(ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™-ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื™ืขื•ื•' ืึธื‘ืึธื–ืจ' '" ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ , ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ" -- ืึท 
ื‘ืœืึทืกืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ , ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™"), ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ื–ืึธื’ 
ืื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, -- ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืคืึทื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืœื“ ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืžื–ื‘ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืžื•ื–ืข! ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ 
ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ืึทืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื, -- ืึท ืฉืฐืึทื›ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืึธื ืคืึทื ื’ืขืจ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ 
ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงืฒื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช -- ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœื•ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš {ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื’ืข ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
,ืžืึทืกืข", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืฒึทืขืจื˜ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™-ืคืฒึทืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ, ืคืึทืจ- 
ื™ืึธื’ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืขืงืกืคึผืœื•ืึทื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืื™ ืžื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืืฒึทืš. ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง 
ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ื“, ืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื , ืขื ื™ืŸ" ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ, ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื ื“ื™ืง 
ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฆืฒื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 25-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜-ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ 


ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


159 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฆ. ื–. ืคืจืึทื ืงืคืขืœื“ 


ื‘ืขืœืึทื™ืึท ืฆืขืจืงืึธื•ื•, 5ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1886 


ื”ืขืจืŸ ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื ืงืคืขืœื“, ืึทื“ืขืกืกืึท. 
ืึทื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื! ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื! 

ืœื, ืึทื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืœื! ืœื•ื ืœื ื ืชืชื ืœื”ืžืืกืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืข ืืฉืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ 
ื™ืกื•ื“ืชื”, ื›ื™ ืึธื– ืžืฆืืชื ืืฆืœื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืžื“ื™, ื›ื™ ืœืฆื•ืŸ ื—ืžื“ืชื™, ื•ื•ื” ืกื•ืกื™ (ืžืึธื™ ืงืึธื ื™ืึธืง) 
ื‘ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืช! ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืขืก, 
ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ืŸ, ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืึธืžืึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืœืขืš, ืฉื˜ืขื›ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื ืึธื“ืœืขืŸ, ื‘ืฒึทืกื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืคืœื™ื’ืขืœืขืš ืืึทื–"ื•. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข -- ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ! ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ืกื‘ืึธืจื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–: 

-- ื ืขื ื ืึธืจ, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึธืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืื™ื“ืขืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ืฐืึธื–ืจืึธื–ืฉื“ืขื ื™ืข, ืืึทื–"ื•. 

ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ: 
ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึท ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืข; ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืืžืช, ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ , ืคึผืึธ 
ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื•" ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ึผืคึผืจื•ืช !... ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฆืขืžืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆึทื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ืคึผื ื™ืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ; ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื™ืง. 
ืึทืš, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื” 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื˜... ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืขืœืข 
ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืจืขื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš. ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื—ืฉืง, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืข ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืŸ. ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ? ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’? ืื™ืš 
ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ -- ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืคื™ืœ 
ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ! ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑื™ -- ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืž ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื–ื’ืœื™ืึทื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึทืคึผืจืึธืก, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜! 
ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืงืขืจืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื˜ื•ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจื—ื” ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื–ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืึทืจืึทืœืขืœืŸ , ื‘ื–ื”-ื”ืœื™ืœื”"; ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ. -- ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ, ,,ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืŸ", ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ื’ืึธื˜ืœืฑื‘ืขืจ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจ, ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืึทื“ืขืŸ ืื“"ื’ืœ, ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ืขื ื˜, ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืฒื™ืขืจืข ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืึทื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜.. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš, 
ืœื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืจืึทื–ืกื•ื“ืึธืง (ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, 
ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืจืึทื–ืกื•ื“ืึธืง ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ!;.), ื–ืึธื’ ื“ืขื ืืžืช. -- -- -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ 


2060 





ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืœืึธื›ื” ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืคืœืึทืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง ื’ืจืึทื“ ื”ื™ืฅ: ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท ื”ื™ืฅ ืžื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคืึทืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืœืŸ! -- -- -- 
ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ื‘ืขื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ; ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ: ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท 
ืจืึธืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืึทืœ (|ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืึธืกืึธื‘ื ืข ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขืจื™ืึธื–ื ืขื 
ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ, ืืฑืกืœืึทื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ื–ืง ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงืฑื™ื›ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื’ืจืช, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืง 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ -- ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึท ืžื–ื™ืง, ืึท ื›ืฐืึทื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืจ 
ืฐื™ืœื˜! ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืข ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœื“ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ ?... ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 
ืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืกื˜ืขืกื ื™ืึทื™ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื™ืœื˜. ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทืœืขืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. --- ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื“ืจืฒืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืฒึทื ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืกืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข!.. 


0, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ื‘ืขืœืึทื™ืึท ืฆืขืจืงืึธื•ื•, 23ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1886 

ื”' ื™. ื—. ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 
ื”' ืฆ. ื–. ืคืจืึทื ืงืคืขืœื“, 
ืึทื“ืขืกืึท. 
ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ! 

ืึท ืฆื™ืงืึทืฐืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืงืขืคึผ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืข-ืœืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ , ืขืคึผืขืก"! ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืœื•ื’ืข, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื‚ื›ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื—, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจ 
-- ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืข -- ืึทื”ืึท! ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ื•ื™ ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ! 

ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืืžืช 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ), ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ 
ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืคืึธืก: 

ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืŸ !... 

ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜: ,ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืคืึธืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ,ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ" ืึทืกื™ืžื™ืœืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืึทื–"ื•ื•." ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ : , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื! ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท 


161 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืงืฐืึทื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืกืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื ืึธื– ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืข, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืฒื ืงืึธืฐืึทื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืœืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื’, ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ืกืขืœืขืš ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืืึทื–"ื•ื•, ืืึทื–"ืฐื•ื• -- ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืึทืกื™ืžื™ืœืึทื˜ืึธืจ" 

ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืžืึธืœืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื›ื•ื“ืึธื–ืฉื ื™ืง, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคึผืœืึทื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœืŸ! ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืง, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืœืึทื›ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื! -- -- -- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ! ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ื“ืึธื–ืฉื ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข, ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืœ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ื ืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•ื›ืึธืฐื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืง ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ืื™ ื™'ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš ื“ื™ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื˜, 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื ืœืึทื›ืŸ, -- ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืึทืคึผืขื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืืžืช ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืœืึทื›ืŸ... ืึท ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืง, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒ ืื™ื, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื™ืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš -- ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืง ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ.. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืกื™ืžื™ืœืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืฅ: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืข, ื•ื™ 
ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืง ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืงื•ื™ื ืคืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ ืงื ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืžื•ื– ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข, ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื˜. ื“ืขืจื•ื ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืกื™ืžื™ืœืึทื˜ืึธืจ, ืื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืฅ. ืื™ืš 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืกื™ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืœืึทื’ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืื™ื– ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื : ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืื™ื“ืขืข ืคืึทืจ ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขื ืคืึธืœืง ืคืึทืจ ืฆื• ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’. -- -- -- ,,ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทืขืจ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืึทืžืข ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ".. 

ื“ืขืจื•ื, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืข.. 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื–ื’ืœืึทื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืข (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ-ื“ืจืฒึท) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, 
ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ- 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืึธืŸ- 
ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ'. 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืกื—ื•ืจื” ? (ืึทื–ืึท ื™ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื, ืจื‘ื•ื ื•-ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื !) ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,ืฐืคึผืขืจื™ืึธืจ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืึทื“ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึทืจืฑืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ืข: 

, ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข... ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข ื .ื . ... ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“.. ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ.. ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืจืขืœื™ืคื 


ื‘ืจืึธื˜... ื“ื™ ืึธืงืกืŸ ืจื•ืขืŸ... ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืœื“ ื‘ืœื™ื˜... ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉืขืจื™ืง ืฉืžื•ืฆืขืจื˜... ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืœืึธืฐืฒ 
ืคึผืฒึทืคึผื˜... ืงืึทืจื˜ื™ื ืข... ืจืึทื–ื’ืึธืฐืึธืจ... ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš... 

,ืึธืฐื•ื’ื˜... ืึทืŸ ืึทืกื™ืคื”... ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืจืขื“ืขืก, ืœืึธื˜ืขืจืฒืขืก, ืจืขืžืขืกืœืขื ืข ืฉืงืึธ- 
ืœืขืก, ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ,. " 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ -- ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ !... ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ!... ืึทืš ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืขืก ื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“... ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืœืึธื– ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ! ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ! ื“ืจืึทืคึผืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื“ืึธ-ืึทืจื™ืžืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื“ื ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืขืœืขืš ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ื”ืœืฐืึทื™, ื”ืœืฐืึทื™, 
ืจื‘ื•ื ื•-ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื! 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืกื™ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืกื™ืžื™- 
ืœืึทื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืฆืขืก ? ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืฆืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื‘ื™ื“ืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ื—ืœื™ืœื”: ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ื ืขืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™, ืฐื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ ืึท 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ... ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ืขืŸ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผืžื™ื“, 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. --- ืขืคึผืขืก ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ, ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’ื–ืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืกืึท!ึผ 


1, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืึท, 5ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1887 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 
ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืœืึธื ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืงืœืึธืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ (ืื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข), ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจืข ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข 
ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ, 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืึท ืฐืึธืจืฃ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœืึทื˜: ื”ืึท? 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืคึผืขืก?! ืฉื˜ืฉืขื“ืจื™ืŸ? ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™? -- ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืŸ ืื™ืฐืึทื ืึธื•, ืึท 
ืกื˜ืขืคึผืึทื ืึธื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจ... ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื™ื–, ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืš. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ืขื ,,ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ื, ืงื•ืง ืื™ืš, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ -- 
,ืื–ื•ื‘", ืฆื™ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ? ืื™ื ืขื , ืขื•ืจืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื", ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื - 
ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขืก, ื“ืขืจื–ืข ืื™ืš ืึท ื“ ืข ืก. ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– -- ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ? -- ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก? ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืœืขื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ืš ื–ืึทื ื™ืžืึทื™ืขื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง 


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ืฆืคืจื™ื•ื  ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื: ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืฐื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ, 
ืึทื– ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜-ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืงื•ืœ" : ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ื–ืึทืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ; ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืกืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื–, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ื–ื™ืก, ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืงื•ืจืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืฃ, ืึธืŸ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช, ืึธืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืึธืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ-ื–ืึธื’ืขื›ืฆืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืจืขื–ืึธื ื™ืึธืจืกื˜ืฐืข =- ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฒื™ื ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘! ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืŸ? 

ืื™ืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ,ืฐืขืงืขืจ"? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ: ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ,ื•ืขืงืขืจ" ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืขืจ ื–ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฉืžืึทืœืฅ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจื•ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: , ืงื•ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜; ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, 
ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ !*... ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืŸ ,ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ" ื‘ืึทืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืึทื–ื•ึนื™ ืคื™ืœ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขื ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืึทืฐืขืงื›ืึทืคึผืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ! ืžื—ืžืช, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš, 
ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืกืคึผื™ืขืš -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืกืคึผื™ืขืš ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึถืคึผ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืขื ืข ื–ืึทืš, ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ? 

ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ; ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืŸ 


ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืœ"ื’-ื‘ืขื•ืžืจื™ื™ (ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข 
ื ืึธืฐื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ -- ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœ!) ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ! ืœืžืื™ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ ? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš: ื™ืึธ-ื™ืึธ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ-ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ื‘ืขืœื ื™ื, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ , ื”ืึธืกื™ืฃ", , ื›ึผื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•ื›ื•', ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืขื˜ืฉืงืขืœืข ืฆื•ื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ (ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืœื™ืขืจ...). 


ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ. ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜! ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึท ื–ืึทืš ื’ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืืœื™ืš, 
ืึทื– ืึธืคึผื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืœ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืจื™ืงืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ืกืคึผืึธื“ื™ืง. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ? ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืขืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, 
ืขืก ื“ืขืจืขืกื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืฐื™ ืขืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื 
ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืึทืคื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฉืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืกื™ื‘ื” ? ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืคืฉืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ืขื ืขืจ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช. 
ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื‘ืœื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืฉ? ื ืขืžื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื•ื , ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜"  --โ€ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืจื”". 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ืื•ืกืงื™ื™ื˜! ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒื˜! ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืขื-ื”ืึธืจืฆื•ืช! 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืขืงืœ! ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ -- ืึทืœื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืึธื’ืจืึธื•ื•ืก ื‘ื•ืš , ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ". ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ -- ืกืึทืจืึท ืกื˜ื™ืœ! ืกืึทืจืึท ืฆืึทืฆืงืขื“ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ! ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืฃ-ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืžืึทืก! ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืฆืึทืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ื ืึธื›ื“ืจื•ืง ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื• 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ: , ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืกืึท". ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื‘ื™-ืฐืขืจ, 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก! ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืฉืจืชื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉืฐืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทื–ืฑ ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”, ืึทื– ืขืก ื’ืฒื™ืขืŸ 
ืึทืฐืขืง ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ. ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ืึท 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืฐืขืง ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืข ? 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ -- ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื ืขื›ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืขื, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก! ืขืก ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ! ืื™ืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืึทืœืก ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžืึทืกืข. ืืžืช. ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ? ืกืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ ืึธื– 
ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืžืึทืกืข ืงื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืงืœื”ืึทืคื˜ืกื˜ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขื›ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ |ืฉืž"ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึทืงื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคืœืฒึทืกื™ืงืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืืฑื™ืฃ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ, ืขืงืกืคึผืœื•ืึทื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืขืฐื™ืกื ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืงืึทืœืฒ-ืงืจืขืžืœ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืžืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท 
ืงืขืจ -- ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ื’ื™ ื–ืฒึท ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื—-ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ืึธืจืขืฐืข ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ. ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื‘ื’ืข- 
ื–ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ (ื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืฉืคึผืฒึท ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึธื ื•ืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ...). ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืขืงืœืึธื–ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒื˜, ืึธื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžื’ื™ื“ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ื“ืจืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื ืึทืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืจืฉื” -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืœืขืžืขืจ ! ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฉืžื”, ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ื ืขืžื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื—ืฉืง ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื™ื‘ ; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ืึทืจื•ืžืฆื•ื“ืจืฒืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืฅ ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงื•ืึทื˜ื™ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืขืฆืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ื ืึทื ืกืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ, ืžื—ืžืช ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืึท 
ื˜ืขืจืจืึท-ืื™ื ืงืึธื’ื ื™ื˜ืึท, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธืžืขืจืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืข, 
ื•ื™ ื™ืึทื’ืขื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืขื ื’ืข ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. -- -- -- |ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืขืœื˜ืŸ. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 
2 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ืึทื™ืึทืจืงืข, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1887 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื› ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ืœื, , ืœ"ื’-ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ", ื™ืึทืง 
, ืœ"ื’-ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ": ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจืœ, ืึท ื‘ืจืขืงืขืœืข, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืคืฒึทื ืก, ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœ. ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืึทื–ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืฑ. ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ื–ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื , ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ", ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– -- ,ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืกืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช". ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืœ"ื’-ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ" ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ,ื–ื™ืกืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช", -- ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื›ึผื“ืึทื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ , ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ", 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืกืชืžื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš, 
ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ืŸ , ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ", ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืกืคึผื™ืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ: ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ,,ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ" ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ื’ -- ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš: ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ. ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ? ื–ืฉืึท ืจื’ ืึธืŸ 
-- ื“ืึธืกึผ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื“ืฆืข- 
ืคื™ืงืก. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ, ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ืึทื– 
ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ืœ"ื’-ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ" ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ,ื–ื™ืกืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช" (ื–ืฒื™ 
ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ), ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ 
ืืฒึทืš ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ (ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”' ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ืœื•ืžืก ืึทื“ืจืขืก). 
-- ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืึทืœืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ, ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ: ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืคึผืขืก ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ,, ืื ืื™ืŸ ืงืžื— ืื™ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื”", ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ,ื ืขืžืึท ืคึผืึทืคึผืข, ื’ื™ื™ ืœื™ื•ืœื™ืข". 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืจ ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืงืฑืœืขื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืŸ ,, ื—ื˜ืืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื", ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2 ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 28ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1887 
1828 , {1116110011ืข1 .51 ืงื–- 1 
ืึทื“ื•ื ื™ ืงื™ื ื™ื’! 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืขืจ ? ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื", ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ? 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ : ืฐืึธืก ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืึทืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืก ? 


106 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฃ- ืข ืœื™ืคื 


ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ? ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืืฆืœื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืึท ืื—ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง: ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•ืคึผืจืขืกืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœืฒึทืคืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืœื™ืขืก, ืึทืจืฑืกืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจื™ื’ืึธืฐืึทื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคึผื•ืฆืŸ, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ +ื–ืขื—66 8 


ืฆ42ืฆืขื–ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. 
ืฅื–ืืกืคึผืงืกืช ืืช 266ืขืฅื–ืกืขืงืช ื–ื ื ื’ืงื–ืกื”ืช ืข ื’ืขืคึผืกืชืกืฅ ืขื–ื–ื’ื! ืกื“ืขื–ืชืขื–ืŸ 


-ื–ืืกื 128 ืฆื—ืกื” ืžื“ืขื;ืฅื”ืก 0708212 1 ืขืืกืฅื—ื–ืžื 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ื”ืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึทื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1887 


ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืงืขื ื™ื’, ื”ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 

ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜! 

ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ (ื‘ืืฉืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ --- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก!) ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข (ื“"ื” ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข) ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ, ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืึธืš, ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืึธืš (ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื•ื˜ืฉืึทืกื˜ื™ืข 
ืื™ื ืขื , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜?) ? = - -- 

ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ,, ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืžื™ื˜ ืึท , ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขื ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืžื™ื˜ ืึท , ืœื™ืขื‘ืขื ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท , ื“ืขืจืจื•ื—ืฐืฐืฒื™ืกื˜ืฐืึธืกืคืึทืจืึทืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื” ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ; ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื– ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืœ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื“ื•ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืึทื˜ืึธืฐ ื™ืขื“ืŸ, ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ --- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื", 
ื•ื™ ืจืึธื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืคื™ืจ ืฉืขื” ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืข 
ืึท ืžืึทื›ืขืจ, ืึท ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืจ, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื˜ื•ื™ื–, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื; ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ื™ื– 
ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฒื™ื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืขื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืึธืš. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืึทื˜ืฉืขืก ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ ืžื•ื– ื™ืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข, 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจืŸ ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืžืขื’ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ืึทื“ืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“. ืก. ืžื™ืœืœ -- -- ื˜ืคื•! ื–ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆืขืคึผืœืึทืคึผืœื˜! 

ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ , ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ". ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื“ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ? ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืึทื–ืฑ ; ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ, ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒืฒึทืฉืงืฒื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ! ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึท ,ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ" ? ืฐืขืงื˜ 
ื‘ืฒึทื ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื• ืจื• ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื“"ื’ืœ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ื“, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืฅ. ื’ื™ื˜ 


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ื‘ืจืจื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื?ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืฅ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ: ืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ -- -- -- ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ, 

ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ , ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ". ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืก: 

ืคื•ืŸ ื”' ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ, ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ึผืžื•ืช. ืขืก 
ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืึทืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขื’ื ืก, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืฒื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืคึผืึทืจ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืœืขื ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข, 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ : 

-- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจ... ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื™ืจ... ื”ื... ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทื’ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ... ืฉืึท, ืžืข ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ! ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ... ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ! 

ืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืึทื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ, ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืกื˜ืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกืคึผืึธืขื˜? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื ื–ื“ืžืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืœืคื•ื ื“ืง ืื—ื“, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ืึท ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึทื ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืงืœืึธืคึผืขืจืก" 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื’ืขืงืœืึธืคึผื˜ืข". ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื”! 

ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ?... ื”' ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”' ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื. ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš : ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ; ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืขื•ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืึทื“ื ืข ; ื“ื• ื“ืึทืจืคืกื˜ 
ืึท ืจืคื•ืื”; ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ -- ืœืึธื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ; ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจ!... 

ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื•ืฉ. ืึธื˜ 
ืึทืฐืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ! 

ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ื˜.. ื ื ื ื•!.. ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™!.. ื’ืึธึทื˜ืœืฑื‘ืขืจ... ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ.. 
ืฆึท ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ... ืคืึทืจื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืœืฑื™ื‘ืขืจ !.. ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ? 

ืึทื”ื™ื™ื!.. ืžืฑื™ืœ, ืคืึทืจืฉืœื™ืก ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืœืขืคืฆืŸ! ืฆื•ื ื’, ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ! ื˜ื™ื ื˜, ื’ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ! ืคึผืขืŸ, ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืฃ !... ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ืข ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉื” ืœืขืžืขืฉืงืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ (ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ 175 ื•ื•ื™ื’ืจื™ืฉื ืข ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
1ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืขืœ ืžืงื— 275 ืจื•"ื› ืขื 15 ืจื•"ื› ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึธื‘... ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ?... ืฆืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืงืœืึธืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ...),, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืึท 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืžืึทืจื™ืข ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฉื” 
ืœืขืžืขืฉืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ืึธ ืžืึทื ื˜ืึธื’, 30ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ (ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ืจ), ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ 175 ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ, -- ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืกืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืึธืฆืขืจืงืึทืฐ ืึท ืคึผืจื™ืฅ, 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ {ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: , ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ 
ืœื•ื˜ืฉืข"... 

ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ : ืึท ืฐื•ืขืงืขืจ, ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขืงืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืข-ืคื™ืงืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, 
ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื‘ื•ืš. ืึทื ื ืึท ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขื ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืก: ,ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข!" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฉื” ืœืขืžืขืฉืงืข, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืจื™ื ืœืขืจื ืขืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜- 
ืœืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืจืœ... ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ? ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื... ื‘ืืฉืจ ? ื‘ืืฉืจ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื ืึท, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืจื™ื 
ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ? ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืึทืœื™ืงืข ืคึผืขื˜ืจื™ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ (ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืš, ืœืึธืงืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืคืึทืจ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทื ืขื’ื™ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜") ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคืขื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืจื™ื ืœืขืจื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ื ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืฉืขื’ืึธืœื™ืึทื™ืขื˜ ืคึผืขื˜ืจื™- 
ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ; ื ื™ืžืฆื, ืึทื– ืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืคืฒึทื ืข ื“ืึทืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉื ืฒึทืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืึทื ื˜ื™ื˜ืฉื ืข ืคื™ืกืœ... 
ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืžืจื™ื ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื›ึผืœืœ ื•ื›ึผืœืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜; ื–ื™ ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ืึธืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื›ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ 
ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืึท", ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ, 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื˜ืขื ื” ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ, ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื” ืึธ ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉืžืึทื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืข ื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืงืขื‘ืขื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึทืงืจื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข, ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื 
ืจืขืึทืœื ืข ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜... ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ? 


ื™ื•ื“ืœ ืกืขืžื™ื˜.. ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ืึทืจ! ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืง! ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืกื˜ื™ืœ! ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท 
ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืงืฒื˜! ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ื”ื™ื™ื ืขืฉืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ! 
ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื™ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ื™ื•ื“.. ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืœื“, 96 ืคึผืจืึธื‘. ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืคืจื™ืฉ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ: ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ื”ื™ืฅ, ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื–, 
ื›ึผืขืก... ื›ึผืขืก ืื™ื– ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื”, ื”ืขืจ ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜? -- = - 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ! ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืึทืคึผืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ 
ืึทื–ืฑ? - = -- 
ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉ ืงืข.. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืงืŸ ืึดืคึผ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื“ื—ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ; ืขืจ ืœืฒึทื’ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื”ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืึทื“ืขืŸ: 
, ื’ื™ื‘ ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืฐืึทื ื™ื•ืฉืข, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื—ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืึธืจื“ืข"... 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืœืึทื ื’ืข ืฆื™ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ื™ืขื›ืฆืŸ: 
,ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ 1000 ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืึทื ืึทืจื™ืฉื˜, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืคึผืกืง, 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ื˜, ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื“ื•ืจืึทืง".. 


169 


ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื—ื™ื”-ื ืคืฉื•ืช ! ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท , ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืฅ"(?) ืžื™ื˜ ืึท , ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง", , ื‘ืึทืง", , ืคืจืึทืง", 
,ืงื•ืœืึทืง", , ืคึผืึทืง", ืกื™ื ื™ืึทืง" -- ืื•ืŸ -- -- --! 
,ืื•ื™ืก ื›ึผืœื”, ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ื“" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜: 
;ืื•ื™ืก ื›ึผืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžื•ื™ื“. -- ื”ื“ืจืŸ ืขืœื™ืš ืืœื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื“ื—ืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืกื— (ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื).. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื‘ืขื–ื“ื™ืขืœื ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืขืกื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœื™ืง ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืึทื›ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจืœืฒื’ืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืฆืฒืœืŸ ืึทื—ืช ื•ืึทื—ืช... 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืึท.. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืึธืš ืฆืฐื•ืขืœืฃ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ; ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ , ืงืึทื–ื™ืึธื ืข" ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขืก. 
ื™ืื” ืขื ื™ื•ืชื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™).. ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืฆืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืœืขืกื˜ืึท- 
ืงืึธื•ื•ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœืก , ืจืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืึธืจ" ? ,,ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜, ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ".. 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคื™ืจ-ื–ืขืงืก ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ ืกืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื–. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ! -- ืึทื– ืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆื™ืจื˜, ื’ืขืฆื™ืจื˜, ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืก, 
ืึทืจืฑืก, ื ืึทืจืŸ, ืคืึธื ืึทืจืŸ !... ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื’ื–ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ื• ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ? ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื“ื• 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืงืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขืงืฒึทื˜ืข ืงืœืึธื˜ืฉืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ, ืึธืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผ ื–ืึทืœืฅ, ื ืึทืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืกืข ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืกืข 
ื ื•ื“ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ื˜ืึธื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืฐืขืจืขื ืขืกืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ ?! 
, ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ืœืฃ, 
ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ! ืึทื”ื™ื™ื! ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืžืข ืึทืœืฃ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ ืžื•ื– ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื(?) ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืึท ืฐืึทืจืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื›ึผืขืคืจื ื“ืึทืจืขืื™?(!), 
ืึท ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืฅ, ืึท ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ-ืงืขืจืขืจ. ืึท ืคึผื™ืคึผืขืจื ืึธื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื“.. = - - |ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืขืœืขืŸ 


5 ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1887 

ื—' ื”' ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ --- ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืจื’ืข ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ! 
ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื ืขืžื˜ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื ' 52 ืคื•ื ืขื , ืคืึทืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฆืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง 
ืฆื• ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื ื˜! ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ืขื˜ .ืขืžื–ืก 909--910, 
ื–ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ืขื˜, --- ืœืขื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆืขืคึผืœืึทืฆื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก 
ืคึผืœืึทืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ! ื–ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืขื“ืึธืฐื™ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ! ื’ืฐืึทืœื“! ื“ืขืจ 
ืค"ื‘ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš! ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืึธื˜ืจื•ื“ื ื™ืง ืขืงืฆืขื˜ืค. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜, 
ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืกืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื‘ืึทืจื’ ! ืคืึธืจื˜ ! ืคืึธืจื˜ ! ืคืึธืจื˜! 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืึธืจื˜ ! ืคืึธืจื˜, ื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ. ืคืึธืจื˜! -- ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ืฐืึธืก 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืจ! ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ืคึผืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ืจื ? ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš! ืคืึธืจื˜! ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื” ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ! 

ืฉื˜ื•ืื™-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


6. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 28ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1887 


| 111611001ืข)/ ื’ื -ืช ืž8ืขืกืกื– 121ืข8ืขื™ื“ืกืกื” 11 
ืขื”ืขืงืก8ืกื– 8ื–ืกืขืžืกื–ืง28 ื’ืžื” ื–ืขืกืกื“ืฆื™ ,ืกืฆื•ื”ื–ืžื“?) !ื™ื™ื”ืžืกื•ื•ืขื ...ืกืืžืชืกืฆืก 2 
112 /.ื–ืขืืกืกืขืง-ืกืช 60004 ืฉื—ื’ื ืกื–ืขืช 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื”' ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ... ืคึผืึธืœืึธื–ืฉื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ืึธ; ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืึทืŸ ืขื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ? 

ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– ? ืกืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–. ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ? ืคืึทืจ ื›ึผืžื”-ื•ื›ึผืžื” ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. 

ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ? ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ ืื™ื–,.. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืืฆืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื ื• ื”' ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื‘ืขืจื’ (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ, ืงืกื˜ืึทื˜ื™, ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืึธืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ), ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ ืื™ื– -- ืึท ืคื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืึธื˜ื ืึธืกื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืกืคึผืขื™ืง868086. ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธ ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜: 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืก;ืงืฅืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ, ืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืจื•ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื˜ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืกืš ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืคื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืึทืœืข ืึทืจืฑืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ; ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึทื– 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืื•ืกื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื ืึธืš ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ (ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื) ืžืกืชึผืžื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืจื™ื– ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช... 

ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ (ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืจืฉ"ื™ื™: ื˜ืฉืึธืจื˜ 
ื™ืขืฐื•ืึธ ืคึผืจื™ื ื™ืึธืก), ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš. 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก? ื•ืœืืฉ ืžื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืฉื”? 

ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืคืึทืš: ืžืข ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ; ืžืข ืฉื™ื ื“ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื˜, ืžืข ื˜ืจืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ 
ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ; ืžืข ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจืฐืฒึทื–ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™... ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ? 

ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ (ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 51 ,,ืค"ื‘") ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืึธื“ืึธืฐื™ืฆืข ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื’ื–ืœืŸ" -- ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ -- ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ; ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ (ื ื™ื˜ 


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ืฆื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื– ืฉืœื•ืืงืฆืœืœื›ื 


ืืžืชืขืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ?), -- ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžืžืฉ ืžื—ื™ื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื•ืคืกื™ (ื“ื™ ื ื™ื›ืคึผื” ื–ืึธืœ 
ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ!) -- -- -- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื”ืึทืจืฅ, -- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึธืจืขืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท 
ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึทืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืื•ืกืข, ื”ืขืกืœืขื›ืข ื—ื•ื–ืง-ืžืึทื›ืขืจืฒ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, 
ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืคืึธืจืขื ืืึทื–"ื•, 

... -- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจืก ื ืึทืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื–ืŸ ? ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ื•ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื‘, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืคืึธืจื˜! ืคืึธืจื˜! ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื” ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ! 


ืฉืœื•ื ืคืœื™ื›ื 


.0.8 ื”. ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, -- ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ื’ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ; ืกืงืขืก ืึทื– ืึท ืžื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืกืฅ 38 0606 826ื™ืกื–ื12ืŸ. 


7, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 4ื˜ืŸ--5ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1888 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึทืŸ! 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืœื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ; ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ืžื•ื– ืืฒึทืš ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. -- 

ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ื˜ื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ื˜ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 1ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœืขื ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึทืคื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื•ื 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ! ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึท ืคึผืœื’-ื’ื•ืฃ, ื“ืขืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ. ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ,ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜", ืื•ืŸ 
,ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜", ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื”ื™ืฅ -- ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš ื”ืขื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึทืจื•ื ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื“ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืขื ืข 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ : , ืื•ื™, ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท, ื‘ืึธื–ืฉืข ืžืึธื™! ื‘ืึธื–ืฉืข ืžืึธื™!... -- ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื‘ืจืขืงืขืœืข ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืฆื™ื ืงืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœืขืš ืคืœืขื›ื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืฆืขืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ 


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ืฆืคื”ื™ืฐื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœืงื ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืกืข ืคืึทืจื’ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ: -- ืกืึทื˜ื™, ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท, ื“ื™ืข ื˜ืฐืึธื™ืึท ืงืึทืกืึท -- ื›ืึท-ื›ืึทื“ื›ืึท 1 

ื ืึธืจ... ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœื ืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฉืžืฒึทืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ 
ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ! 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื ืขื ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืึทืš, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ ! ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ,,ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื‘, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขื ืœืขืš, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื ืึทืœืึธ- 
ื’ื™ืฉ! ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืึทื– ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึทื”ืึทื ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืง (ืึทื–ืฑื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืœ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืงืขืก), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืึธืคึผื™ืจื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช -223 2010 ,ืขื–ืขืกืกืชืืกืช 2:8261:0164 ืกื”ืขื ืขื›ื›ื ื’ืขืขืฆืก02ืก8 ืขืก!ืืŸ 
ืžื–ื™ืกืกื–ืขืฆื™ืขืง 5806 ืกื ืกื–ืช ,02ืืก ืกื  061 1118 1160110286 ื“ืก 18 151100/ืก 8111 ืงื” 
ื™ืฆืš.1 ื–ืข 1686 8 ืขืžืข 80090216 ืž. ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’, ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉ, ื“"ืจ ืกืงืึธืžืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื’ืจืขื˜ืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš 
ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆืจื•ืช ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
,ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”" ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,,ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ". ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืื’ื‘-ืื•ืจื—ื, ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืกืงืึธืžืึธืจืึทืฐื™ืฅ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึท ื‘ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขืฅ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ื–ื™ ื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผื™ื™-ืฆื“ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ 
ืึท ื›ึผืœื”, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื”ืึธื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืœื•ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืœืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืึทื– ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืขืŸ: ืžืจื•ืฅ ืื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“"ืจ 
ืคึผืจ' ื’ืจืขืฅ! ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜: ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขืฅ, ื’ืจืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš -- ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื›ึผืœื” ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท , ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ"! ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืคึผืขืจืขืคึผื™ืกืงืึท ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืขืฆืŸ! -- ืื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ?... ืึทืš, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, ืึท ืกืš ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ! ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ; ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”ื™'ื™ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื!ึผ 
ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง ืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•, ื“ืึธืก ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืก ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ื’ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธื˜, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ, 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืกืš ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืจืขื“ืŸ! ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
6ื ื™ื’ื›ืŸืกืข ื’ืืกืช ,2460630 ืฅืข 1. ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ? 


ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ื•ื‘, 7ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1888 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 
ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื‘. ืžืฒึทื ืข ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ -- ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก; ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืฒึทืŸ. ื ืึธืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก , ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืงื—ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืขืŸ --- ืงืึธืŸ 


273 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืฐืŸ ืฉืœื”ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜; ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฉืžืฒึทืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท , ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข" ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ! ืกืข ืื™ื– ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ -- 
ื—ืึทืฉืงืข ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจืงืข (ื—ืึทืฉืงืขืก), ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืข, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ. ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืจ, ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ,ื“ืึธืก 
ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข". ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜? -- ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืกืง ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื˜ -- -- --". ื’ื•ื˜ ? 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข -- ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜! ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจื•ื 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืง ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึท 
ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื-ื™ื™ึทื“, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘. ืกืข 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืกืฒึท ืฐื™ ืกืฒึท ืœื™ื‘ ; ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืœื™ื‘... == -- == 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ" ืฆื•ื ืกืžื™ืง. ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืึทืงืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ืข (ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื” ?). ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืž"ืจืŸ, ื‘ืขืงืขืจืžืึทืŸ ืื“"ื’ืœ. 
ืึธืŸ ืœืฆื ื•ืช: ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ? ืกืข ืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ; ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืžืึทื›ื˜, 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืžื™ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, 
ืžืึทื“ืึทื ืœืขืจื ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืขืก ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. 
ื“ื™ , ื–ื™ืกืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช" ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืง. ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืชึผื ื•ืขื” -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื ื™ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื• ? 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ 1 -- ืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืข ืึธืคึผ, ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžื•ื ื™ื•, ื“ื™ ืงื ืขืคึผืขืœืขืš, ืœื™ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš, ืคึผื™ืฆืขืœืข, ืฆื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ื‘ืจืขืงืขืœืข, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ 
ืจื‘ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืคึผื™ืฆืงืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข: 
-- ืึท ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืข, ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ! 
ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข, ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื›ืŸ! 
ืึท ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืข, ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืžืึทื›ืŸ! 
ื ืขืžื˜, ืจื‘ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืงืึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืง: ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ! ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ!.. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทื ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท: ืื™ืš ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข 
ืฉืžืฒึทืกื˜ ืžื™ืš, 
ื ื•, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ืฉืข, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก. ื“ืขื ,ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ" ืึทืฐื“ืื™. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9, ืฆื• ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 7ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1888 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจ ! 

ืžื›ืชึผื‘ืš ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืขืชึผืงื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืชื™, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืž"ืจ ืืกื™ืจ 
ืชึผื•ื“ื” ืึทื ื™ ืœืš ื•ืœื—ืชื ืš. ื•ืื•ืชื• ืึทื ื™ ืึทื‘ืงืฉ, ืฉื™ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืžื™ืกื—ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื, ืฆื™ ืขืก 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืฉืž"ืจืก ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš: ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ! 

ืœืึธื– ืžื™ืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืžื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ืœ? ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืึธื‘ื™ืึทืกื ื™ืขื ื™ืขืก ื•ืœื™ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื™, 
ืฆื™ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงืœื•ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ? 

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข (ืœืึธื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ , ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ื ื™ื˜ 
, ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขื ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" -- ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš! ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืœื™ื‘ !) ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, 

ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืกื™ (ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ) ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืชึผืœ! ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ (ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข 
ืžืœื•ืžื“ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื!) ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืœืึทืฃ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคึผื˜ื™ืฆืึท ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ ? ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ืžื•ืจื ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกื•ื“ ? ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš! 


0, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


5 1, 1888 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜, -- ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื“"ืจ ืกืงืึธืžืึทืจืึธืฐื•ืกืงื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
, ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ", ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืค"ื‘". ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจืขืจ ื’ืึทืก" ืื™"ื” ื‘ืขื’ืœื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ื‘ ื•ืืžืจื• ืืžืŸ! ืข"ื› ืขื•ืฉื•! ื—ื•ืฉื•! ื’ืฉื•! 
ืคึผื•ืฉื•! ื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”", ืื™ืŸ ,,ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" ืื•ืŸ 
ื“"ื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ,, ื™ื•ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื‘". 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืกืืกืกื,, ืงื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”. 
-- ืึท ืจืฆื™ื—ื”! ืึท ืจืึทื–ื‘ืฑ! ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคึผืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ: ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืฉืคึผืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึท ืชึผืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืขืก, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜! ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ, ื ืขืžื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ -- 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


175 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


,2 ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื•ื• ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื ื’ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
,ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจืขืจ ื’ืึทืก"... 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


8ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1888 


ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! 

ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง! ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง! ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ืึทืฉื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืข, ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื•ื•ื“ืข 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ! ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, -- ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜: ืกืข ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืกืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืกืข ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืึทืœืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ; ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ : ืคืึทืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืœืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. 

ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜, ืขืจื ืกื˜, ืืžืช, ื”ืึทืจืฆืœืขืš -- ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึทืฉื•ื‘-ื”ื“ืขืช /ื–ืืกืคืขืกืคืฆืฅืฆ ืก, 
ื–ืืกืื”ืกืฉ 6, ื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ 
ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืžืึทื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืึธื˜ืŸ.. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜, ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ, ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ืึธืจ ื•ื™ 
ืึท ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืจืึทืฉื˜ืฉืึทื™ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื 
ืคึผืจ' ื’ืจืขืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ; ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฆืขืคืœืึทืงืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื— ืžื™ื˜ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื›ื ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฉืคึผื”... ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆืขืจ-ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื–ื”-ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ,ืึทื“ื•ื ื™ 
ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ! ื ืขื ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื™ื›ื ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจื™ื ืขืŸ ! ืคืึทืจืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜", ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš, ื“ืขืจื‘ืึทืจืขื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืฒึทื‘-ืื•ืŸ- 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืข ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ --- ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ! ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ?" 
ืืึทื–ืฒื•, 

ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ! ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืกืงืึธืžืึทืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ"-ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 5ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจืฐืฐื•ืึทืจืŸ 1888 

ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ ! 
ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข 
ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืกืข ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื‚ื™ื ืื”, ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–. ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉืœืึทืฃ 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืžืขืจืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคืึทืจื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจื˜. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 


16 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื: ืขื• ืœื›ื 


ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึทื ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืฉื™ื‘ืขื”", ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจื•ื ืžืึทืš ืื™ืš ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ืœืขื‘, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”, 
ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉ, 
ืงืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืคืึทืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ 
,ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜ืฒ, ื“ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– , ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืฉืขื‘ืจืขืŸ" ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืงืขืœืข -- ืื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ ื—ืฉืง, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื ืขืจื•ื•ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืกื˜ืฒึทืขืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื’ืึธืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื’ื ื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืคึผืจ'ืŸืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ} ื’ืจืขืฅ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืฐืึธืึธื‘ืฉื˜ืฉืข ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ ืข ืจ ืคืึธืจืžืข, -- ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคื™ืœ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ 
-- ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš : ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืกืฐืึธืœืึธื˜ืฉ, ื“ืขื ืจื•ืคื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจ' 
ื’ืจืขืฅ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืจืื•, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืžืจื•ืฅ ืื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืคึผืคืขืกืกืกืึธืจ 
ื’ืจืึทืึทื˜ืฅ! ื ื•, -- ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื—! 

ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืง (ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’) ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ (ืึท ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ : ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืจื“ืข ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืงืจื™ื˜ืงืข, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜!). ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ" ืื•ื™ืš. 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ,,ืค"ื‘" ? ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ? ืฐืึทืจื˜ 
ืฆื•, ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท'ืœืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืž- 
ืฆืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืŸ ื›ึผืขืก ืื™ื– ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื”... 

ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’"ืค. ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 


ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2 ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื• (20ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1888| 


ื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“, ื”ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 
ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ , ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ" -- ืึตื™ืึธ? ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข 
ื“ืขืจืฆื• ? ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ืจื‘ืŸ -- ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ืžื–ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš 
ืœื™ื‘. ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืคึผ: 
ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืœื™ื’ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ืขื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืข ืžื•ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืฒื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, 


277 


ื˜ืจื™ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœ-ื›ื 


ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืข ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื•ืงืขื˜, ืึท , ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ" (ืฆืจื•ืจ 
ืคึผืจื—ื™ื) ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื–"ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข 
ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš , ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืึธืŸ ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ" -- ืกื˜ื™ื›ืึธื˜ืฐืึธืจืขื ื™ืข ื•ื• ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื’ืขื ื™ืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื•-ื“ืข-ืžืึธืคึผืึทืกืึทืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข ื–ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ื‘ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืึทื›ืฆืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืงืœืขืš, 
ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืœืขืš, ื ืึทื•ื•ืขืœืขื›ืœืขืš : 


1. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืฉืžื”ืœืขืš. 2. ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. 3. ืึท ื”ืขื–ื” ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ! 4. ืึธื— ืœืฆืจื”. 5. ืขืกื˜ืขืจืก 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 6. ืื™ืš ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš. 7. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ. 8. ื”ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื. 9. ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืืš-ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, 
0. ื™ืึธืกืœ ืคึผืึทื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜. 11. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืงื ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 12. ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธืœืง. 13. ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจืฅ. 14. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 15. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ. 16. ื›ึผื•ืชืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื™. 17. ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. 
8. ืขืง ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 


ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ, ืึทื– ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก, -- ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืกืง ? 


ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ? ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืึธืคึผ ืฆื•ื ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐื•ืึธืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึท ืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ? ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, ืจืึธืกืงืึธืฉื ืข 
ืื•ื™ืคืœืึทื’ืข, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ? ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืกื—ืจ. 


ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืึท ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข, ืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืฒืกืŸ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืืฑื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 2000 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ -- -- -- ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื”-ืกื•ื—ืจ. ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฉื˜: ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง. 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 2000 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ื™ืš. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ -- ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืฆื”, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ: ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜; 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขืŸ 1500 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 500 ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืคึผืœืึทื ืขืŸ -- ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทืš ืื•ื™ืก ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข, ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื™ืึธ-ื™ืึธ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ-ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึธืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, 
ืึธืŸ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช, ืึธืŸ ื™ืขื–ืฉืขืœื™ืก, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ? 


ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ืกื—ืจ --- ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืฉืž"ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืก, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื‘ืฉื‚ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘- 
ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืŸ , ืคื•ื ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ-ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื›ืขืจ" ืฉืž"ืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆืขื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฆืขืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ, ืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืžื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื™ืฆืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ- 
ื“ืขืœืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฉืงืขืœืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจืœ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉืž"ืจ ืื™ื–. ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


18 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžื™;ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึธืขื•ื•, 5ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1888 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ 
ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ื”"ื‘. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืึท ืžื–ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื‘ ! 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืจื’ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ืฉ ? ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืขืœืข. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข 
ืึท ื–ื™ื“ ื˜ืึธืŸ -- ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ -- ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ -- ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืกืŸ 
ืฆืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 
, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ืึธืš, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, --- ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืฉืฐืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข"... 
ืกืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ. ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืก -- ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ , ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ" ืžื™ื˜ ,ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข? ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืจืึทืžื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืขื˜. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื™ืจ ืคึผืจื™ื–ื ืื™ืขื˜, 
ืึทื– ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื™ืึธ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื›ื•ื“ืึธื–ืฉื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืกื˜ื™ื›ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผืึธืขื˜? ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ? ื˜ื•ืจื’ืขื ื™ืขื•ื• ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜? ืงืึทืจืœ ืขืžื™ืœ 
ืคืจืึทื ืฆืึธื– ื ื™ื˜ ? ื—ืœื™ืœื” ! ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื™ืึธ ืึท ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืกืข ื’ืจืึทืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื. 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ! ื“ืขืจื•ื, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ" ืื™ื– ืกื˜ื™ื›ืึทื˜ืฐืึธืจืขื ื™ืข ื•ื• ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื›ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจืก ืคึผืจืึธื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. ืงืœืึธืจ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ! ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ืึธื•ื•ืข- 
ืœืขืœืขืš ืื™ื ืขื ,,ื”ืืกื™ืฃ" (ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ) ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ" ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืฐืขืœืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ืึธืŸ ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทื˜ื•ืœืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ืฉื˜ืจืึทื-ื’ืจืึทื 
ืžืึทืš ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืœืขื˜ื ื™ืง" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืึท ืคึผืึธืขื˜. ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉื‚ื›ืœ? ืึทื™ืึธ ? 
ื”ื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5 ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 5ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1888 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! 
ืกืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืึทืฐืขืงืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืœืขื˜ื ื™ืขืก. ืžื™ืœื 
ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื™ืึธ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื™ืึธ ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื" ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". 
ืœืึทืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ: ืœืึธื– ืืฒึทืš ืœืขื•ื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 


9 


ื‘ืจืœื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


0 ืืึธืจ ; ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึทืคึผื˜ืฉืข. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ? ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืก 
ืึท ืฐืขืจืง ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ? 

ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืฉืฐืขืจืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ื”, ืึทื– ืชึผื•ืž"ื™ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืขืก 
ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืœื ืฉื•ื ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื ืคืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ; ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜: ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืฑืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื•ืจื ื ื™ื˜ !... 

ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื“ืจืึทืงืข: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื“ื–. 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ืึทื“ืฐืขื‘ื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,ื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึทืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื -ื -ืึทื ื“ืขืจ, ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทื˜ืŸ-ืžืึทื›ืขืจ! 


ืฉืœื•ื ืคืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆื• ื™ืฆื—ืง-ื™ื•ืืœ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 19ื˜ืŸ--20ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1888 

| 1116111111ืข1/. ืžืŸ8ืฅืกืกืช โ€ 8814 ื’ืขื™ื™ืกืกืชื–ืข1/1 
ืชืกื•ืช 116 2 ;ืžื”ืกืขื— ืชืกื–ื 116 ืกื–ืฆื™ ืขื–ืืกืกืช ,ืงืกื ืฆืขืก ืกื” ื–ืื’ื ื—ื”ืกืขื 116 51 
3 ื–ื’ื ื—ืžื–ืขืก 26 ืกื“ืฉ ,ืขื–ืืกื“ืกื ื–ืื’ ืžืขื’ืกืขืช 2, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืื• ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ ื•ื•ืข- 
ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ -- ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? 

ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืขื ื™ื ื ื•, ืึธืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืึทืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื (ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš...), ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืงื•ื ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืก'ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ (ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ!). ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืคืึท ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืึท ื’ืึทืกื˜ ืจื‘ ื ืึทื›ืขืžื˜ืฉืข ืžืขืึทืจืขื›ืึธื•, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“"ืจ ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธืฐืกืงื™, 
ืึท ื’ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ืึทื– ืึท ื–ืึท ืžืึธืœืึธืงืึธืกืึธืก, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš, 
ื–ืึธืœ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ 
,ืืจื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”". | 

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื•ืœ, 8ืžื” 18ืขืชื–ืขื›ืŸืก โ€ 38ืงืขื–ืขืก0) 
0038 0ืกืข326, ืึทื– ืกืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืคึผืœืึทืคึผืœืขืŸ: ืกืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื ืฒึทืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฑืคื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื” ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืงื”ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก, ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืึทืฐืฑ ืึทื– ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืจืœ ื˜ืžื ืคืึทืจืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ; ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื˜ืจื•ื ืง-ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืงืœืขื˜ืฉ.. ืื•ื™ืš ื•ืœ ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื, ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึทืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื ืขื•ืœื, ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืฒึทื’. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื”ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืคืฑืœืŸ: ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ืืฒึทืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ?... ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ: 
ืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืกืฆืขื ืงืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืก, 
ืื™ื ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ,,ืฐื™ื‘ืึทืจืขืก" -- ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜? -- ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืก ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืขื˜ืก, ืื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ? -- ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฒึท ืขืจ ื’ืข ืฉืžืึทืง. ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ,ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข". ืฆื™ ืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ. ืฆื™ ืกืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืขืก, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทืœืก ืื™ืš, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืœืก ืื™ืš. ื ืึธืจ ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ึผื— ืืœ ื”ืคึผื•ืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ -- ื“ืึธ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ : ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ? ืœืžืึทื™? ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคื™ืœ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื• ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืŸ? -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืกืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ืืฑืฃ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ืŸ ืึทื– ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ 
--- ื’ืฐืึทืœื“! --- ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืšึฐ!!! 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก (ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืกืข ืึท 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืขืžืขืก ?), ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื‘ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก: ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. 

ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ -- ืึตื™ืึธ -- ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ? 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš 

ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7. ื˜ืฆื•ื ื•ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1888 


ืึทื“ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™! ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ -- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืœื›ืขืจ ? ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข? -- ื ื™ื™ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก 
ืงื™ื ื“! ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก -- 
ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืœื›ืขืจ ? ืกืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ? ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”- 
ื”ืฉื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืึธืžืŸ! ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 20 ืฉืืœื•ืช, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
0 ืึทืคื™ืœื• 200 --- ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ื ื™ืฉื˜. 


181 


ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื” ืฉืœื˜ื-ืฆ ืงื™ื›ื 


ื ืึทืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืจื˜: 

ื) ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืฆื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื‘ืึทืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜. 

ื‘) ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“, ื‘ื™ื– ืกืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ. 

ื’) ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืกื‘ืึธืจื ื™ืงืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืคืึทืจืฉืžืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ื“) ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ื‘ื–ื™ืœ-ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื. 

ื”) ื“ื™ ื–ืึทื˜ืฒื™ืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. 

ื•) ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืข ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 

ื–) ืึทืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืžื™ืœืš ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 

ื—) ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜. 

ื˜) ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืึท ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ. 

ื™) ืื™ืš ืฆืึธืœ (ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ึผืกืคึผื™) ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ 2 ื‘ื™ื– 10 
ืง' ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 10 ื‘ื™ื– 20 ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. 

ื™ื) ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืึทืจืฑืกื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืœื•ืึทื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื ื™ืคื”ืœืขืš. 

ื™ื‘) ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืกื‘ืึทืจื ื™ืง ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœื ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก (ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ), ื’ืึทื ืฆืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืฐื•ืขืœืขืก, ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก) 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืก ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืฉื‚ืคื”. 

ื™ื’) ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื’ื™ืขื ืข, ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ื™ื“) ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœื™ืึทืจื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึทืจืฐื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจืขื, ื‘ืึธืงืœ ืžื™ืœ, ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ 
ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ืขื•ื“, 

ื˜ื•) ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืงืึทืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืจื˜: ืกืข ืื™ื– ืกืฆืง:ืช ื–ืืกืื–ืฉืขื—.). ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงืึทืœื™ืข ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ืขืจืก ื“ืขื ืžืึธื’ืŸ. 

ื˜ื–) ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืึทื“ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ ? --- ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜: ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“, 
ืึท ืงืึทืจื˜ื™ื ืงืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 0218 .ื—4200 23 ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
, ืฐื™ื‘ืึธืจืขืก" ; ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื ื™ืคื”, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 

ื™ื•) ืกืข ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื0ืก126246868-ืกืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืคึผืจืึทืš 
ืงื–ืืกืืกื–ื•ืขืงื”ืกื–ื˜-ืกื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืึทืจืึธื“, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื•ืช, -- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืฑืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืžืฒึทื ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ. 

ื™ื—) ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืฒึทืก ื ื™ื˜, ืœืžืึทื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื•ืช. 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก! 

ื™ื˜) ืืฒึทืขืจืข , ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ" ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฑื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื‘ืึทืœืฑื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืขืœ ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื–ื•ืžืŸ 

ื›) ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื“ืจืฒึท, ืคื™ืจ, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข, ื‘ืœื™ืขื ื“ืข, ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, 
ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 20 ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืึธืคึผืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฐืขื˜ 


182 


ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืืœื”, ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ 
ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ืจืขื’, 

ื ื•, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ? ืึทื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืš ื‘ืŸ ืึทืžืชืš ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 

.8.? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืฒึท ืข ืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื• {(29ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1888| 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 
ืฐืึธื˜ ื˜ื™ืขื‘ื™ืข ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช! ื ืึท ื“ื™ืจ ืึท , ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืž"ืจืŸ! ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ,, ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืก" ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ -- ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ, ืึท , ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ืขื ื˜" ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืึธื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืฉืž"ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ 
ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื’ืขื ื™ืขื•ื•, ื–ืึธืœืึท, ื“ื™ืงืขื ืก ืื“"ื’ืœ! ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข, ืืžืชืข 
ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ -- ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ(?:::::). ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื– ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ืขื ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืž"ืจืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืง -- ื’ืจืึทื“ืข ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืœื™ 
ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืž"ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช -- ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื ืึทืงืึทื–ืึทื ื™ืข ืคืึทืจืŸ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ืขื ื˜... ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ? ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ืคื™ืฉ, ืึท ื–ืฉืึทื‘ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ืขืก! ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ?! ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื’ื™ื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื–ืฐื•ืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง ื“ืขื ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื ืืžื ื•ืช ! (ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ? ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜!..). ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ื’ืžืจื ื–ืึธื’ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,, ืžืื‘ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื“ืขืช" -- ืกืึท 
ืžืฉืœ ืœืขืžืขืฉืงืข! ืกืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืคึผืึทื˜, ืึท ืคึผื™ืคึผืขืจื ืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืื™ื ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ -- ื•ืืชื ืžื—ืฉื™ื ?! ื’ืฐืึทืœื“!!! ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš 
ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื™ื™ึทื“ืขืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ื—ื‘ืจื” (ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธืŸ ืชึผ...--ืœืขืงืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”) ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืึท ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ื•ื™ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืžื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฃ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ", ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
,ืงื ืชืจื™ื™ (ืฐื•ื™ ืœ. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื). ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ืŸ : ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ? -- ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืึทืœ, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืœ, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืกื-ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืึธืกืŸ... ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ : , ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ! ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืขืก ืื•ื ื“ื– ?"... 
ืึท? ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ? ืœื›ื ื•ืœื ืœื•-ื•-ื•-ื• ?... (ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื”). ื’ืฐืึทืœื“! 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ! ืžืข ื™ืœ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืชึผืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ! 
ืžืข ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœื˜ืขื ืขืก! ืžืข ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืจืฉื™ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื– ! ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ื ืขืžื˜ ืึท ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ,, ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื‘ืœืึทื˜", ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ!.. ื ืึทืจ ืกืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜? ืึทื‘ื™ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผื•ืคึผื™ืงืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืจื•ื˜ ? 
ื”ืึทืจื˜ ื–ืฉืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื˜ืฒืœืŸ!!! ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ! ื˜ื•ื˜! ืจื™ืจื˜ 


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ืคืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ! ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื–ื™ืš ! ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜, ืึทื– ืกืข ืจื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืกืข ืจื™ืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื”ืึทืจืฅ! ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ!.. ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜! 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ! 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5. ื”' ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทืฐืขืงืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืขืงืกืคึผืœืึธืึทื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืืฑืฃ ืึท ื˜ืึทื‘ืœื™ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึท -- -- --.. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš! 
ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื ! 


9. ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


1 ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 1ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1888 
ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”' ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! 1 

ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืจืขืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื— ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื–ืึทื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืจื™ืžืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ 
ื—ืฃ ืื ื™ ืžืคึผืฉืข, ื ืงื™ ื•ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ื•ื–ืš ื•ื›ื•ื™, ื ืึธืจ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื ื• ื”' ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืงืฉื”. ื ืึธืจ ืืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืŸ 
ื•ืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชื, ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜, ืึทื– ืกืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืกื•ื“-ืกื•ื“ื•ืช. ื“ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืึท ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืช, 
ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”-ื–ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึทืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืก ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ; ืœืขื•ืฐื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึทืฉ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื•ื™ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขืœื™ืฉ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืœื ืขื 
8ืง83ืง, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ื’ื•ืคื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ , ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ื" ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืฒึทื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒื™ื–... 

ืข"ื› ืžืฆืืชื™ ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขื™ืจืš, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืœืคื ื™ืš, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืช 
ืœื‘ืš, ืฉืœื ืชื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื“ืš ืืคืงื™ื“ ืกื•ื“ ื›ืžื•ืก ื›ื–ื” -- ืขื“ ืขื“ืŸ ื•ืขื“ืŸ. 

ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืชึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื“ื ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ? ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 4-2 ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" -- ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ; ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื’ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืขืคื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืึทืš ืึทืจื•ืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืžืขืจืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึธื’ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ! ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืš, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ! ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืขืงืฉืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืจื˜? ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉืฑืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘, ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืึท ืฉืคึผืฒึท ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, -- ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืžื™ื˜ ืžื–ื—ืก 
ืฐืึธืงืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ-ืขื’ืœื” ืื•ืœืจื™ืš ืงืึทืœืžื•ืก ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ! 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, ื–ืึธืœ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื" ืึทืฐืขืงืœืฒื’ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืฉืขืจ-ืื•ืŸ-ืืฒึทื–ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืขืง, ืื•ื™ืก ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ? ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ืึท ื™ื•ืฉืจ ? ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืข ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ืฆืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืกืข ืงื™ืฆืœื˜ ? (ื”ืฅื‘ึผ ืฆืข!() ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ? ื ื™ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืฒึท , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ืขืœืŸ! 

ืžื” ืขืฉื” ,,ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื" ? ื”ืœืš ื•ืžืกืจ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื -- ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ 
ืึท ื ืฒึทืก: ืึท ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฉืึทื ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคึผืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืกืข ืžื•ื– ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื—ื“ืฉื™ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึธืก, ืื•ืŸ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื" ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ื“ืกื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืœื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆืขืคึผืœืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื ื“ืึทืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ื™ึดึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื‘ืึธืจื ื™ืง -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ืฆื™ืึทืฆืงืข, 
ื ืึธืจ ืึธ ืŸ ืึธื‘ื™ืึทืฐื•ืœืขื ื™ืขืก, ืึธืŸ ืคึผืฑืงืขืจืฒึท, ืึธืŸ ื˜ืึทืจืขืจืึทื, ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืืฑืกื ืึทืจืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืก, 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึทืงืกืข ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื–, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื–ื›ื•ืช-ืึธื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื’ื™ืขืก; -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
-- ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืข ื›ืขืจ ื” ืึท ืœื‘ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ! 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืกืขืจืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก! ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ! ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืž' {ืžืึทืจืงืขืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืึทืฐืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืข ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื‘ืึธืจื ื™ืง: ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜.. 

ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช : 

1 -- ืขืฆื”ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื™ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 

2 -- ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืึทืœืขื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึทืคืึธืจื™ื–ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื•ื’ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืขืคึผื™ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืš ืึทื“"ื’ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืึท ื ืึธืฐืขืœืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืขืก ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆื•ื ื’ื™ื›ืกื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืžื™ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื”. 

ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืกื‘ืึธืจื ื™ืงืช ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืชึผื—ืช ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” 
ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•. 

ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ืœืคื™ ืขืจืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื ื™ืคื”ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ืขื–ื•ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ : ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ! ื™ืขื“ื ืก ืขืฆื” ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, ื™ืขื“ื ืก ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืง, ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืช ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืฒึทื–ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืŸ , ืขืœื™ื”", ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืขืจ 
ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืฅ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืฅ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™-ืึทื ื˜ื™ืคึผืึท- 
ืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืฅ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“, ืึทื–ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืึธืŸ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช, ืึธืŸ ืืฒื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืคึผืœืขืš, 
ืึธืŸ ื›ืžื•-ืžื™ืื•ืกืœืขืš ! ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืžืึทืš 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืงื™ื™ืŸ , ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜". ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืกืข ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืจื—ื•ื•ื”, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ 


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ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื -ืคืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืขืจืก, ื›ึผืžื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื“, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, 
ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ, ืฐืขืจ ืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืกืฒึท ืฐื™ ืกืฒึท. 

ื ื•, ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื˜? ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื–. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื—"ื• 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ , ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš". ืึท ืงืฉื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืง ?.. 

ื“ื™ ืึทืคืึธืจื™ื–ืžืขืŸ, ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื“ื™ ืึทืคืึธืจื™ื–ืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•: ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื ื™ื˜, ื—ื•ืฅ ืืฒึทืš. ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืชื•ืž"ื“ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ื•ื ื’, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืึทื˜, ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ; ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš; ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ! 

ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง, ืึทื– ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืงืฐืขืœืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ , ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืžืืกืฃ ื•ื›ื” 
ืžืืช ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ื›ื•'!" ืกืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืงืœืขื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืคื•ืคึผื™ืง, ื“ืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ืงืึทืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ... ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืงืึทืœื™ืข ืžืึทื›ืŸ! ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืžื™ืš 
ื’ืึทื˜; ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ ืคืึธืจืŸ ,ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ" ืื™ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" 
(ื”ื’ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœืขืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš...). 

ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืกืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืกื•ืš ืขื˜ืกืืกืง8 ืกื” ื–ืขืงืกืช ืกืช2 -- ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ:,ื–ืึธื’ื˜". 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš. 

ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ืคืจืขื’ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ: 

1 -- ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื‘ืœืึธื–ืฉืงืข, ื ืึธืจ 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืึธืฐื•ืงืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ? (1000 ืื•ืŸ 2000 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœ). 

2 -- ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ : ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜! ืœืžืฉืœ, 16 ืฆึดื™ 
2 ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ? 

3 -- ืฆื™ ืกืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ? 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ ! ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ -- ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืชืœ (ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ืžืœืขืš, 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ), ืฉืคึผืฒึทื˜ ืึธืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ื–ืึทื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืขืคึผืขืก, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืึทื–ืฒืฐ --- ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื˜ืื™ ื›ืฉื ื™ ื›ืฉืœื’ ื™ืœื‘ื™ื ื• --- ืื•ื– ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ื•ื˜-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ื“ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขืฆื”, ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฐืึธืจื˜, 
ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืคึผืจื™ืฅ, --- ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ืš! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8.ืช ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš , ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืึธื™ืข"! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ืคืึทืจ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื: ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ. 


186 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 
0, ืฆื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”-ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ 


ืงื™ื•ื‘, 7ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1888 

ืึทื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“, ื”' ื™"ืœ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ! 

ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืึทื“ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื‚ืคืชึผื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ืึทื ื™ ืขืจืœ-ืฉืคืชื™ื ืึทื ื›ื™? ืœื›ืŸ 
ื™ืกืœื— ืœื™ ืึทื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจ, ืื ืืจื”ื™ื‘ ืขื•ื– ื‘ื ืคืฉื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืฐื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืŸ-ื›ึผืคืจ. ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ืึท ืžืœื™ืฆื” ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ? ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ , ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ" ืงื•ืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืฃ. 

ืื™ืš, ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืœืึธื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืฐืขืœื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืกื‘ืึธืจื ื™ืง, 
ื›ึผืžื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜, ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื (ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืขืก ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ), ื ืึธืจ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืงืจืŸ ืฉืคืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช -- ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธืจืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. 

ืกืข ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืฐื•ึผ ืกืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ. ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืœืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื” (ืฐื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ?), 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืŸ ืฆืึธืœืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš 10 ืงืึธืคึผื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข, ืขืจ 
ืžืขื’ ืึทื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช; ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื›ึผืžืขื˜; ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ 
ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืจื•ืคืŸ ,ืขื ื›ึผืœ ื”ื ืขืจื™ื", ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 2 ื‘ื™ื– 5 ืงืึธืคึผ, ื ืึธืš 
ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืก: ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฑืกื ืึทืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš 
ื‘ืฒึทื ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง (ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•), ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืงื— 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ืฉ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื. ื’ืึธืจ ืคืฑื™ื’ืœื“ื™ืง! 

ืœื›ืŸ, ืึทื“ื•ื ื™, ืืœื™ืš ื ืคืฉื™ ืืฉื, ืœืš ืขื™ื ื™ ืชึผืœืฑื•ืช, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืกืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงื•ื•ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืฉืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืขืจื‘-ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึท ืงื™ืฆืœ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืข --- ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง, ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจืขืžืข ืคืึธืœืง, 
ืึทื– ,ืขืจ" ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ื’ืึธืจื“ืึทืŸ, , ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ", ืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ! 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืจืขื“ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš: ืคื•ืŸ 20 ืงืึธืคึผื™ ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืข ืฉื•ืจื”ืœืข ืฉื˜ืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 50 ืงืึธืคึผื™, ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ. 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš , ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ" ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœื˜; ืื™ืš ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ -- ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทื– ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืœื“ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื”ื’ื 
ื’ืึธื˜-ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš.. 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœ, ืฐืึทืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฒื™ื›ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, 


ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 
9. -- ื’ืฐืึทืœื“! ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจื˜ืึทืคึผ ืื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืž. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืœืขืš ? 


ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขื“ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆืึธืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ,ื—ื‘ืœ ืขืœ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืื‘ื“ื™ืŸ". ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื•ื™ืœื“, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง 
ืคืึทืœืกื˜ ื“ื• ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืขืงื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื–ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืงืฐืขื ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข. ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื•ืฆืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืขืฆื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ-ืึทืœืžืึทื ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ-ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“- 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ. 


1. ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


8ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1888 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™! 
ื‘ืœื‘ ืžืœื ื’ื™ืœ ื•ื—ื“ื•ื” ืงืจืืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื ืขื™ืžื™ื: ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ื‘"ื”! ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ื›ึผื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ืš ื•ืœืคึผืจื™ ืขืฉืชึผื ื•ืชื™ืš: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืžืฉืขื ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ืืคืฉืจ 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืขืจื‘ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ? 
ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ-ืžืึทื›ืขืจ ืฉืž"ืจ ืฆืขืคึผืœืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ! -- 
ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
,ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜..." ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ 8 ืึทืจื•ื ืึทืจืฑืก ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืฆืจื•ืจ 
ืคึผืจื—ื™ื", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง , ืฉื™ื‘ืขื”" ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืœื™ื’ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื–"ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืฒึท, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืžืข ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•,. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉืขืคื˜ืขืœ ื‘ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ื ืขืžื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ 16 ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืึทื˜ (ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ,, ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“") ืคืึทืจ 1000 ืขืงื–' 27 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึธื‘ืœืึธื•ืฉืงืขืก; ืคืึทืจ 2000 ืขืงื–ื™ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื ืึธืจ 20 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? --- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืจื™ืฅ! 
ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกื‘ืึธืจื ื™ืง 
ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ (ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš...) ืฐื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงืจื•ื ? ืื™ืš 
ืฐืึทืจื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผืžื™ื“, 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ืึทื‘ืจื”ื-ืฉืœื•ื ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 12ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1888 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจ-ืฉืœื•ื! 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, 


ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทื‘ืœ: 


188 


ื‘ืงื™ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื‘ืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ.. ืืึทื–"ื•. 


ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืœืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจืกืึธืŸ? ื—ืชื ื™ 
ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


3 ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•ึน 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 29ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1888 


ื‘ืฒึทืœืฒื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ , ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ", ืึธื“ืขืจ , ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืงืขื˜", ืค ืขืจื–ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืฆื• ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ), ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“". 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ; ืขืจืฉื˜ ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”' ืงืึทืœืžืึทื ืกืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืขื•. 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืกืš ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ -- ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. 

ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ 
,ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื–ื". ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš, ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ (ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ), ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืขื ื”ื˜, 
ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืžื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืึทืจื˜ืึทืžืขื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ,,ื”ืงื“ืžื”" ื‘ืึทืฆืฒื™ื›ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงืœืึธืจ ื“ืขื ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, 

ื‘ื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืฐื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืชืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 


ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงึดื™ืขื•ื•, 8ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1888 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™ ืจื‘ ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 
ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง! ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง!! ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง!!! 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก! ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ? ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื ื”ืขืจ 


189 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื-: ืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืง ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 22--22 ,,ืคืึทืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜". ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง!!! ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ื’ืจื™ื ื’, ืงืœื•ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜! ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง!!! 
ืึดื™ืŸ ื›ึผื•ื— ื‘ืขึทื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ (ืžืึทืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“!) ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขืš, ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜, ื•ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ืคื ื™ื! ืœืึธื– ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธื˜ ืœืฒึทื˜ื–ืขืœื™ื’ืŸ, ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจ, ื•ืฐื•ืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš, 
ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ ื•ื™ ืึท ื—ื“ืจ-ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ! ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืœื•ื ื’ืคืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืžืจืขื›ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื  ืึทืกื™ืœื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท... ืื•ื™, ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื (ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜) ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’... ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’? ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจืขืฉืข ืžื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ --- ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ืกืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืกืข ืคึผืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข... ืื•ื™, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืจืขื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืจืขื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜!! ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืึธืžืขืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ! ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืงืขืœืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ึผืจื•ืš-'ื”ืฉื, ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜, ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ 2000 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืงืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜... 
ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืกืง (ื“ืขื ืกื‘ืึธืจื ื™ืง) -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ื‘ืฒึท 28--29 ื™ืึธืจ (ืžืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™: ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ืึทืžืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ). 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ" ? ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึทืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื•ื’ -- 
ืคึผืึธื–ื“ืจืึทืฐื•ืœื™ืึทื™ื• ืฐืึทืก! ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืคื™ืฆื™ืจืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืžื™ืกืŸ ? ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคึผื™ืฆืงืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื‘ืง ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื• ื™ืฆื—ืง-ื™ื•ืืœ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ 


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ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ ื ืจื• ืœืื™ืจ! 
ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ืฆื•, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก 


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ื‘ื”ื™ืฐื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื”ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืึทืจืฆืฒึทืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘, ื“"ื”: ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท 
ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜, 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื’ืฒื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• , ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœื˜" ืื•ืŸ ,,ื’ืขืงื™ื ืฆืœื˜". ืžื™ืœื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ? ืœืึธื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ! 

ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ? ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก? ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ื ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื“: ืฉื™ืง ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง! ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื“ืข ื“ืขื ืืžืช, ืึทื– ืขืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ , ืขื•ื›ืจ-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ" ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื ืขืžื˜ 
ืขืก ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืขืœื˜-ืขื ื™ืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ), 

ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื–ืข ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• 
ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ,, ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”"/(!) ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืกื›ึผื™ื, ื“ืขืŸ ืึทื– ื ืฒึทืš 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื‘, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื—ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื™ื ืื” ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ (ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืœื , ื“ื•") ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืจื™ึดืขืจ ; 
ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื™ื–, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื”' ืฐืึทืœืฃ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืจืง, ื ืฒึทืขืจื˜ 
ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ื, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”? -- ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื‘ืจื, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื’ื ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ืึทื”ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืฐืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืึทืจืฒึทื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื™ืึทืจ; ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ! ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ? ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜; ืžืึทืœืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืกืš! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ืก ,ื ืึธื›- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ" ืคื•ื ืขื ,ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœื˜ 40 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืก 
ืื™ืš ืฆืึธืœ 10 ืง' ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืจ ืึทืœืก 50 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ? ืึทื– ,ืขืจ" ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ !.., 

ื ื•, ืžื™ืœื, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜? ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืฆืขื˜ืฒื™ืœืŸ ? ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 2 ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื 
ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ; ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืœื™ืข-ืžืึทื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœืข ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทื ื˜ืฒืœืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึท 5. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืขืก ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 2 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ืš, ื’ืึธืจ ื’ื™ืš, ื ืึธืš ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸื“ืขืžื™ืก ืขืจ ืฉื˜ ืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื™ืฃ ืขืก ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ (ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช), 
ื“"ื” ืึทืœืข 1000 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ืœื™ื‘ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ืชึผื•ืžื™ื™ (ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃื™ื•ืžื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึทืจืึทืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข 1000 
ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืก? ืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื ื• ืžื–ื” ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ? ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ? ืื™ืš ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฆืขืงืจื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ (ืื™"ื”), ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ (ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกื‘ืึธืจื ื™ืง) ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ; ื•ื‘ืื ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžืขืจ ืึทืœืก ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆืึธืœืŸ 10 ืงืึธืคึผื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื”, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืืฆืœื›ื ืึท ื›ืึธืคื”ืฒื™ืขืจ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืงืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื’ืจื™ื–ืฉืขืŸ? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืžืช ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ ื•ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืชื•ืž"ื™; ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื“ื™ 3 ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืชื•ืž"ื™ -- ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื”ืจืฉืื”, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืึท ืฆื™ื ื“ ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”; ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื  ื™ื™ ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืœืขืš... 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ (ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ืžืŸื“ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืกื˜ืึทืจืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ืฆื•ื–ืึธื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžื™ืจ, ื›ึผื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื” 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื ื“ !.,). ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜: ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืกื˜ืข 2 ืึธื“ืขืจ 4 ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ืš: ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื”ืจืฉืื”, ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 25ืขืจ 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืึธื“ืขืจ, ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ -- ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜! ืขื—ืกืื ืฅืก8 ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ? ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ 
ื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฆืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ, ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 125 ืจื•"ื› ? ื ื™ืžืฆื, ืึทื– ืกืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท 
ืฆื•ื“ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืก ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ.. ืœืึธื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ืง! 


6. ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


, 6, 1888 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจ' ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ! 
! ? ื–ื™ืฆืงื ืขื“ 11 
ื”ื’ื ืึนืชึผื”, ื™ืงื™ืจื™, ื‘ืืช ืœื”ืงื ื™ื˜ื ื™ ,ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื™ ืกืงืึทื ื“ืึทืœ ืงื˜ื•ืŸ" ื‘ืฉ ืœืฉื” ืคึผืึธืกื˜- 
ืžืึทืจืงืขืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื’ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื ื• ื”' ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ? ืื• ืขืฉื™ืชื ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื™ื“ ืื—ืช ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ 
ื•ืœื‘ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™? ืื• ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชืš ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”' ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข 
ื•ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ? ื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธ ืžื•ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืก 


192 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืœื ื: ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ? ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
,ืœื›ึผื‘ื•ื“" ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ! ืกืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืžึตืึธืœ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ,,ืžื—ื ื ื•" ? ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, 


ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


7. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


1988 ,6 6 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ื™ื“ื™ืš"! 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืฐืฒื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื–, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ? -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš! ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ --- ื ืึท ื“ื™ืจ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื", ื“ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืจ' ืžืขื ื“ืขืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ืŸ, ืฉืึทืฆืงืขืกืŸ, ื’ืึธื˜ืœืึธื‘ืขืจืŸ, ืž. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, ื™. ืœ, 
ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, 4 ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, 2 ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ-ื›ึผื•ืœื 2 ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืฉืขืฆืœืขื›ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืขืจ ืœืขืฐื•ื™ื ื–ืึธืŸ (ื“ื™ ,ื”ืคืงืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜"), ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืึทืงืกืขื ืคืขืœื“, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืœื”ื, -- ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš 
ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ?! ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืชึผื”ื™ื”!!! 

ืžื™ืœื, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ: ื“ืึธ ืžื•ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืกืคึผืœืขื˜ื ื™ืข, 
ืึท ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืชืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท โ€ 6ืข6ืืฅ11680283 -- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืจืง ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก; ืœื›ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธ ? ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš: ื”ืฒึทื ื•, ืื™ืจ 
ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš, ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜; ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 

ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึทืœื™ืข ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜: ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ -- ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ืขืกืงื™ื– ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ! ืกืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืกืง, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทืจื•ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ! 
ืื™ืš ืฆืึธืœ ืื™ื (ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื•ื™ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ) 10 ืง' ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ืคึผ ืจืึธื–ืข (ืคืึทืจ 
ืคึผืึทืขื–ื™ืข ืฆืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ !). 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึท ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ืขืœืŸ --- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืงืœืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืงื ื! --- ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืš ! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


193 


ื›ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 
8, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 26ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1888 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! 

ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื‘ -- ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜, ืžืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืขืฅ! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ -- ืึทื–ืึท 
ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ! ืึท ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”, ืœืึธื– ืื™ื ื‘ืจืึธื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ? 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืœื•ื™ ? ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ" (ื˜ืข-ื˜ืข-ื˜ืข!) ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื•, ืฐื•ึผ, ืฐืึธืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืึทื–"ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื™ืขื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึทืœื˜ 
ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืึทื“ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืืึทื–"ื•... ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืง, 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืึทืฐืขืงืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืช-ืžืœื›ึผื” ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜, 
ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจืœืฒื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ,ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜? ,,ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื—ืจ" --- ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืก ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืึธืœืึธืฐืฒ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท 
ืงืึทื ืึทืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื—ื–ื™ืจ... ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ -- ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธื ืก ื’ื•ื˜ืขืก ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธื ืก ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืŸ -- ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืขืจ ื“ืึธื ืึธืก (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืœื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื™ืฆืขื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ) ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ -- ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืก ื‘ื™ืœื“! -- ,ื—ื–ืงื”"! , ืคื•ื™ืœืข 
ืขืคึผืขืœืขืš"! , ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืขื ืฆื™ืข"! , ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื™ ! , ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“"  !โ€ 2862126ืกืกื™ืกืกืก112 
-- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืคึผืฒึทื’, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจืข ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคึผืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ! -- 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืื•ืกืข ื“ืึธื ืึธืกืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ื˜ืึธ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ (ื ืขื‘ืขืš!) ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ืคืึธื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืึธื“ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื ื™ืฉื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืึธื ืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ืคืข, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงื˜ื•ื ืขืจ: ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื–ืขืžื“ืขืจืœ! 

ืึท ืžื–ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื ืขื ืจ' ืกืขื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื ืง: ื“ื™ 
ืืžืชืข ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 3 ืงืœืึทืก ืงืึธืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฉืขืงืกืคึผื™ืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ื ืื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง! ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืคืงืจ. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข, ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™! ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ : ,,ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื™ื–, ืฆื™ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืฆื™ ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ืจืขื›ื˜ -- ืึทื‘ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืžื™ืกืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ".. 

ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ! ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข, ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข! 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืคืื™ ืฆืขืœื™ืคื 


(ืฉืึทื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึท ื ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื“...) ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก 
ืคึผืึธืขืžืข! ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข! ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข! 
-- ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ึนึผืœ ื”ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ืŸ!!! 

ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ ? ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ,,ื‘ืึทื ื’" ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ (ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ -- ื‘ืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
-- ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื ื’ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฆื•ื ื’ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ื‘ืขื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื). 
ื ื•, ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ ืกืขืจื“ืฆืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ืืžืช ื ืึธืš 
ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ... ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื• ? (ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก 
ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ?) 

ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœืึธืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทื ื“ืึทืฉ ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงืจืขืคึผืœืขืš ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ ืœืึธืข ืŸ ืงืึทืจืึทื ื“ืึทืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœ. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ -- 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืขืก ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™, ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืขืช-ืขืชื” ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก 
ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืจืึทื ื“ืึทืฉ ืฆืขืงืึทืจื“ืึทืฉืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ! 
ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืึท ืคืจืขื’ ื˜ืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก 
ืคึผืึทืขืžืข ? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ? ืขืคึผืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืœื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ! ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜; ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื", ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืื™ื– ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืคึผื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื", ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ! 

ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก! 
ืžืžื ื™ --- ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธืขืŸ ืงืึทืจืึทื ื“ืึทืฉ. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


9, ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 26ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1888 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข-ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ; ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ: ืกืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜! ื“ื™ ,, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•. ืืฒึทืขืจ ,, ืคึผืจื™ื–ื™ื•ื•" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš; ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข-ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื. ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก --- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉืœื•ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืึทืžืข, ื“ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึท ืกืš ืงืœืขืจืขื›ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื•ืฐื•ืขื’ืขื›ืฅ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืก18ืกืž8ื–ื– 6ืืก 1' ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืœืขืจื˜, 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืึธืจืขืฐืขื˜; ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืขื’ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก , ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ", ืœืžืฉืœ, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื” ืึท ืจ ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื–ื™ื•ื•" -- ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืž ืขืจ 


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ืคืจื‘ื™ื”ื” ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืง ืึธืคึผ, ื”ื’ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืœืข ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฆ ืขื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื ืึธืจ, ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ; ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ืฒึท ืข ืจ ื”ืึทืจืฅ... ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ืง, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืœืขืคึผื•ืจื™ืžื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ , ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉืคึผืฒึทืขื›ืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ" (ืžืœื™ืฆื” !), ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข-ืกืขืจื“ืฆืข. ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ,, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืœื›ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ! ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืฅ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ? ืกืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง: ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื ืึธืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจื•ืž ืคึผืฒึท ืœืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืื™ืš ืคึผืึธืœื’ 
ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœ ืข ื! ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ? 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


240, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 28ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1888 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึทืจืฆืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืึธืจืฐื•ึผืจืคืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜) 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. -- ื‘ื”ืŸ 
ืฉืœื™ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ืึธืฐื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ; ื ืึธืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืฃ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืฒึทื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆืขื’ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ืจื™ื“-ื•ืคึผืœื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืึทื“ืจืขืก 
,ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ืชื™ืžื”-ื˜ื•ื‘ื” , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฆ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ! 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ! ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื—ืฉืง ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธื˜ื“ื™ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ -- --- ---, ืœื›ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึท ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข , ืฐื•ืขืงืขืจืก" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ? ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืŸ ืึธื˜ื“ื™ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธ- 
ื˜ื”ืขืง", ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืžืขื’ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ. --- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคึผื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’, 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก (ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง), ืื™ื– ืฆืขื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจืก: ื“"ืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™, ื”' ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืคืจืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ืงืœืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ : , ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ", ืคื•ืŸ ื—. ื™. ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, , ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ื™, 1888, ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš. ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืŸ 


196 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ,, ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืข ืงืึธื›ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ", ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”' ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืคืจืขืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืึท ืคื™ื ืฃ-ื–ืขืงืก ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืก, 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ 5 ืง' ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื”, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžืขืจ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืชึผื ืื™, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข , ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจืก" 
ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื", ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืก. -- ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืกืคึผืึธืœื ืขื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืจืฆื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืึทื–ืฑ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืžืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒื™ึทืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืข ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ! ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื™ื–, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš 
ื”ื ืื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง; ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉืžื™ืกืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ.. ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึธืฃ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื™ืœ"ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœื™ื‘ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ-ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง... -- -- -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ืฉืž"ืจืก ืžืฉืคึผื˜" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืจืขื›ื˜, 
ืก'ื•ื•ืึทืฉืขื™ ื˜ืึธื˜ืฉืงื™ ื–ืจืขื ื™ืึท. ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, ืึท ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจ, ืฐื™ ื™ืขื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ. ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทื– ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฐืฒึทื˜-ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™-ื—ื•ืฉืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜. 


ื™ื“ื™ื“ื“ ื”ื•ื™"ืœ 


1 ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื• 


7ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1888 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื 21ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ื›ึผื“ื™ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืคื˜ ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจื ืกืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘. ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ื™. ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทื ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึธื“ืึธืœ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื•ืช, ื‘ืขืช ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืฐื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,,ื‘ื•ืงืขื˜" (ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ื“ืจืš-ืึทื’ื‘), ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ... ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืคืขืจื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ , ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ืฉืขื” ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืงื‘ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืึทื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืžืฒึทื ืข 


197 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื˜ืžื•ื” ืฉืœื•ื ื˜ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ืขืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึธื“ืึธืœ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืขื ื’ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืงืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืœื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ 
ืžื—ื™ื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฆึทืฐื•ื™ื™ 
ืžืœืึธื›ื™ืžืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืœื™ื‘ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืึทื– ื”' ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก (ืึทื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข) ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ืŸ, 

ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ? 
ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืคึผืจื™ึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื’ืข: ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืึทืจื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืข- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื ืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืฆืึธืœื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ-ืคืึทืจื”ืึธืจืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ืจืฆืขืจ: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ (ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš) ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืข. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืึทื›ื™ืงืขืจ : 
ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก -- ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ืขืจืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก (ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ืฆืจืš ?) ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ-ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ (ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ) ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืืฒึทืŸ. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืึธืœืขื’ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื–ื ื”ื™ื™ืš. 
ืฆื• ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ,, ื”ืืกื™ืฃ", , ื›ื ืกืช" ื"ืึทื ื“ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืจื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. 
ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื™.ืœ. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“. ืคึผืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื™ืึธืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืœืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืฆืงืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืก- 
ื‘ืขืจื’, ืื•ืŸ ื™. ื™ื”ืœ"ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœืžืึทื ืกืึธืŸ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง-ื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ื–ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืคืขืจื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ืฉ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง-ื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื•ื™ื ื–ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 
ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™. ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืฆืงื™ืก ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ืึท ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื–ื", 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. 

ืœืกื•ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื” ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื›ื ืขื”ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืงืฉื”. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”' ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“", ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท 
ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜, -- ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ 


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ื‘ืจ"ื—ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืงืึธืจื‘ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš, ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืคึผืึทืกื˜ืงืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข". ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื•ืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ 
ืึทืคื™ืœื•, ื“ืขืจืขืก ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ? 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืึทืจื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืขืจื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขื 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ (ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœื™ืฉืข ื“ืึทืžืข), 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื–ื" ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืกื›ึผื™ื 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ โ€ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื“, 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืงื•ื“ื- ื›ึผืœ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืกื›ึผืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืึท ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืงื™ืจืฆืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ , ืžืฒึทื ืข" ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— 
, ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜". ,,ืžืฒึทื ืข" ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืขืก ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ , ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜". ืื™ืš ืœื™ื’ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทืจืึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. 
ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื”. ื”' ืงืึทืœืžืึทื ืกืึธืŸ (ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ) ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" (ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื“) ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ืœืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืฆื ืข ื’ืขืœืฆืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึทืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฆื™ืžืขืก ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆืึทืฆืงืข ื‘ืฒึทื ืจื‘ื•ื ื•-ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืŸ ืึนืชึผื” ื‘ื—ืจืชึผื ื•. ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ? ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ 
ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชื™: ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฉืชึผื“ืœ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึทึธื“ืฒ. ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ,,ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•" ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืฐืขื, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ื“ืึทืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ, 
ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืื™ื ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืกื˜ื™ืกืœืึทืฐืœ, 
ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ. 


42. ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 9ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1888 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืจื‘ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื "ื™! 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื• ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 


199 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ? ืฐื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืคึผืกืง ? ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื“ืœ ? ืืึทื–"ื•. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท ื‘ืืžืช, 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ. ืก. -- ื›ึผืžึผืขื˜ ื”ืึทืœื‘ (ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘) ืคื•ื ืขื , ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ" ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง. 


2 ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื“ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1888 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ ! 


ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืŸ ? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคืจืึทื’ืข ? ืฉื™ืงื˜, ืฉื™ืงื˜, ืฉื™ืงื˜! ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื•ืŸ ,, ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขื ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืื™ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”' 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืžืขื“, ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ืื- 
ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, -- ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ; ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืึธืก ื–ืข 
ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข , ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืก". ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึทืจื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ? ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืก ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืึทืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืชึผื›ืฉื™ื˜ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืึธื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืจืขืฉ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ, ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ.. ืึตื™ืึธ, ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืฉื•ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื•ื™ 
ืฉืž"ืจ ?.,. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ, ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฆื•ืฆื™ืงืœืขืš, ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืึท ืงืึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืื•ื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืงืึทื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ ! -- ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข. ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืฆืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ืึธืคึผ- 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืง ืึท ืกื•ืฃ! ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื™ืขืฆื˜, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ืคึผืึธืœื™ืจ ืขืก, ืื™ืš ืคืฒึทืœ ืขืก, ืื™ืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืงืฒื˜, ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜, ืฐื™ ืชึผืžื™ื“ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ (ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืฑืก ื’ื•ื˜). -- ืึท 
ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืจืขื“ื ื“ื™ืง 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืž"ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื–ื›ึผื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,, ืฉืž"ืจืก ืžื™ืฉืคึผื˜" ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. 


ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจื’ืข ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืžืขื“. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


200 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืก. -- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ: , ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื ืึทืจ ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ". ื ื•, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ืขื ื˜ (ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ 
ื’ื•ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึท ื ืึทืจ !), ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ืจื‘ ืกืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืจื‘ ืกืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืจ ืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื›ึผืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื. ื ื•, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคึผืœืึทืคึผืœืขืŸ! 


4, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืืฑื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1888 

ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ ! 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, 
ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง, ื—ื•ืฅ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืืฒึทืš, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœื™- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ: ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜, ืืฒึทืขืจ ื›ึผื•ื— ; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืกืคืขืจืข. ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ืจ (ืึตื™ืึธ, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ื—ืจืคึผื” ?) , ื™ืึธื” ืขื ื™ื•ืชื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ" (ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ?... ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ?...). 
ืžื™ืจ, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืึทื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืž"ืจ -- -- --, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืขื ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
,ื‘ืœืึทื ืงืฒ (ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ: ,ืจื‘ ืกืขื ื“ืขืจ", ,,ืžืึทืจืงื•ืก ื‘ืœืึทื ืง ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ" 
ืื•ืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึทื ืงืขืก", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื ืึธืš). ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื—ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืคืจื˜.. ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ. ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ื– -- ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ, ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืจืŸ, ื‘ืึทืึธื‘ืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืจ ืข ืž ื“ ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื’ืจื™ื‘ืœืขืŸ, ื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืงืจืึทืฆืŸ, ืึทืจืฑืกืงืจืึทืฆืŸ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืœืึทื˜ื™ืง, ืงืึทืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข 
(ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš), ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฐืึทืจืขื ื”ืึทืจืฅ (ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆืขื”ื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฆืขืคืœืึทืงืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš), ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืคืึทืš, ืคึผืฉื•ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ 
(ืืฒึท ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜, ืืฒึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคืึธืœืง!), ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืฆื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš --- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืฐื™ืฆื™ืง, 

ื‘ืจืึทืฐืึธ, ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจืึทืฐืึธ! -- 

ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง": ื›ืš ื ืžื ื” ื•ื ื’ืžืจ 
ื‘ื“ืขืชื™. 


ื ืึธืจ... ืฉืึท ! ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ,ื ืึธืจ"? ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืœื•ืคื˜ืขืจืŸ; ืœื™ื˜ืฉื ืข ื ืึทืžื™ืึธืงืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ; ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืคืึธืจื˜ 
ืึธื ืคื™ืœืŸ ; ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ; ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 

ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 


ืžื–ื›ึผื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื’ื˜", ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ืขื•ืฉืจ". ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ืจื ? ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ 


201 


ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ืื™ืš ืขืก ืขืคึผืขืก ? ืœืขื•ื•ื™ ? ืืฒึท, ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืคื”ื ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ! ืจื‘ื•ื ื•-ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ื• ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื ืข ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืข ? ื ืขื ืื™ื ืฆื•, ื“ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืง, ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฅ ืื™ื 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื˜ื• ืื™ื ืึธืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืึธื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฅ 
ืื™ื ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆื“ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ -- ืึทื‘ื™ ืœืึทืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืกืœื”, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง, ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืึธืžืŸ! 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืจืขืฆืขื - 


: ืจ ื•ืœื“, 
ื–ื™ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 2ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’|ื•ืกื˜| 1888 

ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! 

ืœืช ืœืงื‘ืจ. 

ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœื“ 
ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืึทื– ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืž ืฒึท ืŸ ืžืœื™ืฆื”. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ... ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš 
ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื•ื™ึดืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ึดืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฐืึธืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืืฒึทืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ; ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ? ืฐืึธืก ?... 
ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’, ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื›"ื”ืคึผ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ ื ืึธืš ืจืึธืฉ-ื”ืฉื ื”, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ืึธืœ 
ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื™ื•ื- ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ ืื™ื” ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืก. 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื• ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ: ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ? 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜.. 

ืœื›ืŸ ืืงืฆืจ.., 

ืึดื™ ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ! ืื™ ื 

.2.8 ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ืึธื ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข -- ืึธ, ื”ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืขืก: ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ืึทืฐื“ืึทื™ ื ื™ื˜! ื”ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! ืึธืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืจืึทื–ื ืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง -- 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ? ! ืขื–ืื–ืื’ื˜ืกืกื™ื“ 1138086. 


46. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 23ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’|ื•ืกื˜ืŸ| 1888 
ืฉืขื” 1145 ื‘ืœื™ืœื” -- ืฆื• ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืช. 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! 
ื“ืขื ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ : ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš {ื”ืึธื‘} ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืขืฉืขื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 


202 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื•ื. ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 2 ืœื›"ื”ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ -- ืฆื• ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืช -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืข ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืœืขืš ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ; ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”; ืœื›"ื”ืคึผ ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 2 ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ; ื“ืขื ืืžืช ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ 2 ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืข 2 ืฐืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืง ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžืžื™ืœื ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธึถืขืžืข ื’ ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ ืชึผืจืž"ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื•ื’ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขื“ืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื... 
ืึท ื ืฒึท ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ื™ืึธืจ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7 ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื• 


2ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1888 


ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืžื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜: ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืขื•ืœื. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื”ื’ื ืึทืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื—ืจ-ื–ืึทืš, ื ืึธืจ 
ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“", ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ 
ืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ื™ืกื˜, ืึทืฐืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืขื ืขืจืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืขืก (ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืฉื•ืŸ) ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืกื›ึผื™ื. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจืŸ, ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš, ืคึผื™ืžืคึผืขืจืœืขืš, 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืกืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’; ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‚ื™ื ืื”, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื›ึผืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืงืึธืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ? 

ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฆื•ืคืึทืœ, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื“ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืึทืœืก ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืŸ. 


203 


ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื"ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืึทื– ,ืจื‘ ืกืขื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื ืง" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ -- ,,ืžืึทืจืงื•ืก ื‘ืœืึทื ืง" -- ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ -- ,,ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื‘ืœืึทื ืง" -- ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ. ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืžื™ืœ ื–ืึธืœืึทืก ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง , ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื’ืึธื ืก" (ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ). 

ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ 

ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท , ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ" ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•". 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึท ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก ืคืึทืจืŸ ืžืขืจื‘-ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื ื˜ื•ื. ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืึท ืžืขืจืงืฐื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทืขืกื˜ืจืึธ, ืึท ืคื™ื“ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืขืœื“, -- ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื“"ื’ืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืœืฒึทื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืžืช: 
ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืึทื– ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื• ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 
ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ื“"ื™ื” ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื› ืึท ืจืึทืง ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื“ืจื™ : 
ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•, ืึท ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืึท ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ -- 
ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข, ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืฃ --- ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืึทื•ืจืึท, ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื‘ืึทืจืงื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜.. 

ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืกืึทืจืึท ืจืฒึทื›ืงืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ. ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ (ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืขื ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ) ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ !... ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืŸ-ื”ืกืชึผื ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื“ืขืจืขืกืŸ. ื“ืขื 7ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืฐืขืงืคื™ืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืœื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ืขื ื“ืœืขืš 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš, -- ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, -- ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ) , ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื’- 
ื’ืขืจืœ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืขืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, 
ืึทื– ื‘ืŸื“ืขืžื™ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง". ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”' ืž.-ื’. ืžืึทืจื’ื•ืœื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธ- 
ื˜ืขืง". ืžื™ ืœืื“ื ื™ ืืœื™! ืึทืœืข ืึทื”ืขืจ! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื• ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื‘ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš 


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ื‘ืœื™ื•ื• ืคื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืื™ืขืฆืœื™ืคื 


ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื“ืจื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื˜. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ 
ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืคึผืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืึทื“ืจืขืก. 


8. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 7ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1888 

ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 

ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜! ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืžื” 
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ; 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื– ืžืข ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฉื ืขืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื›ึผื“ืึทื™, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืขืกืง. ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึท ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืŸ -- -- -- 

ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ,ืฐืึธืจื˜", ืžื•ื– 
ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืืœ ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทื“"ื’ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึทื–ืึท ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืž"ืจืŸ. -- ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืจื•ื™ึธืง; ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืึธื ืจื™ืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื”, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืš ืฉื‘ืคึผืึทืจืš, 

ื ื•, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
,ื’ื˜" 1 ืฉื™ืงื˜, ืฉื™ืงื˜! 

ืฆื™ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ -- ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึทื’ืข. ืื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืžืขื“ ืฆื• ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ -- ืคืข, ื—ื•ื–ืง! ื ืึธืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืžืขื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ ืขืžื•ื–ื˜, 
ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ,ื•ื•ืจืขืžืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ืœืขืก?, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ, ืึท ืฆื•ืฆื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ืœื, ืึทื– ืจื‘ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: ื ื™ื˜ 
ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืžื™ืš", ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธึถื–", ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, ืคืจื•ื’, 
ื–ืึทืžืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™, ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืžืขื“! ื•ืขืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ? ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ืึท ืงืึทื ื˜ ?.. 

ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืฒึทืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ืงืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขืจ ืึธืœืก 
1 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ; ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ? ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ! 

ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช. ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก! 

ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜! ืคืึทืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ -- ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš! 

ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื”' ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืœื™ื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืึท 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื‚ื•ื ื-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ... ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืึทืคื™ืœื•, ื•ื•ืขืจ... 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื?ืœืฆื•ืœื™ื›ื 


9, ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 10ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1888 

ืึธื—ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™, --- ื”ืœื ืึธื—ื™ ืืชึผื”! 

ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผื•ื— ื‘ืขึทื˜... ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ! ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ? ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ! ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ 
ืคืจื•ื’? ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึผืึทืจืš... ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜! 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ" ! ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ -- ื ืึท, ืฐืึทืจื’ ื–ื™ืš! ืคืข, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ; ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก --- ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืขืœืข (ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ื ื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ). 

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึธืคึผืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ื’ื•ืคืึท. --- ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ; ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืฐื™ ืขืœ 
0 ืจ"ื›, ืจืขื›ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืฒึทืš 20 ืงืึธืคึผื™ ื‘ืขื“ ื›ึผืœ ืฉื•ืจื”; ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจื•ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืึธืคึผืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื•ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืึธืคึผืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจื•ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืึธืคึผืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ.. 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข -- ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืึธืก 
ืึธื ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, 
ืœืคื™ ื›ึผืš ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืœืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฆื•ื 
ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจื˜, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ: , ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ"... ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 


ืื—ื™ื›ื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืค.ืก. ืงื•ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ; ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ ื“ื•ื•ืงื. 


0, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 
ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 13ื˜ืŸ-14ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1888 
ืึธื—ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ; 


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ื‘ื”ืงื™ื•ื• ืคืŸืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืขืœืขืจืœืขืš (ืึทืกืึธืกื™ืึทืฆื™ืข --- ืึทืกืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืฆื™ืข), ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš -- ืฉื˜ื•ืชืขืจื™ื™! 

ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืจื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื—ื•ืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ; ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ 
ืคึผืึธื˜ืฐื•ืขืจื“ืขื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืฉื-ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ื“ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื‘ืขืช ืึทื—ืจืช ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืฐืฒึทื›ืŸ... ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ ?.. 

ืึทืŸ ืขื•ื•ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜! ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืคืฉืจ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ื”ื’ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ... ืึทืŸ ืขื•ื•ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืขื•ื•ืœื” !ึผ 

ื™ืึธ, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™. ืœืขืจื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื , ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก" ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ืึธืš? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ ? ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ! ืขืคึผืขืก ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจ ื—ื‘ืจ-ืœืึทืคึผ, ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื‘ืœืึทื–ื ืข... 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ --- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืจื•ื™ึดืง. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš (ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ,,ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ" ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืžืขืจ ืึทืœืก ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ). 
ืคึผืึทืจืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื™ื ืฃ ื’ื™ืœื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืขืจื‘ืœ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืก. 

ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ , ื’ื˜"! 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ ืคืฒึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ ื˜ืึทื ืฆื˜? ื ื•"ื ื•, ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืž !.. 

ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ (ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืœืขื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื , ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก" ืึทืœ ืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš --- ืคืข! ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ !). 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ืืฒึท-ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืึทืœืก ืคืจื•ื’! ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ื“ 
ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืœืึทืง-ืคึผื•ืจืขื ื™ื•ืช -- ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ! ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ืข, ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ืข; ื ืึธืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ 


ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ืข ? ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ื–ืข ? ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ืึท ืคืึทืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง, ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ, -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืคืขื™ืง ืคืึธืœืง! ืึทื–ื ืคืขื™ึดืง ืคืึธืœืง! 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ; ืคืฒึทืคื˜ ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ ื˜ืึทื ืฆื˜. ื˜ืึทื ืฅ, 
ืคืจื•ื’ืขืœืข, ื˜ืึทื ืฅ, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืžืš !.. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื -ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจืŸ ? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธืžืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืคืจืขืกืขืจ, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืข ืกืขืจืข ืกื—ื•ืจื” ? ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืึธืœื“ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธืžืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืคืจืขืกืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ , ืžื•ื“ืขื”" ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืžื™ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคึผืึธืคึผืขืจื™ืง, ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื’ืœ. 

ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก , ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ? ืคืจื™ืขืจ-ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ื ืคืงื- 
ืžื™ื ื” ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ! 

ืึทืŸ ืขื•ื•ืœื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ืช ื™ืขื ืขื ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื™ืŸ -- 
ืึทืŸ ืขื•ื•ืœื” ! 

ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืœืึทืคึผืœืขืŸ -- ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 12ื˜ืŸ-14ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1888 

ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 

ื™ืึธ, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื ืฉื›ึผื—ื•ืช! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืงืฉื”: ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื™ืึธ ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ: 

ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืžืึทืœืึธืฐืึทืกื™ืœืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงืึทื™ืึท 26, ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉื•. ื“ืึท. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™. 

ืึธื“ืขืจ : 

ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืžืึทืœืึทืฐืึทืกื™ืœืงืึธื•ืกืงืึทื™ืึท 26, ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉื•. ื ื™ืขื˜. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™. 

ื•ืžื”-ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ึผืš-ื™ื”ื™ื” : 

ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื: ืคึผืึธืœืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœื ืึทื™ืึท ืื™ 
ืึธื˜ืจื™ืฆืึทื˜ืขืœื ืึทื™ืึท, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœื ืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึธื˜ืจื™ืฆืึทื˜ืขืœื ืข ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืคืจืขืกืขืจ. ื ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื˜: ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืคึผืจืขืกืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืง -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืง. ืคืจืึทื ืฆืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืึทื—ืึทืจ ืžืึทื–ืึธื”. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” : ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืึธืœืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก , ืžืึทืกืงืึทืจืึทื“ืŸ-ื‘ืึทืœ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื ืึทืจื•ืฉืึทื™ืขื˜ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืœ: ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ื‘ืฒึท ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืคืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ --- ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืคืจืขืกืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธื’ื™ืœ- 
ื•ืืฉื‚ืžื—. ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืึทืจืŸ. ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ! 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืงื”ื ื™ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ -- ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผ, ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ืืฒึท ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš, ืืžืช, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ? 
ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื›ึผืœืœ ื•ื›ึผืœืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื! -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื™ืึธ! 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’ ืคืจื™. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืก. --- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืŸ"ืขืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ! 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึธืขื•ื•, 290ืกื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1888 

ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 

ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ --- ืขืก ืžื•ื– ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ -- ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ! 

ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ื ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืืžืช, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ (ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ืกืš ?) ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ --- ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™. ื ื•, ืึท ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ. ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ืงืึทืœื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš, ืงืึทืœื˜ ืฐื™ ืืฒึทื–, ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ืงืึท ืœื˜ืข 
ืงื‘ืจื™ื; ืงืึทืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜; ื›ึผืœื™ื–ืžืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืœืขื‘ื˜, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืœ'ืขื‘ืŸ! -- ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ืึท ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืึท ืœืึท ื”ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืคืจื•ื’ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื! 

,ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ" ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš. ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืชึผื•ืš ื”ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข) ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื”ืฒึทื ื•, ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 1ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ. --- ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ? 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 1ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜!ืึธื‘ืขืจืŸ 1888 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ, ืึทืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขื“ืึธืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื ืคืฉ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืžื•ื– 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืขื›ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื•ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืขืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื ืข 
ืคืึธืœืง-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธืจื‘ืึทื˜ืข ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ.. ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ? --- ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืึธืคึผ ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ; ืื™ืจ, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ื›ึผืคึผืจื”-ื”ื™ื ื“ืœ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืขืก ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ, 
ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื“"ื” ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืึท ืžื™ืื•ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืึทืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืึท ืงืึทืคึผ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื›ื”: ,ื ืขื›ืฒึท ื‘ื•ื“ืข ื˜ืึทืง" ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึทืฐื“ืื™, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืœื•ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ืžืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจืŸ , ืื™ืฉ ืžืœื•ื”" ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ,,ืขื‘ื“ ืœื•ื”", ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืขื’ืึธืœืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑืŸ ืืึทื–"ื•ื• -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืึทืจืฆืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง ? 
ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึทืŸ ! 

ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ ื’ื•ื˜-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืœืึทื’ืึธื“ืึทืจื ืึธืกื˜.. 

ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื”, ืฆื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”. ื ืึธืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืžืฆืึธืจืŸ! ืึท 
ืžืึธื“ื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืขืจ! ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึท ื‘ืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืงืึธื ืขืŸ, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืงืึธื ืขืŸ! 

ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ืขื ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ืžืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข; ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ , ื”"ืค" ืื™ื– ื‘ื›ึผืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืงืข 
ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืš. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืžื™ืฉืคึผื˜ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ืขื ืžืฉืจืช, ืื™ืš ืžึฟื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื 
, ืคื•ื ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื›ืขืจ", ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืฉ; ืื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืจืข- 
ืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืฆื•-ืŸ-ืึท ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉืงืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึธืœืึธื˜ื ื™ืง ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืจื–ื— ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืชึผื™ื™ื–ื ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืจืึธืžืึท- 
ื ืขืŸ". ืคืข, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•-ืŸ-ืืฒึทืš ืึทื–ืึท ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขื ื™ืฉ. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข 
ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ,,ืค"ื‘" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ืจื‘ ืกืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื–ืึท ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ื™ืขื ืข ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึทืœืข , ื›ืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืก", ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืฆื• ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ... 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืžื•ืกืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ืคื™ืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ืก ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืžื™ืœื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ -- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื•ื—ืœ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืึท ,,ื“ื‘ืจ-ืื—ืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื“ืึทืžืข, ืึท ืคืจืฒึทืœื™ืŸ!!! ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, 
ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ ? ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจ 
ืืฒึทืš, ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ- ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืึทื‘ื™ื“ื ืข ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžืึทืžื–ืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ! 

ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ืคืขื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึทื˜ืขืง"? ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืจื‘ื”. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืž- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืžื•ื“ืขื”" ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 40 ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืฉ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงืœืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืฉืขื” ื–ืขืงืก, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•, ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘- 
ืื•ืŸ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ื›ืึท-ื›ืึท-ื›ืึท! 

ืึทื“ื™ืข! ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 


ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื‘ืึทืจืึธืŸ ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœื“" ืคืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืกื™ืœืงืข. 

.2.8 ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืคึผืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืœื›ึผืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆืขื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื˜ ? ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง 
ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ : ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืึทื–ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืงืขืจ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ,ื“ืขืจ ื”ื–ื›ึผืจืช- 
ื ืฉืžื•ืชื™' ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืึทืœืก ื“ืขืจ , ืื•ืคื™ืจ". ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืึธื‘ื™ื“ื ืข 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฐื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึท 
ื™ื™ึทื“, ืฐืึธืก... ืคืข, ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ืœื–ื•ืœื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ืจื™ื... ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ? -- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”, ืึทื– ืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืœืฐื•ื” ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืืึทื–"ื•. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ, 
ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื”ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืกืงื”. 


4, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 4ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1888 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆึดื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘! 

ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ื•ื ? 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื ืฒึท ืข ืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืœื™ื’ืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš ืคึผืึธ-ืคึผืึธืจื™ืึทื“ืงื•. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก, ื‘ืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, 

1 ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืงืœ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™", ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืœืขืฆื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ื”ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžื•ื“ืขื”" ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ื“ื™ืขืœ. 

2. ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื™ื˜ืขืœื ืึทื™ืึท ืคืึธืจืžืึท ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฉืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง. 

3 ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ 1, 2, 3, ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. 


24 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ื• ืฉืœื•ื -ืžืขืœื™ื›ื 


4 ืึธืจื ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืคึผืจืขืžืขื ื ืึธ, ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ, ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ืก ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉื•ืœืฆืŸ 
(ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉื•ืœืฆืŸ? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข 
ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš). 

5 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ -- ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื›ึผื–ื” 
(ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš): 

2 ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•, ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 3 

6. ื•ึธืื•ื™ืฃ} ื“ืขื ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ: ืึทื“ืขืก, ื“ืจื•ืง ืฉื•ืœืฆืข -- -= -- 
ืœื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ 

7. ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธื˜ื˜ื™ืกืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืœืขืจ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ --- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžื•ื– 
ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฉืึทืœืขืžืฒื–ืŸ. 

8. ืึธื˜ื˜ื™ืกืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ 1,000 ; ืจืง, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ืฐืขื˜ ื ืฒึท ืš ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ (ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ืคืึทืจืœืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš), ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 2,000 ืึธื˜ื˜ื™ืกืงืŸ. 

9 ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ --- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธื ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืžื—ืžืช ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ 
ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, ืคึผื•ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ: 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. 

0 ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. 

1 ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ื ืึทืงื™ ืคึผืจืขืคึผื™ื ืึทื ื™ืึท. 

2. ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืจืฉื•ืช ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ, ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ, ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื‘ืชึผื ืื™, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, 

2 ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืก ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืžื ื•ืช, 

4 ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื‘ืœื ืฉื•ื ื˜ื•"ืž ื•ื“"ืจ ื›ืœืœ. (ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคึผืึธืกื˜, ืื™ื–ืฐืึทืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก, 
ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืŸ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•' -- ืขืœื™ ื•ืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื™). 

5 ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืฒึท ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, 

6 ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืฆืฒึทื˜ -- ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื‘ ื“ ืึธ ืก ื’ ืึทื  ืฆ ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท 
ืคึผืึทืจืคืึทืœืขื ืข ื–ืึทืš. ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ื“ืขื ,, ืขื•ืœื" ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ. ืืžืช, ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื; ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ ืขืจ ื’ ืขืจ ืก ืคื•ืŸ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•ืŸ. 

7 ืคึทึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืœืขืจืš ื‘ื™ื– 40 ืกื˜ืึธืคึผ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ 5,000 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 2,200 ืขืงื–ื™ (ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืš ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง"), 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืจ 25 ืกื˜ืึธืคึผ, 

8. ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ-ื“ืจื•ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ 


212 


ื‘ืœื“ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžื•ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ื™ืก 22 ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึท ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืคื™ืจ 
ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ-ื‘ืฑื’ื ืก, 5,000 ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืื™ื– 20,000 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก. ืึท ืกื˜ืึธืคึผ ื”ืึทืœื˜ 500 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก: ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง, ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ืจืขื›ืŸ. 
ื“ืึทืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืข. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš 
ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื. 
ืึทื—ื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 7ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1888 

ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืขืจ, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ-ืงื•ื ื”, ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึทืงืึทืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืขืจื‘ืœ; ืœื›ืŸ ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– , ืกื˜ืขืž- 
ืคึผืขื ื™ื•" ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืฑืก ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง -- ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜. ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐืขืจ 
ื“ืจื•ืง. 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืงืฐื™ื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ืขืœ 20 ืกื˜ืึธืคึผ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ. ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืึทืฅ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ื“ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื•ื ืึทืจื•ืžืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผื•ื›ืึท. ื“ืึธืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ืืฒึท-ืฐืฒ, ืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืœืฒึทื‘, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื (ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื 
ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ). ื“ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทืš 
ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜; ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜: ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ -- ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื™ืึธ. ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฉืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช. 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืึท ืกืš ืขื ื™ื ื™ื. 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฆื™ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ? 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 12ื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1888 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 

ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึท ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•" ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึทื ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ; ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื™ื”ืฉื, ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืฆื•"ื -ืืฒึทืš. 

ืžืกืชึผืžื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื“ื™ืžืขื ื˜-ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ? ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื“ืึทืจืฃ 


213 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฐื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš. ื™ืึธ, ืžื›ึผื•ื— 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื”. ืื™ืš ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื”ืงื“ืžื”. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ, ื‘ืฒึท ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ืฒืŸ, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืžืžืฉ -- ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืข ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืžืึธืœ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืืฑื‘ ืก ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท 
ืฐืขืจื˜; ืฐืึทืจืขื ื‘ืื ืœืื•, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื• ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ -- ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืฑื’ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช ? -- ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคื™ืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜: ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื“-ืกื•ื“ื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื˜ืึทืคึผืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชืŸ... 

ื’ืขืœื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ ืž ืึทื” ืจื•"ื› ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืฒึท ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืงืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืžื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ืงืขืจื‘ืœ -- ืžื—ืžืช ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืขืจื‘ืœ, 

ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืกืง: ืคึผืึทืจืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืœืึธื“ืŸ, ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึทืœืข ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฆื™ื ื“ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืŸ ืึท ืœืึธืžืคึผ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•ืฃ 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืก. --- ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืก ื˜ ืขืž- 
ืคึผ ืข ื ื™ื•, ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘; ื’ื ืขืจื˜ืขืจืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืจืึทื–ืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืึธืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข; ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืœื™ื™ื’ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš. ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืึทื– 
ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื• ืื™ื– ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืึท ื™ื™ึดึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืคึผืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืžืึท- 
ื ื™ื–ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฆื™ื–ืžืขืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ. ื’ื ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ื ืึทืงื™ ืคึผืจืขืคึผื™ื ืึทื ื™ืึท, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืขื ื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืงืคึผื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื–ืึทืคึผื™ืึทื˜ืึทื™ืึท, ื”ืฒึทื ื•, ืึทื– ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ,ืึทื–", ืฐืึธืก", 
;ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ", ,ื•ื™" ืื“"ื’ืœ ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื˜ืœืขืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ืึทืคึผื™ืึทื˜ืึทื™ืึท -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, 

ื” ื  "ืœ 


7 ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 16ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜!ืึธื‘ืขืจืŸ 1888 

ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช : ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืงืœืึธื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ 


218 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ืคื 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–: ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื™ืขื ื“ืข ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื–ืŸ, --- ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ (ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื“ื›ื ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื›ึผืœื”, ืก'ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืงืœืึธืžืขืจืฉื˜..) 
ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึทืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉืœืึทืคืงืฒื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืœื˜ืข 
ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžืคืจืคึผืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– 
ืชึผื—ื™ืœืช ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืœืข ืก ืึทืฐืขืงืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืœื˜ืข, ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก; ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ื˜ืขื’ ืคืจืœืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉืœืึทืฃ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืึท ื›ึผืœื” ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืฒึทื ืขื 
ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ 25 ื˜. ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ --- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื—ืชืŸ 
;ืึท ื—ืชืŸ ื“ืžื™ื" ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืžืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืฉืžืขืจืฆืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื›ึผื•ื— ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, 


ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื ื• ืžื–ื” --- ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืฐื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึท ื™ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“, ืึทืœืก ืึท ืงื™ืขืฐืขืจ 
ืึธื“ื•ืŸ ; ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸืŸ. 
(ื™ืึทืžืคึผืึธืœืกืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ?) ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš, ื’ืฐืึทืœื“! 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ? -- 


ื‘ื™ื– ืฐื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื ืึธืš ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื˜ื•ื ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื’ื ืก ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช, ืึทื– ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืคืจื•ื’ืŸ ืืœืฃ ืจื•"ื›ึผ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผืึธืขืžืข -- ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš 
ืžืขืจ ืคึผืฒื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืžืช ; ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื” ; ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื ืชึผื•ืž"ื™ 
0 ืคืฒึทื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ! 

ื•ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื–ืึทืžืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืก ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ? ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืžื™ืจ ; ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ! 

ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–. 

ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืค"ื‘ ืึธืคึผืงื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึทืœืฉืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ 
ื•ื™ ืึท ืคืึทื˜ืึท ืžืึธืจื’ืึทื ืึท; ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ื ืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทืจืง ืฐื™ ื”ืึธืœืฅ; ืœืขื•ื™ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคืึทืจ .ื–/20 ืจื•ื™ื›ึผ ื“ืขื ืค"ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ --- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ; ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืคืึทืจ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜! 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ืš ืื—ื™ืš ื”ื›ึผื•ืชื‘ ื‘ื—ืคึผื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืจ ื ืคืฉ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
.2.8 ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก. ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืขืจ --- ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ ืฆื™ ื‘ืžื—ื ื›ื ? 
ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ืฒึท ืขืจ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช! ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 


ื“ืขื ืื™ ืžื‘ื™ืชื™ ืื™ ืžื“ืจื›ึผื™ ืื™ ืžืขื™ืจ ื™ืึทืœื˜ืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช. 
ื”"ืœ 


.2,8.8 ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืค"ื‘ ื‘ืฒึท ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก 
ืื•ื™ืš, ื™ืึทืงื‘ื™ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœืŸ!?) 


215 


ืฆืจื™ื•ื• ืคืจืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืคืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1888 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜-ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืคึผืจืึทืฐืœื™ืึทื™ืขืฉื˜ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
, ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•ืŸ": ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื‘ืœืขืจ, ืึท ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ื›ืขืจ. ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ,, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ื‘ืœื™ ื ื“ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื ืข ืื•ืคึผืจืึทืฐืœื™ืึทื™ืขืฉื˜ืฉืข. 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื“ื™ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืฐืขืจืง; ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืœ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•" ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ 
ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ ืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืึทืžืคึผืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื›ึผื“ืึทื™; ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื•ืฐื•ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืŸ ? ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ 
ืึทืจืึธืคึผื›ืึทืคึฟืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึนึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืขื: 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ; ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ : 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึท ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืค- ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึท ืฐืึทืกืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืค- 
ื” ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืฃ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืฃ 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ืฉื‚ื’ื”. 

ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื“ืจื•ืงืคืขืœืขืจ ; ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" 
ื’ื•ืคื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข. 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืž ืฒึท ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื›ึผืœืœื™ื : 

1. ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜. 


2 ืึท ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ, ืึท ืฉื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืŸ-ืึธื“ื ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ืžื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

3 ืœื›ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึท- 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืง. 

4 ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ื–ืขืฆืขืจืก, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, 

ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• -- ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืึท, ืึทื– -- -- -- ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื ืึทืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื” ; ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืžืฆืึธืจืŸ -- ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ 


216 


ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืž-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉื•ืžืจ-ื•ืžืฆื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ! ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื˜ืฑื™ื˜! ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ, 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. -- 
ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืข ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ื•ืš. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ! ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฆื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื”ืง ื“ืžื”, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ; ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9 ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1888 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื•ืœ-ืจื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข, ืึทื– ื›ึนึผืคื™ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ |ื‘ื™ืŸ| ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง? ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืœืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื™ื“, ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึทืจื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ืŸ-ืึธื“ื, ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืึท 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท ืฉืฐื•ื™ืฆื‘ืึธื“. ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฐืœื™ื–ืŸ 
ืื™ื, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื•ื ื, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". 
ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืื™ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืื™ื ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื‘ืฒึท ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจืึทื˜ื™ืก, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื—ื™ื ื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืกืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" 
ืื•ื™ืš ืžืชึผื ื•ืช ืคึผืจื™ ืขื˜ื•, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื ืฆื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืฐื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฉืขืฆืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜. ื“ืขื ืฆืฐื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื; ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืขืกืŸ ืœืฉื‚ื•ื‘ืข ; ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžื•ื—ืœ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ; ืึท ื’ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึท ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐืึธืจื˜: 821601 2838ืช 08ืกืŸ ,83021861 3116ืกืก ื’ืžืฅ8ืก11. 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึทืจืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธ- 
ื˜ืขืง", ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœืฉืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 
ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืึท ืจืขื” ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ื–ืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ืงืึทืœื™ืข ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืงืึทืœื™ืข ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื”ืงืข- 
ืฉืขื ืข, ืœื›ึผืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงืึทืœื™ืข ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ? ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ 
ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ; ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื›ึผืœ ื”ืกื˜ืึทืจืึทื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืขืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš ื“ืขื , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ื“ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช. 

ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ (ืึท ืฉื•ื ื ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ), ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื˜ื• 
ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื–ืึทืš, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืึท ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื™ึทืขืŸ, ืึทืจืฑืกื ืึทืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื --- ื‘ื›ื“ื™ 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข 
0 ืึทื“ืจืขืกืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ,ืื ื™ ื”ืขืฉืจืชื™ ืืช ืื‘ืจื" ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• 
ืขืคึผืขืก, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืœืึทื ื™ืขืŸ... ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜. ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืึธ ื—ืฉืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึท ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ -- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื›ื˜ื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืฐืข ื’ื™ืœื“ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื•ื˜ืึธืจืข ื’ื™ืœื“ื™ืข ; ื”ืœื ืึทื ืฉื™ื ืึทื—ื™ื ืึทื ื—ื ื•! ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜, 

ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ (ืึท ืฉื•ื ื ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜) ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ, 
ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืึทืœืก ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœืขืš ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืงืข. 

ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ (ืึท ืฉื•ื ื ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ ืงืึทืจื’!), ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจื›ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืขืกืง ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืึท ืฉื•ื ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ื—ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš -- ืื•ื ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ-ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืข 
ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช, ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืึท ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–- 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืžืช ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืข (ื–ื™ ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช), ืคืึทืจืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ ืข ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ? ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืึทืš ืขืจื ืกื˜; ืืฒึท, ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ืงื ืขืคึผืœ, ื™ืขื ืขื ืจื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืœ, ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžืึทื–ืึธืœ, 
ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืจื•ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื–ืง ืื•ืžื’ืขืจืŸ -- 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ? ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ื’ ืœื‘ื˜ื—, ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืœืขืš... ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธื“ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืžืกื›ึผืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื... ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– ? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทืœืข, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื—ืชื ืก ืฆื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื‚ื•ื ื, ืžืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทืœืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื™ืขื ืข 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื•ืฉืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ื›ื–ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ 1000ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืชื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ; ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืก, ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ, ื•ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงืขืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืง ืฆื• ื”ืจื™ื–ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืงื•ื ื“ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืงืœ, ืึท 
ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื’ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืš ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ ืงืกื™-ืงืกื™-ืงืกื™, ื‘ื™ื– ืกืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืึทืจืง ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื™ืึทืจื™ื“ : , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื... ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ... 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง... ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“... ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืœื™ื ื“ืŸ... ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜... ืึท ืžืžื–ืจ... ืืฒึท-ืืฒึท ืจืฒึทืกื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื... ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ... ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜... ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ... ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ !,ื™ 


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ื‘ืจื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื™ืœืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘, ื—ืœื™ืœื” 
ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื ื™ืฉื˜ -- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš, 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคืจ ืฒึท ื ื“ ืœืข ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชึผืžื™ื, ื•ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชึผืžื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, 

ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0 ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1888 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื 20ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืกื›ึผื™ื; ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท 
ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ -- ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื›ึผื“ืช-ื•ื›ึผื“ื™ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜: ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืคืจื™ื™ื“ืœ ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš. ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•ืŸ" ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืจืฒึท ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผ: ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืจื—ืœืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืึทื›ืขืจืงืข, ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐืขืจ 
ืžืึทื›ืœื™ืึทืจืงืข ืคึผืึธ ืคึผืจื™ืจืึธื“ื™ืข, ืคึผืึธ ื•ื•ื ื•ื˜ืจืขื ื ื™ืขืžื• ืกืงืœืึทื“ื•, ืคึผืึธ ืคึผืจื™ื–ืฐืึทื ื™ื•. ืงืœืึธืžืคึผืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืจืึธืœืข, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ! 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผ, ืžื—ืžืช ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ืกืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื•! 
ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื• ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื“ืขืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึท ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืึท ื™ื•ืฆื-ืžืŸ-ื”ื›ึผืœืœ. ืื•ื™ืš 
ืจื—ืœืข, ื“ื™ ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื ืฉืžื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืฐื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืขืก, 
ืื™ื– ืึท ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ; ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš; ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื“ืจื™ืคึผืงืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื‘ืŸ-ืžื™ื ื—ื”ืก, ืคึผืึธื–ืฉืึทืœืฑ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืœืขืš ื”ืึทืจืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื– ืึท ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ื™ื˜, ืืžืช ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ื™ื˜, -- ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš. ื“ืขืจื•ื ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ื”ื™ื•ืฆื-ืžืŸ-ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, 

ื—ื™ื”-ืขื˜ืœ (ืœืžืึทื™ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ ื—ื™ื”-ื™ืขื ื˜ืข ? ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ! ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืฆืขื“ื•ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ?)) ื—ื™ื”-ืขื˜ืœ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื—ื™ื”-ืขื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื›ึผื“ืื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ? ื—ื™ื”-ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขืžืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืขืžืœ, 
ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืคึผืึทืกืกืึทื–ืฉ ื•ื• ืคึผืึทืกืกืึทื–ืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ืžื—ืžืช ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•, ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืข ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืึท ืฐื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื ืฉืžื”, ื ืึธืจ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืืกืคืฆืงื™ื›ื 


ืึท ืœืขืžืขืฉืงืข ื ืขื‘ืขืš. ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื”-ืขื˜ืœืก ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ; ื“ืึทืจื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึท ืึท ืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ืึท ื™ืชื•ืžื”ืœืข, ืึท ืคืฒึทื’.. ืงืฒึทื˜, ืงืฒึทื˜, ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืขืก ืึทืงื•ืจืึทื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืจืขื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื—ืฉืง ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืึทืš, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืก (ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ; ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจื“ื ืขืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”), ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืกื˜ืข ืคืึทื‘ื•ืœืข ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื™ื ืคืึทื›ืงืฒื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืž ืช ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืึท ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ? ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื’ื™ืš ! 

ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื•ื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ืกืš ืฆื• 
ืจืขื“ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืŸ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•ืŸ" ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš 
ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ , ืกืขื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื ืง", ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจื‘ื•ื ื•-ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ื‘ืจืึธืงื˜, ื”ืึทืงื˜, ืฉื™ื ื“ื˜ -- ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธื ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผื™ืก. == == == 

ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ , ืึทืงืึธืกื˜ืึทืŸ" ? 

ื ื•, ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 4,220 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 500 ืขืงื–ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 1000, 

ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืฆืง, ื ื™ื˜ ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื™ื•ื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื 
ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉ. 

ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืžืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ืงืึทืžื™ื ืขืจ -- ืึท ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", 
ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืžืขื’ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ืžืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช. 


1. ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 25ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืง|ื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจืŸ 1888 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™, ื“ืขื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ ืฉืœื™! 

ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืช ื”' ืฉืคืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ืข ืœื™ ืœืกื•ื›ืŸ , ืœื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืืช ื’ื™ืกื• 
ืžื•ื”"ืจ ืœื™ืคึผืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 

ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ --- ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื– 15 ืคึผืจืึธืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ --- ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš. -- ืจืง 
ื”ืžืขื•ืช ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืขืงื–ื™ ืื—ื“, 
ื›ึผืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื ื•. -- 


220 


ื‘ืจื™ื—ื• ืคื•ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ื -ืข ืœืœื›ื” 


ื‘ืืœื” ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจืŸ ืœื™ืึทืœื˜ืข (ืึทืœืฅ ืžื—ืžืช ืžื—ืœืช ืื—ื•ืชื™ 
ื”ื™ืงืจื”) ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื™. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืก, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืข"ื– ื”ืึทื“ืจืขืก: 
{ื ื™08ืข10 ืงื ื ืกื–ืืกืขืกื’) ,0088:4ืกืงื–ืกืก8 ืก}1 , ืฅืขื’ ืคื™ื. 
ืื—ื™ืš ืื•ื”ื‘ืš ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“ืš ืžืื“ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ื.-ื‘. ื’ืึธื˜ืœืึธื‘ืขืจ 


ืงืœืขื•ื•, 6ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1888 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉ! 

ืžื” ืžืื“ ืฆื“ืงืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ืš, ืึทื“ื•ื ื™, ืฆื“ืงืช, ืฆื“ืงืช! ืฉื•ืœื— ืœืš, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ืืช ืคึผืกืœ ืชึผืžื•ื ืชื™ 
ื•ืชึผืžื•ืจืชื” ื‘ื˜ื— ื’"ื› ืืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ ืžืื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืžืืกืฃ ื”ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ 
ืฉืœื™ ืชืชื ื•ืกืก ืชืžื•ื ืชืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืขืžื ื• ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืืช ืขื˜ื ืœื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืึทื—ื™ื”ื , ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื", 
ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืจืื• ืœื” , ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ". 

ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืš ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคึผืขืžื™ื 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ืžืขืžื•ืึทืจืŸ, ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ, ืืฒึทื ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืกืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื–ืึทืš, ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ืึทืŸ 
ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืฆื•ื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืขืžื•ืึทืจืŸ ื’ื•ืคื. ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš, ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœืช 
ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื›ื, ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืกื›ึผืžื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื“ืขืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืขืžื•ืึทืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ,,ื“ื™ ื”ืคืงืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง-ื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื•ื™ื ื–ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ , ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทืžืึทืจ" ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืึทืงืกืขื ืคืขืœื“, ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ืึทื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื”. ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืงืœ, 
ืึท ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืง: ,ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ื›ืกืœ", ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึท ื’ืจืึทืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ืžืœืžื“ืก ืึท ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืก ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ: 


ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžื•ื˜ 
-- ื–ืึทืžื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ืฑืœืŸ -- 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืœืžื“ 

ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืึทืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ... ืืึทื–ืฒื•. 


ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื™.-ืœ. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืง! 

ืืคืฉืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ : ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืึทื“ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ืง, ืžื™ื›ืœ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, ืึท. ืฆืขื“ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื ? ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึทืžื™ื˜. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื - ื˜ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืึทืŸ ืึท ืžื—ื•ืชืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื—ืชื•ื ื” (ืคื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจืกืงื™, ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืชึผืœืžื™ื“), ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ ืึท ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ื™ืงืŸ, 
ืื ื ืกืœื— ื ื ืœื™ ื‘ืขื“ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื›ืชึผื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืชื ื›ื™ ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ื˜ืจื•ื“ ืื ื™ ื›ืขืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ 
,ื”ืžืืกืฃ"" ืฉืœื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื. 
ืื•ื”ื‘ืš ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9. ื”ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืขื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™, ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืœื” ืืชื” ืžืื“, ื•ืžืžืš ืœื ื”ืฉื‚ื’ืชื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื–ื” 
ืฉื‘ืขื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื”. 


3, ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื• 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 11ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1888 


ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึท ืฐืขืจืง , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•" 
(ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ), ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ืŸ" 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืึธื ืฆื•- 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคืึธืœ ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืฆื•ื ืคืึธืœืง, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืœืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ, ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืฆื• 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื• ืื™ื– ื‘ืืžืช ืึท ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• (ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ), 
ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืึทื™ึทื ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ -- ืืฑื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื• ืึทืœืฒืŸ, -- ืื™ื– 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ื ืก ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ืึทื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื. ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึธื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทื– ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฉืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืกื˜ื™ืกืœืึทืฐืœ, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. 
ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื˜ืืื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจื•ื˜ ืจืขืžืœ, ืื™ื– ื ื•ื’ืข ืืฒึทืš ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


222 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
4, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืŸืขืžื‘ืขืจืŸ 1888 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™ ืžื•ื”"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ ืฉืœื™! 

ืขืœ ื›ึผืœ ืžื›ืชึผื‘ื™ืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื™ืชื™ืš ืžื™ืึทืœื˜ืข (ืกื•ืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื™ืœึนืชึผื”) ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขื‘ืจืชื™ 
ืžืฉื, ื•ืขืœ ืื’ืจืชืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืขื ืš ืขึนืชึผื”. 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ (ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ) ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 
ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืจืึทื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืขืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื”ืœื•ืคึผืขื ื™ื˜ืฉ" ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ื‘ืกืขืจื“ืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืข 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืึทื”ื™ืŸ... ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทืœื™ืฒืŸ ื‘ืชึผื•ืคึผื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช 
ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ, -- ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื™ืขื ืขื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืขืฆื•ืช; ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ื ืฒึท ืš, ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืฐืึธืก ืงืึทืœื™ืข ืžืึทื›ืŸ; ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ืึทื“ืจื‘ื” ื•ืึทื“ืจื‘ื” ; ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคืŸ. ื ืึธืจ 
ื›ืคื™ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืขืฅ, ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืง, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ; ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฆืจื•ืช 
ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ -- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก... ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงื ืก, ืึทืœืก ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื™ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึทืฐื“ืื™, -- ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืฆืœื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืงื•ื“ื ืžึฟืชึผืŸ-ืชึผื•ืจื” ื˜ ืึธ ืจ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง? ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™"ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื; ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืงื™ื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ ืงืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜! -- 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืžืึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ืœื™ื’ืŸ --- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืขืก ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ื“ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœืข (ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข..) ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข{ื’ืขืŸื‘ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ? ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ืคืึทืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื“ืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืคึผ, ืฐื™ ืืฒึทืš ืงื•ืžื˜, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื—ื•ืฅ ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข 
ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ! ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ? 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ? ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. 

ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืžื›ึผื•ื— ,,ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜" ? ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื– ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 1 ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ 1 ืจื•"ื›ึผ; ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ -- ืคื™ืœ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ (ืžื—ืžืช ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ. ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขื›ืœ, 32 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ? !... ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืžืžืฉ !...) ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืกืš ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ? ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 50 (ืึทืคื™ืœื• 25) ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืคืึทืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜; -- ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจ 100 ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜. ื™ืขื ืข 9 ื—ืชื•ืžื•ืช 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืก.. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืืžืช, ืึทื– ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ? -- ืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆึทื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื–ืึทื›ืŸ: ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืข; ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก... ื“ืึธืก 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ื– ืœืข"ืข ืึท ืกื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ}; ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื˜ืึธ 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™... ื”ื›ึผืœืœ -- ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ! 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ; ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืข ืžืจื—ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ? ืฆื™ ืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ? 

ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืช, 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ื ืคืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


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ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™! 

ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ืชึผืœื’ืจืึทืžืข ืžื™ืึทืœื˜ืข ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื—ืžื“ื™ ื ืคืฉื™ 
ื•ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืฉื ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ. ื“ืขืช ืœื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืงืœ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืš! 

ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื”. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืจื•ืฆื”. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ื”' ืงืึทืจืึทืกื™ืง ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ 
ืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื”ื’ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขื ื™. 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข , ืงืจืขืคึผืœืขืš" ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ืึธื‘ื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ! ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื“ืขืก ? ื’ืฐืึทืœื“. ืขืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืึท ื’ื ื‘! ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ื ื‘! 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก ื–ืึธื’ ื ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš (ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื—ื ืคืขื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืš 
ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื-ื”ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจื™ื), ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืจืขืคึผืœืขืš ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืขื›ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื›ึผืœื‘ื™ื ? 

ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท 50 ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืชื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ื”ื›ึผืกืฃ, 
ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืฒึทืŸื– ืคื•ืŸ 1 ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 1.25 
ืึทื“ืขืจ 1,50; ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ 2090 ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืจ 556 (1590) ; ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 500 ืขืงื–' ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื“ื™ 500 ืขืงื–ื™ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื— ืฐืึธืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ 1 ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ ื‘ื ื›ึผื™ื•ืŸ 2596 ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ 90 ืงืึธืคึผื™ (2890). ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืชึผื ืื™ ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืื” ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื— ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ (ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืฐืขื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคึผืจืฒึทื–). ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ 500 ืขืงื–ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื•ื”ื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 100 ืึธื“ืขืจ 200 ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื‘ืœื ืžืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ืข"ื™ ื ืึทื›ื ืึทืžืข, 
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืกื•ื—ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงื ืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืœืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืขืก ืขื“ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืชึผืขืฉื‚! 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ; ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื“ืคืจืขืกืขืจืก. 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื ื“. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ื›ึผืžืขื˜ 40 ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 


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ื‘ืจื™ืฐื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืฆื™ืื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืจืคื”' 2 ืจื•ื™ื›ึผ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื•ืฃ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืฒึทืŸ 2 ืจื•"ื›ึผ. ืฐื™ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงืจื•ื ? ื“ืขื ื”' ืฆื™ื˜ืจืึธืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคึผ"ื. 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš. ื’ืจื™ืกื˜. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึทืœื˜ืข ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 13ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆ|ืขืžื‘ืขืจืŸ 1888 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜. ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก. ืึทื™ ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืช! ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ' ". ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื™ื ื’. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืึทืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื’, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืžืฆื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ. 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื: ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืึท 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ. -- ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืคืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ 690, 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 690? ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืึทืœืก ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ? ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื• ? ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืจ, ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืœืึทืฃ ื•ื™ ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ? 
ืฉืœืึทืฃ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉืœืึทืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ -- ืึทื‘ื™ ืžืข ืœืขื‘ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜: 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื•ื’ืก ืชึผื ื•ืขืฆื•ืช -- ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืžื•ื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ืึทืกืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื ื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืž"ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ; ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืข; ืืžืช, 
ื”ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืง; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื•ืคืกื™; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืž"ืจ, 
ืคืจื•ื’ --- ืคืข! 

ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืึทื“ื™ืข. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7 ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ื™ืึทืœื˜ืข, 15ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1888 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื›ึผืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ 
ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื›ึผืœื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืึทืœืข ืจื’ืข. -- 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ,ืขืกืง" ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ : ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 


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ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื• -- -- --: ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื“"ื’ืœ. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืขื ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ: ืึทื– 100 ืจื•"ื› ืžื™ื˜ 500 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ, ืœื ืคึผื—ื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื›ึผื•ื—: ื”ืจ ืฉืื” ืึท ืคึผืึธืœื ืข. 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•. 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ืš-ื’ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื. 

ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืึทืœืข , ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจื™ืงืข". 

ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฅ, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. --- ืฆื• ,, ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•ืŸ" ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜. ืึท ืชึผื ื•ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืื—ืฉืชืจื ื™ื". 
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืจื— ื“ืขืงืึทื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐื™ 


8 ืฆื• ืื‘ืจื”ื-ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืœืึธื‘ืขืจ 


18 


ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉ -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ (ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืขืจ) ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš, 
ืจื‘ ื.-ื‘. ื’ืึธื˜ืœืึธื‘ืขืจ ! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืฉื™ืงื–ืึทืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขื 
ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืคืึทืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ืขืžืข ื–ื™ืกืข 
ืจื™ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ 
ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืžื™ืื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ (ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ). ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ืืžืช ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึท ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืž'ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื›ึผื‘ื•ื“... 

ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš: ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจื•ื ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื‘ื™ื›ืœ,, ืฆืจื•ืจ ืคึผืจื—ื™ื", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืก ืฐื™ ืึท ื‘ื•ืงืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ื ืก ืงื‘ืจ -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜, -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 

ืคึผ'ืก. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืฑื™ืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื”' ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’, 

ื–ืฒึท ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื•. 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


226 


ืžื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืงื”ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9. ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


2 1, 1889 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ! 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืืœื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื ? ืœืึธื– ืื™ื ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื ! ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœ ื—ื“ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ; ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืคืฒึทื ื˜, ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื›ึผืœื™ื–ืžืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš, -- ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜. -- 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ 100 ืขืงื–' ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™, 
ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ื‘ืจืึธืงื˜ ื–ื™ --- ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื” ืฉืœื‘ื›ื ื—ืคืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื›ืœ (ืœืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืช ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”"ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ.") ืคื•ืŸ ืœื 
ืคึผื—ื•ืช 50 ืึทื“ืจืขืกืŸ ืขื ื”ื›ึผืกืฃ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ื"ื’ 90 ื›ึผื“ืช ื•ื›ึผื“ื™ืŸ. -- 


ืœื™ื”ื•ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ืึทื– ืžืŸ 1 ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ ืฉ"ื– ืฉื ืชื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืึธื˜ืฐืขื˜ืฉืึทื™ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืžืงื—, ื”ืฒึทื ื• 1.25 (ืขื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึธ 1.25)... ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธื–, ื•ื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ. ื›ึผืคื™ ื”ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืœืคื™- ืฉืขื”, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืขืงืก', ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึทื‘ื™ ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืกื˜, ืฉื˜ืึธืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืŸ! -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืžืงื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื›ื”'ืข ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืึธื•ืฐื•ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 2 ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 902. 
ื”ื›ึผืœืœ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื”ื•ืœืึธื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืึธื‘ืงืข ื“ื™ ืขืงื–', ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜. 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’"ื› ื’ืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื›ื”"ืข, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ. -- ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื“ืจืฒึท : ื–ื™ืš, ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ. ืกื•ื‘ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืžืื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืจื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘"ื™. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืœืฒึทื“, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ -- ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืขืก ืชื•ืž"ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืฆื•ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื’ืฑื™ึทืฉืŸ ื™ืึธืจ. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


227 


ื‘ืจืœื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื ืขืœื™ื›ื•ื 


0. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 8/7, 1, 18189ืŸ 

ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ ! 

ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืฒึทืก. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉืœืึทืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜, ืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•- 
ืคึผืขืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ื ื™ื˜, ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื›ึผื ื›ึผื•ืœื ื•, 
ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืจื—ื” ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืึท. ืฐืขื’ืฐืฒึทื–ืขืจ 
ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึทื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืก ืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
ื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ืงืขืก ,,ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื“" ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ, ื”ืฉืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ืื• ืจื–ื” -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธ 
ืึท ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื“ืขื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ. ื’ื 
ืคืึทืจื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืฉืขืจืึธื ืข 
ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืฒึท ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื›ึผืืฉืจ ืชื—ื–ื™ื ื” ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ืื™"ื” 
ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฐื™ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืœืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ, 
ื“ืขืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ืžื™ื™ื–ืึทืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงื˜ื•ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึทื ื’, ืึทื– , ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ื" ืคืึธืจื˜ (ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืงืข) ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืคืึธืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ื‘ื•ืš, ืึท ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืึท ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ ืืึทื–ืฒื•ื•. ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ --- ืฉืึท! ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ! ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, 
ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึทืŸ, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืžื›ึผืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืจืฉ. ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ื“ืขื 
ืžืึทืจืฉืจื•ื˜ ืœืฐืึทืจืฉืข ? ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึธืจืŸ ? (ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ) ื”ื›ึผืœืœ ืžื›ึผืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืจืฉ! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ื–ืขื˜, ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ,ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืึธื™ืข" ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
2 ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืžื—ืžืช ื–ื™ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ; ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ 


ืืฒึทืš ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจืŸ, 
ื”ื "ืœ 


1 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


9 +ื–ืžื’ืžืชื”ื 11 


ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 0:4882626) ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื– ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš 


228 


ื‘ืคื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ื• ืฉืœืฐื- ืขืœื™ืคื 


ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง. ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื™ืจืึทืฐื•ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ. -- 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธืฉื™ืจื˜ืŸ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™", ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•; ื‘ื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืง ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ 40; ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ื”ื›ึผืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš.. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ืงืึธืกื˜ 10 ืงืึธืคึผื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืงืขื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึท ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ืื–ืขืืฆืฉืขืชืก? ืคืึทืจ 150 ืจ"ื›? ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ืึทืœืก 10 ืงืึธืคึผื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจ ืึทืœืก 20 ืงืึธืคึผ, ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข 
ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืœ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึธ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ. -- 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•-ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืŸ 
ืขื™ื ื™ื. -- 1 ืขืงื–ื™ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ืฒ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 2ื˜ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื”ืงื˜ื•ื ืขืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึทึธื˜ืขืง". ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืœืฅ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง; ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืž' 60, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 20 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ; ,, ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™" ื”ืึทืœื˜ 
ื›ึผืžืขื˜ 8 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืื™ื– ืงืึทืžื™ื ืขืจืก ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืึธืจ-ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื›ึผืžืขื˜ 
2 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ; ื‘ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึทื˜ืขืง" ื‘ื™ื– 40 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ 1725 ?! ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืกื—ื•ืจื”, ืฐืึธืก ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜. 
ื™ืึธ, ืืฒึทืš ืงื•ืžื˜ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืคืึทืจ 120 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฆื• 10 ืง' (ืฐื™ ืึทืœืข ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื) 12 ืจื•ื›ึผ, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืก'ืื™ื– ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืคืึทืœืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื’ืจืฑื™ืกืข; ืขืก 
ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ืงืฐืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื”ื’ื ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ืกื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฉืึทื ืขืจ. -- ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ 13 ืจื•"ื›ึผ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ื”ื ืืชื›ื 
ืžื›ึผืกืฃ ื”ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึธื ื˜ืข ืฉืœื™ 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ืš ืื—ื™ืš โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื˜ื•ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืึท ื–ืึทืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ?.., 


2. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
9 ื”ืชืืžืชื” 11 


ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ ! 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 1 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข", (ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ 8, 9) ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 


299 


ื›ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืงืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข ืฉืคึผืฒึทืขื›ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื”ืึทื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืฆื• ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงื™ื ืื”, ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื—ื“ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื’ืข ืžื™ืจ, ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ (ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืคึผืึธืŸ) ; ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ? ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคึผืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ (ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท 
ื™ืขื ืขื ืงื˜ื•ื ืขืจ) ืฆื• ืคืจื•ื’ืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืคืจื•ื’, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืœืขื•ื•ื™) ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื” ื“ื™ 50 ืจื•"ื›; -- ืงื•ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืขืก.. 

ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืจืฒึทืก ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื• ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ,ืึทื”ื”! ืึทืœืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืึทืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืคึผืึทืจื›ืขืก!!! ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื™ื– -- ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงืึธื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืœื™ื ื“ื™' ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข", ื›ึผื™ื“ื™ื”ืฉื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื•; ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข"; ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืง ืฆืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜! ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜! ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ืขืกืง -- ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืื™, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื ื• ื”ื™ืงืจ ื”ืจ' ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืคึผืึทืŸ ืœื‘ืœ ื™ืชืจืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”; ื™ืฉื ืก ื ื ืืช ืžืชื ื™ 
ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื•ื™ื—ื’ื•ืจ ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ืขื˜ื• (ืฉื‚ืคืช ื 'ืก) ื•ื™ืคื™ืฅ ืงื“ืงื•ื“ ื”ืคึผืึทืจืึทื–ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื“ืขืžืึทื’ืึธื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” -- 
ื•ืฉืคืชื™ื ื™ืฉืง! 


ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ื "ืœ 


ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืžื—ืžืช ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืึทืŸ ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ-ื•ืžืฆื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ! ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ 
ืœื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืึท 1/2 ื™ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ื˜ ื•ืขื“ ืฉื‚ืจื•ืš ื ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ.. 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


9 ื–ืชืžืžื—ื” 16 


ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึทืŸ! 

ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™"ื” ื‘ืœื™ ื ื“ืจ ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’, ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืคืจื™ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืึทืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ; ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš. -- 

ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืข ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืข"ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื–ืฉ (ื›ึผืžื” ืขืงื–' ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื• ืžื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ). ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึทืœื ืข ืขืงื–ื™ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืข"ื™ ืคึผืึธืกื™ืœืงืข. -- 

ื”ื—ื›ื ื ืึทื˜ืึทื ื–ืึธื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื ืึทืจื“ ืื™ื• ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื—ื›ื; ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืืฑืฃ ืึทืœืข ื’ืึทืกืŸ ืึทื– 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ(?) ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ื•ื™ 


230 


ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืงืขืœื™ืคื 


ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื›' ื•ื›'... ื’ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฐืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœ"ื• ืกืึธื˜ืจื•ื“ื ื™ืงืขืก! -- ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ื“ืึทืžืขืŸ ื’"ืค. ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ. -- 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผืžื™ื“ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื• ื“. ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 17ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1889 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ? ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ,, ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™" ? 

ืฆื™ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœ (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ) ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขื 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ,,ืฐืึธืก ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ" ? ืฆื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ? 

ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืึท ืจืฉืข, ืึท ื’ื–ืœืŸ, ืึท ืจื•ืฆื”! 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื˜ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜, ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืข, ืื™ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ? ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืืึทื–"ื•... ืึทื™ืึธ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ? ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืž ืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ, 
ืœื›ึผืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, ื”ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ื“ืึทืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง, 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืืึทื–"ื•. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื• ื™. ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื• 18/171, 1. 1889 ?| 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืึทื ืง ื’ืขืœืขื–ืŸ, 
ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจื—ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ืงื•ืงืŸ ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื ื’! ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื ื’! ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•" ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืขืจ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื”ืึธืจืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืก 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ; ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืคึผืฒึทื ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืก, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืขื ืข ื–ืึทืš. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ,, ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•". 
ื”ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืœืขืš ; ื–ืขื˜, ืึทื– ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืงื•ื˜ืฉื ืข ; 


231 


ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืคืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš. ื™ื•ื ื’ืข-ืœืฒึทื˜, ื™ื•ื ื’ืข-ืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™! ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข-ืœืฒึทื˜! ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื’ืœ (ืึท ืžื›ึผื” ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ,,ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•" ืื™ืŸ 2 ืฐืึธื›ืŸ!). ื ืึธืจ 
ืœืึทื ื’ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืงืข, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ึดืขื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ืึท ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืœืขืš. ืึท ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช!.. 

ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืึธืžืŸ! 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืคึผืึทืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฉื‘ืช ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ ืขืจืข ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืชึผืคึผื•ื—ื™ ื›ึผืกืฃ ื‘ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘) ืขืงื•' -- 
ืืฒึทืš, ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ 
,ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง". ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”. 


6. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 18/17, 1. 18189} 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™! 

ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืชืžืฆื ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืื‘ืงืฉืš, ื™ืงื™ืจื™, ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืœืžืขืŸ 
ืœื ื™ืฆื ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžื–ื” ื—"ื•. -- 

ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™. ืžื—ืจ ืื™"ื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืคึผืขืงืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืฆื• 
ืืฒึทืš -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื”!! ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ืžืงื‘ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ , ื’ื•ื˜ืข" 
(ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข) ืขืงื–ื™, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆ' ืฉืœื™ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ืœื•ื˜ ืึท ืฆืขื˜ืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืช ื”ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ืฉืœื™ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ืช. -- 


ื™ื“ื™ื“ืš ืื•ื”ื‘ืš ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืค"ืฉ ืœื–ื•ื’' ื•ืœื‘ืช ื"ื– ื•ืœืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ. 


ืฉืืœื” 1 
.383 1 {ื–ืืกืช111626:0680 /ืข1168808 ืฉื•ืกืงืข!2 (.ื”ืกืงืก 1) ืคื–ืืขืžืกืชืก 8 .902 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื 
ื“ืขืจ 14ื˜ืขืจ ืœืžืกืคึผืจ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ; ื•ืžืขื•ืช ืจืฉืžืชื™ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืจืง 13 ืจื•"ื›. 
ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื˜ืึธืŸ: -- 


ืฉืืœื” 2 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 11184 ,ืคืขืงืฅ86:ื– 
8'ืฐ1.88 ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื”ืขืจ -- ื ืึธืจ 1 ืžืึธืœ. 


232 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืž-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ? 
ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงืœืึธืจ ืข"ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™. 


7 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


9 1. 18189ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! 
ืฐืึธืก ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจ' ื ื—ืžื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐื™ืฅ ? ืฆืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื 
ืึทืงื•ืจืึทื˜! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืึท ืคึผืขืจืขืคึผื™ืกืงืข ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืึทืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึธืŸ; ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ; 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. -- 
ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ? 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 24ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ืฐื•ืึทืจืŸ 1889 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืŸ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืœืขื›ืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืœ ืฉืžืขืจืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜- 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜; ืฉืžืขืจืฆืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื™ืขื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืœืึธืจ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื ืขืžืœืขืš 
ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข. ื‘ืœื ืฉืคืชื™ ื—ื ืฃ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืœืข"ืข ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืืžืช ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. ืึทืš, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื–ืึทืš: ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! ืืฉืžืชื™, 
ื›ื’ื“ืชื™, ื’ื–ืœืชื™, ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ื“ื•ืคื™... ื ืึธืจ ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ 
ืžืึทื›ื˜, ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื“ ืฉื›ึผื ื’ื“ ืื•ื™ืš -- -- -- {ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื• 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸืŸ 


9, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, ื“ืขื 24ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1889 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ึฟืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 
ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืชื•ื›ื—ืช ืžื’ื•ืœื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืชืจืช. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืœืึธืคึผื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! ื ืึธืจ ืฆื“ื™ืง 
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื• -- ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– 


233 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ื˜ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื›ึผืฆืขืงืชืš. ืงื•ืจืฅ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ , ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’" ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึทืœื˜ืข 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืง, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืึทืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืึทื– ืขืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื‘ืฒื™ 
ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืึทื– -- ื“ืขื ืกืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ-ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืœื˜ืข; ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืงืœื™ืึทื˜ืข ื—ื•ืœืืช, 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ืœื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, , ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืข", ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•- 
ื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืขืก ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ืคืึธืงื•ืกื ื™ืง 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ; ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข 
ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ: , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืกืขืจื“ืฆืข, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ!" -- ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื‘ื—ืจื, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’ืขืจ ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึทืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืœื•ืช, ืื™ื– ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึทืกืคึผืึธืจื™ืึทื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืึทื– ืื™ื ืขื 4ื˜ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜-ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 
5ื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข" ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื”ืึทืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ -- ื˜ืคึผืจืจืจื•. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ืžื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ; ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ! ืžื™ืจ ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืึทื™ ืฉื•ืคืจื ื“ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืขืคืจื --- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึท ืชึผืœ. ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืžื” ืืขืฉื” 
ืœื›ืจืžื™ ? ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืžืฉื™ื ื™ 
ืจืฉืขื™ื ? ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืคึผื ื™ื-ืืœ"ื™ 
ืคึผื ื™ื, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ืื™ืš 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ื“ืขื ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช 
ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ; ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ, ืฐื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื“, ืึท ืกื•ื™ืึทื–, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืง, ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืขืคึผืขืก ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš 
ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ; ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืš. ืขืก 
ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื›ึผื•ื—-ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืึท ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ --- ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ --- ืฉืžืึธืฐืขื“! ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื›ึผืคึผืจื” ืืฒึทืš. ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข; ืขืจ ืฉืžืฒึทืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐืึธืš ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ึผืœ ืขื ื•ืขื“ื”; ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ? ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–, 
ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึทื˜ื”ืขืง" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜. ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขืžืึทืš --- ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื•. ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš ? ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜! -- 

ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•" ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืจืขืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืงื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 
ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื: ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธ ืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืช ื’ื•ื˜-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงืึธืคึผืึทื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืฉ. ื ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื˜: ืื™ืš 
ืงืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš, 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


234 


ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9 -- ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืึทืงืึทื– ืึธื“ืขืจ 51 ืึธื“ืขืจ 71 ืขืงื–' --- ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืชึผื ื” 25 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ. ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ืึทืจื•ื ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืขื 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก? -- ื™ืึธ, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชืŸ: ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ื‘ื›ืœืœ? 

ื”ื "ืœ 


0, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


7 1, 18189ืŸ 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธืŸ ! 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืœืžื—ื•ื– ื—ืคืฆื, ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจืงืฒื˜ ืจืขื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืœื›ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืฑื™ึทืฉ: 6:886460). ืžืกืชึผืžื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื™ืœืงืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฆืขื˜ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื ืื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึทืœืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. -- 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ,, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืงืข" ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ? ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืงืึธื›ื˜ ืขืก! 
ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ืึท ื›ึผืœื” ื ืื” ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื”, ื ืึธืจ ื”ืœืฐืึทื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืœืฒึทื˜ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืœื›ืŸ ืืงืฆืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคืขื ืช"ืจ 
ืœืš, ื™ืงื™ืจื™, ื‘ืขื“ ื˜ืจื—ืชืš ื•ืขืžืœืš, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืฃ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืึธืคึผื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท , ืงืฆื™ืŸ" (ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ), 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื’"ืค 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขื ื”' ืฉืขืจืขืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ืึท ื”ืขืจืฆืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก! ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ. -- 


1, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 
ื•ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืขืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 


ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื! ืœืึธื– ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜-ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 


235 


ืฆืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึท ืฉืœื™ืžื–ืœ; ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึท ืžืœืžื“ -- ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื—ืจื˜ื”. ืื•ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื” ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ 
,ื”ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ืช?" ื›ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื ืœื ืคืฉ ืขื™ื™ืคื” ื”ื™ ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ืš, 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœื–ืึทื. ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฉืขืฆืŸ ืึท ื ื™ืฆืœืขื›ืข ื–ืึทืš! ื”ื™ื“ื“!!-- -- = 


ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืขืœ ืจืึธืฉื•ืŸ ืึทื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืึทื—ืจื•ืŸ 
ืฉื ื™ : ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื›ึผื•ื— , ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง" ? ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง"; ื–ืขื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึท ื‘ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึธื˜ ืึท ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ -- -= -- ?., 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ? ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ , ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง" ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืึธื ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ -- ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ืึท ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ. -- ืžืกืชืžื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ืŸ ? ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ื–ื™ื™ืคืขืจื“, ืฐื™ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜: ,, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืขืจ", , ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืึธื ื™ื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืขืก", ืฆื™ , ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžืึทืจืงืขืŸ" 
-- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื! ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื“ืขื ืœื•ื™, ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ: ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข -- ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื•, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืึทืคึผื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืึธืกืึทื“ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผืกืง, 
ื“ืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืฒื™ืœืขื›ื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ื›ึผืกื“ืจ -- ืื•ืŸ, ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืกืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื›ึผื“ืึทื™ ืฆื• ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ ืข ืฉ ืจื™ื‘ ืŸ ื“ืึธื ืึธืกืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ ืจื•ืง ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธื ืึธืกืŸ. ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื --- ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฐืึทืจื’ืŸ, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืœืš ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื“ืจื›ื ื•! ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” 
ืื™ื– ืžืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: , ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืŸ, ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืฐืขืœืŸ ื›ืจื•ืงืขืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ 
ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืก: ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ืงืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš, ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจืขื ืคืึธืœืง". -- ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื“ืจืึทืžืข -- ,ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช" 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš -- ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจ, -- ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. 
ืฉืž"ืจืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜: ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืž"ืจ, ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืž"ืจ! ืœื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืž"ืจืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง; ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ึดืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืึทืœื˜ืข ื›ืึธืœืขืฐืขืก, ื•ืชึผื”ื™ 
ื ึดืฉึดืืžืชึผื ืฆืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆืจื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื -- ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืงื“ื™ืฉ, 

ื ื•, ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืฑืŸ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง. ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ ืขืก ื˜ืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ. ืก. -- ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ,,ืžื•ื›ื™ื—" (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ) ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš. 

ืื•ื™, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ! ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื“, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคื™ื›ื˜ืขื ืฐืึทืœื“, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ืื•ื™, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ! -- = -- 

ื•ื•ืขื’! ื“ืขื ืฉื™ ื“ื•ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. -- ื‘ ืกื•ื“. 


236 


ื‘ืคื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืืกืขืœื™ื›ื 
2, ืฆื• ืฉ. ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื• 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 9, 2,. 1889 


ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืึทื– ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื˜ื™ืกืœืึทืฐืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืžืฆื•ืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื•ืขืจ 
ืขืžืึทื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ืจื˜ืข ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื™ื’ื ืึธืจื™ืจื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื‘ื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืข ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ -- ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืื•ืžืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒื™ึทืฉืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื• 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืœืึทืง. ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืขืก ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ, ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง 
ืงืขืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทื ืขืจ -- ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’, 

ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“"ื” ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’, ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง? ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืคึผืจืขื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ ืื™ื– ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– --- ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจ -- ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืคืœืึทื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ื•ืจืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ื–ืขืœื˜ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึท- 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืึท ืกืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื—ืฉืง ืฆื•ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืžืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช... ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9. ืฆื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ-ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ? 


3, ืฆื• ื. ื. ื”ืึทืจืงืึทืฐืฑ 


118189 ,4 4 

ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ืขืจืข ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืžืขืœื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืœ, ืึทื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจื‘ื•ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ,,ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงืฒื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 


237 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื– ืฉืœื ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืจืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืงื•ืง ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืก : 

) ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ื•ื ? 

2) ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ืขืžืœืขืš ? 

3) ืฐื•ึผ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ? 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฆืขืจ. ืฉ.-ืข, 


09. ืฆื™ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธืกืœืึทืฐื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึทืจืžืœืงืข ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ? ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ? 


4, ืฆื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืžื–ื• 


5 4, 1889 
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ! 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจ 
ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ (ื ื•ืžื™ 80). ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจ- 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืฑืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข. ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš: ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒ 
ืฆื•, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", ืชืจื "ื˜ (1889), ืคื•ืŸ 10 ื‘ื™ื– 20 ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5 ืฆื• ;ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" 
7ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1889 


ืฆื•ื ื”' ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ"! 

ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื—ืจืคึผื” ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื—ืจืคึผื” 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื—ืจืคึผื” ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ? ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ| ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš ื‘ืฒึทื ืื•ื™ืคืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”' ืœ. ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ (ืื™ืŸ ,, ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" 97), ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ืขื•ืœื -- ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืœืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš -- ื“ืขื 
ืขืจื ืคื•ืœืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื 70ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”' ืง. ืฉื•ืœืžืึทืŸ ? ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ 
ืขื•ืœื ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 


238 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ; ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืžืœื™ืฆื”, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจ -- ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืœื•ื™ื‘... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืœืฐืึทื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื“ื‘ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง, ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืึธืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ึทืจื”ื, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืขืจืก, ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื—ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืช, ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ ืขืฉืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืื ืข ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืคืจ ื•ื•ืขื“ืœื™ืง ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึธืจืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืึธืจืขืžืข. ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”' ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœืฒื™ื’ื˜ืข.. 
ืึทืœืก ืึท ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืึธื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืš ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื”' ืง. ืฉื•ืœืžืึทืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืฐื•ืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ: , ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืจืึธืฉืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืงืŸ ืขืจื“ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฆืขื ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ"... 


ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, ืœ"ื’-ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ ื”'ืชืจืžื˜ |ื“ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1889ืŸ, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืžื–ื• 


6 ืค83ืŸ ืคืืฅื”ืกื ื™ืก 10.9.18 
8, 5, 18189ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ, ืึท ืฐืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ 

ื“ื™ื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท , ื™ืึทืžื‘" ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึท , ื›ืึธืจืฒ". 
ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืฆื 
ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื“ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื‘ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืœืึทื›ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืึทื ื’ืข ืคึผื™ืื•ืช ? ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื‘, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืฐื™ ืึท ื”ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื™ืขืจ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจ! ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื’ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข 
ืœื™ื“ ืืฒึทืขืจืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืฆื” ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ: ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืฒึทืœืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, -- ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ 


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ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขื ,,ืงืึทื–ื™ืึธื ืข" ืจื‘, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ืš 
ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจืœื™ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื". ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืŸ ืจื‘ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึธื‘, ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธืจืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืฃ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ , ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืงืขืก" 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข. ื“ืึทืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืขืคืขืงื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ 


ืค 
ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• *. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš. 12ื˜ืŸ--12ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1889 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 
ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืืงื™ื™ืžื” --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืœื ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”. ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ: 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ ืข ืก ื˜ ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืึท ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ 
ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื›ืฆืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ืึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืข, ืึท ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืึท ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืขืœื•ืช, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืคืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ --- ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื—ืชืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจืŸ: 
ืึทืฉืจื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื›ื›ื” ืœื•! ื ื“ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ 25 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืžื–ื•ืžื ืข ืืŸ 
ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืึธืš. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ืชื•ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืึท ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื-ื”ืึธืจืฅ ; ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื: ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืชืžืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืŸ ,, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ: ืขืก ืžื•ื– ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื“, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœ'ื” ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทื– ืžืข 
ืจ ืข ื“ ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš... ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืึธื‘ 
ืฉื“ื›ื ื™ืฉ ืงืขืจื‘ืœ, ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆืึทืฆืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ? ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืงืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื-ื”ืึธืจืฅ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท -- -- -- ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ --- ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืžื™ืื•ืก, ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜, ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ืžืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืข ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง, ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืึทื‘ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืึทื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื›ึผืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื -- ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืข 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืž ื— ื‘ ืจ; ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืš -- ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”. ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึธืก 
ืึธื ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืึทื– ืจืืฉื™ืช-ื—ื›ืžื” ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆืึทืฆืงืข ืึทืœืฒืŸ 
ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืž ืฒึท ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™ ืฆืึทืฆืงืข ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึทื™ื -ืึทื ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืŸ-ื”ืฉืžื™ื -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœื” 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ืชืŸ, ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื. ืžืžื”-ื ืคืฉืš, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืจื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืฆืขื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืคืึทืจืฉืœื™ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ 


ื› 5 { 
ื™ืก ืžืžื ื™ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


20 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ ืก. -- ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืืœ ืชื’ื™ื“ื• ื‘ื’ืช ื•ื‘ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™! 


8 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, 022ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1889 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™! 

ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ื–ืœืŸ: ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”' ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจื ืึธืกื˜ืึทื™ืขื•ื•ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืึท ,ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™", ื•ืœืกื•ืฃ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื–! ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื™ืึทืงื‘ื™, ืึทื– ืข ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ืฃ! ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™, ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืœืึทื˜, 
ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ! ื–ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื—ื‘ืจ-ืœืึทืคึผ,. ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื˜ื•ื’ 
ืขืก, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ึผืคึผืจื•ืช -- ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ 
-- ืึท ื˜ืฉื•ื“ืึทืง ! ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ืึทื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืฒื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
,ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ; ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ึผืคึผืจื•ืช! ืžื™ืœื, ืึทื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
, ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข" ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข ื ื•ื“ื ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืœ" ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ --- ืื™ื• ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื—: ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืึท ืฉืคึผืฒึท 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜"; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ --- ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืจ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜! ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืžืช, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ืึธืกื˜ืื™ืขืฐื•ืงืข, ื˜ืึธ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– -- ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ืึทืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื–ืึท ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœืึทืคึผืขืก ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืึท ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจ! ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ื ื™ืžืืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืขืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืฉืคึผืฒึท ื˜ื•ืŸ.. ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข 

ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ... ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ืึธืคืŸ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9, ืฆื• ;,ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" 


1ืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ 1889} 

ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ"! 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื’ืขื ืึธืกืข ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึท ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจื•ื ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืขื ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ื”' ืงืœืžืŸ ืฉื•ืœืžืึทืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 70ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึธื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ื“ื™ 


241 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืกื•ืžืข ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ. ื”ืœืฐืึทื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืคึผืจืฒึทื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืขืฆื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข (ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•), ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืชืจืž"ื˜ {23ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 11889, 


ืคึผ.ืก. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื ื“ื‘ื™ื: ื“ื™ ื”"ื” ื”' ืืฒื ื”ืึธืจืŸ, ื”' ื‘ืึธื“ื™ืง, 

ื”' ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’, ื”' ืฐืึธืœืงื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ื”' ืคึผืœื•ื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื ื™, ื”' ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื”' ืขืกืžืึทืŸ, ื”' ืฉืึทืœื™ื˜ืข. 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืœืฑื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ, 


0, ืฆื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืžื–ื• 


0 ืคืฉื’ื– ื•ืคืืงื”ืกื .ื ืก 1 ,ื .10.9 
.1 1889 12 98 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ! 

ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื“ ,ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื" ืงืึธืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง". ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ 
ื‘ืชึผื ืื™, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข. 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ? ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืกื“ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™-ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืึธืจืฒื™. ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ? 
ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ืจืฆืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืžืืจื™ืš. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจื‘, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืขืจ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึท. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึทืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ 
ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง; ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 

ืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฆื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


6 1838 ,ื’ืืžื”ืกื .ื“ืก } .10.8 
1 1889 1123 28 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ! 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš 


22 


ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืื™ืขืœื™ืคื 


ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ื ื•ืž' 1241, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆืฒื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜, ืคืึทืจืฉืข- 
ื ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืคึผื•ืฆื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐื™ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ (ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึท- 
ืคื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื) ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ- 
ื•ื•ืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข {ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜ืข} ืคืขื“ืขืจืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจ, ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืฆื”, ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืงืข ื–ืึทืš. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืกื›ึผืžื”, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืงื•ืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ, 


ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก 
ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


6 ื‘ืžืคืŸ ื’ืคืืงื”ืกื .ื ืก ื” 10.3.26 
21.6.}189 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจ ! ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก 
ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ (ืฆืขืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื™ ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืจื”), ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ: ืื‘ ืขืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื˜ืขื ื–ื™ืขืก ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ: ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ืง ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืขื, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื”, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื—ืžืช ืงืžืฆื ื•ืช ื—ืœื™ืœื”. ืื™ืš ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฆื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 


ืฉืœื•ื:ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืคึผ.ืก. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึท ืกืš ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 


ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื 
ืืึทื–"ื•ื•, 


243 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


6.9 ,29 ืคืืž80 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจ ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืึทืขืžืข ืื™ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก- 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜, ืึทืœืก ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ืืฒื“ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื" ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืœื™ื“ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข 
ื–ืึทืš, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืขืก ืืฒึทืขืจืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืขืจืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื—ื›ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ืง. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื• ื“. ื”. ืžื’ื™ื“ 


ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, 16. 7. 18189} 


ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืžื’ื™ื“! 

ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”. ื’ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืข ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ื— ืื•ืžืึทืŸ", ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”' 
ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜-ืึทืงืึท- 
ื“ืขืžื™ืข. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™- 
ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขืคื˜ ; ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก. 


ืฉ. ืจ ืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืคึผืก. ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืึทื“ืจืขืก -- ื™ื•ื’ืึธ-ื–ืึทืคึผืึทื“ื ืึทื™ืึท ื–ืฉืขืœืขื–ื ืึทื™ืึท 


ื“ืึธืจืึธื’ืึท, ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข 26. 
ืคืึทืจ ืกื˜ืจืึทื›ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฅ -- ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ --- ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ. 


244 


ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœืงื™ื›ื 


5 ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื• 


ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, 18ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1889 


ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืขื ื™ื ื™ื, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื! (ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข.) ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ 
ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ , ืคึผืขืจืขืœืข", 
ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืึท ื–ืึทืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ. ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ื ื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœืขืจ ืœืึทื’ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘, ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืขืจืœ, ื•ื™ ืคึผืขืจืขืœืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื—ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ,, ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•". ืึทื’ื‘, , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ืŸ" 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจ , ืื™ื–ืจืึทืขืœื™ื˜". ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื›ึผื•ื— ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืึทืฆืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืš, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืคื™ืœ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื ื™ื˜, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืฐืึธืจืขื ,ืึท 
ืกืš ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื -- ืึท ืกืš ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“". ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคึผืฒึทื ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ. 

ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ 
--- ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืฑื ื•ื ื’ -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื˜ื‘ื— 
ืื•ืžืึทืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืข ? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื˜ืขืจ ? ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ 


ืฉืฉ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืค9ืก, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืึท ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื™ืŸ ,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ? 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข , ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืœื•ืขื˜ืŸ" ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืš , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ". ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ 


6, ืฆื• ,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจืฒื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ื ืึทืจืึธื“ื ืึทื™ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืึท? 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื™ืขืœื™ื–ืึทื•ื•ืขืฆื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก, ื ื•ืž' 8, 3ื˜ืŸ ืืฑื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1889 

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืชึผื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง". ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ, ืึทื– 


25 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทืœืฅ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ, ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜-ืคืึทืจืฆืฒื›ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ. 
ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐื™ืกืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ -- ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข. ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื " 
ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 


ืฉ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืคึผืก. ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืขืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 


7. ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื• 


ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, 17. 8. 18189| 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ,. ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" (ื™ื•ืœื™) 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜. ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ื˜ืึทืจ ืฆื•ื ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ... ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข 
ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจืงืฒื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ. ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ืึทื“ื•ืจืš 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืึธื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืคึผืึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ,,ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜-ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืžืขื ื™ืฆืขืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึทื“ืขืคึผื˜ืŸ -- ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, -- ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘, ื ื• ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ? ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžื ื•ึผื•ื•ืœ (ืœื•ื™) ืึท ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืขืงืก ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ !!... ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ (ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ, ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”-ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉ!), ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ (ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ) ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ: ,ื ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ!" ืึธื˜ 
ืึท ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜! ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ. ื›ึผื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ, ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืคึผืึธืœื™- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืฆืขื ืจื•ื‘ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื’ืึทืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืก (ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš, ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš), ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ืจืขืงืœืึทืžื™ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืฉืžื•ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ืจืคึผื” 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืข ืคืึทืจืคืึธืœื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ 
ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืจืึทื ื’ืœืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจืขื›- 
ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจืœื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ: ืคืึทืจืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืกืคื•ืœืข ื‘ืึทืฆ;ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื™ืขื˜ื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ึผื•ื•ืœื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก --- ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืึทืกืŸ. -- ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืคืขืœืŸ ืคืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ- 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืฉ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


8 ืฆื• ,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ื ืึทืจืึธื“ื ืึทื™ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึทื˜ืขืงืึทื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 3ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1889 
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ืœืึทืจื™ืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ื“ื™ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, 
ืึทื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืœืฑื˜ืŸ 
ืชึผื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืขื. ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜, 
ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืž ืฒึท ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ืง, ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื—ืชืžืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื“. ืžื’ื™ื“". ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคืฉืจ ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜? ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ,ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื", ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ , ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข", ื“"ื™ื” ื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืข"ืคึผ ืืœืฃ-ื‘ื™ืช. ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ --- ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜, ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ,, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", ื“ืึธืš ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ (ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช). 
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ืึธื ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื ืึธืจ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ืืฑื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืคื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ; ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืจื™ื˜ืขื, ืึท ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ืžืึธืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ; ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืžืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืกืข ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืึทืกื˜. ื‘ื›ืœืœ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ืึธื ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื•ื•ืึธ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืงืฒื˜, ืคืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื“"ื’ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ืึธื ื™ืžืขืจ ืืฑื˜ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืขืช ืคืจื•ื’ ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ืึธื ื™ืžืขืจ ืืฑื˜ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒื™ื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš. ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืขืก? ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทื ืึธื ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธืจ, ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฉ. ืจ ืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


287 


ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื” ืฉืœื•ื ?ืคืœื™ื™ื›ื•ื 


9. ืฆื• ,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ื ืึทืจืึธื“ื ืึทื™ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืึท? 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 4ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1889 
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ืœืึทืจื™ืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 


ืืฒื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืฒึทืขืจ ื›ึผืชึผื‘-ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืึทื™ืึท 
ื‘ืึทื ื“ืขืจืึธืœ. ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืฐื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืžืขืงืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืึทืœืก ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืกื˜ืึทืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžืกืชืžื ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืŸ. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ 


ืกืึธืœ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


0. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 4ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1889 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™! 
ื›ึผืžึนื” ื•ื›ึผืžื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื“ื‘ืจื ื•! ื‘ืžื™ ื”ืึธืฉื ? ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘! ืฐื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ? -- ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืกื—ื•ืจื”, ืฉืคึผืึธื’ืœ ื ืฒึทืข. ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธื ืก ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื—ืฉืง... ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืก ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• --- ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™! --- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืœืขืš ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ ืึท ื“ืึทืจ ืคื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ -- 
ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ? -- ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืกื—ื•ืจื” ! ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ! (ื "ื‘ -- ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืก: 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆืขืงืฒึทืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขื!!!). 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื• ื‘. ืœ. ืคืœืขืงืกืขืจ 


.1 1889 ื”8ืงืก18ื—ืกืก 9 /ืžืกื—ื•ืŸ 

ื’ื ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™ ื‘ืขืจื˜ืึท ืœืฐืึธืฐื ืึท! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ืœืฒึทื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื 
ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธืจืขืคึผืึทืฉื ื™ืง, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ. ื ืึธืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืึทืŸ, 


248 


ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื—ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืืคืงืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื 
ืึท ืกืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข --- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจ 
(ืฆื•ืกืขื–ืกื” ื–ืืข ื’ื–ืืข). ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืงืŸ, ืื™ ื“ืึธืก -- 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื‘ื™ื›ืœ 
ืคืึทืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืึทื’ื‘, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืฐืขื, ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึทืกืข, ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ-ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื (ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืึธืŸ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš), 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฑื˜ืึธืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, 
ืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ , ืคื™ืœืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข" ืจื•ื‘ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงื ืก, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ืจื™ืจืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ-ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึทืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, 
ืžื™ื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืขื, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทื– 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš, ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืข ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืกืึธืœ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


2 ืฆื• ืื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ื ืึทืจืึธื“ื ืึทื™ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืึท? 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1889 


ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ, 

ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ืึธื ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธืจ... ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื”, ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง! ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก , ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“" ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื“. ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜, ืึทื– 
ื ืฒึทื ืฆื™ืง ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข, ืคึผื•ืฑืœื™ืฉืข 
ื™ืœึดื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืึท ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ. ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ืกืœืขืš! ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ,ืึทืคื•ืœืข" 
ืึทื“"ื’ืœ, ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜. 


ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ,ืก. ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึธืก ืืฑื™ืกืคืึทืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื 7"ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืืžืช 
{ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš} ? ืžืึธื“ื ืข! 


23. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงึดื™ึดืขื•ื•, 024ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1889 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจ ! 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจื—ื” ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ,,ืฐืึธืจืขื" ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืชึผื ืื™ื ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคืึทืœืขื ืขื 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื”ื™ืœืคื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื“ื-ืฉื‚ื•ื ื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขื ื—ื“ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ (ื–ื”) ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืœื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืึท ื›ึผื•ื— -ื”ืจืฉืึธื” 
ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืฐื•ื™ ืชึผ...ืชึผ, ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืคึผืขื˜, ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฃ ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื”... ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื“ืฒึทืขืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžื•ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ,,ืขืจืœืขื›ืข" ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ- 
ื•ืื•ืคืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทืคึผืจืึทืฐื•ืœื™ืขื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืึทืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืืฒึทืขืจืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆื˜. ื‘ ื›ืœืœ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ,,ืฐืึธืจืขื" ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜: ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจืึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœ, ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืืœ ื˜ืข ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฐืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, 
ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื–ืงื ื™ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™- ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ึผืœ-ื–ืžืŸ 
ืฉืžื–ืงื™ื ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืชื ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ืจืึทืฐืึธ! ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืœืžืึทื›ื˜ -- ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืื™ื 
ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ (ื”ื’ื ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ), ื•ื‘ืื ืœืื• -- 
ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืœื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืชึผื ึนืื™ื. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข 
ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืžื•ื– ื’ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ? ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜-ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4. ืฆื• ื™, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


9 +7ืขืก80:ื ืชืก0ืก 25 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™! 
ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจื—ื” ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืคืจื™ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึท ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืข ืฆื• ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืึทื“ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ื, ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืขืžื•ืึทืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืœืฑื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืงืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื, ืžื—ืžืช ืขืจ 


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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืž:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžืกืชึผืžื ืคืึทืจ ืึท , ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืึท ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ืžื ื™ืง" -- ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืžืขืžื•ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื”ื ืื” ืึทืœืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’! == == == 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจ-ื ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื‘ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. -- 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื• ื‘. ืœ. ืคืœืขืงืกืขืจ 


9 ื‘ืฆืขืก8ื ืืก 1 ,1468 


ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ืขืจื˜ืข ืœืฐืึธืฐื•ื ืข! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืœืข ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื“, ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืกื˜ืึทืจืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื, ื˜ืึธืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืก ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข. ืื™ืš ืงืœืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืึธื ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืžื ื” ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขื ืคืึทืœ. ืื™ืš ืงืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš, ืึทื– 
ื“ื™ ืึทืœืžื ื” ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืฒึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ 
ืึท ืงืจืขืžืœ -- ืฆื™ ืฐืึธืก -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขื ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืงืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ 
ืึทืจืฑืก, ื ืขืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืงืจืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืึท ื ืขืงืจืึธืœืึธื’, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. 
ื›'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึธืคื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ 


0 ืจืื‘ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


6 ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 3ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1889 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ื ืึธื– ืืฑื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื ืฒึทืฆืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื! -- ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ื ืก 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคึผื•ืฆืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืžืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื–ืึท ืฉืžืึทื˜ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ , ืื™ืฉ 


254 


ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื—ืกื™ื“" ืคื•ืŸ ื.ื‘.ื’., ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืœืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ืœื ืข ืจืึทื–ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื›ึผืžืขื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ 
ื–ืขืŸ. -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข -- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื—ื•ึนืฅ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก, ื‘ืŸ- 
ืขืžื™ืก, ืืฒึทืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท. -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ืึทืŸ 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจืฒึท , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืงืขืก", ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" 
ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ ื›ืœ ื” ืื•ืคื ื™ื, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™". -- ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ืจื, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื 6ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืœื™ืข ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ืึท ืชึผืคื™ืœืช-ืฉื•ื•ื, ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ืžืึทืš ืฆื• ืจืขื›ื˜, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื ืฒึท ืฐืขืจืง -- 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืก, ืึทื– , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™" ืžืขื’ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข -- ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ื™ืจ. -- ืึทืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธ, ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื 
ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ื›ึผืคื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืงื•ืจืฅ, ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืœืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืœืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ (16 ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš), 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืืฒึท ืขืจืก ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืŸ-ืึธื“ื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ? ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืึธื“ื ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐื™ืกืŸ! ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ? -- ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึทืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ? -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ -- 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืœืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžื” ื“ืงืืžืจื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื‘ื™-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ! -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9ืก. --- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืžื’ืึธืจื ืึธืกื˜ืึทื™ืขืฐืงืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก? -- ื‘ืฒึท ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืฆืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฆื™ื ื’ืœ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขืจ ื’ืžืจื ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜... 


7 -ืฆื• ,ื™ืขืฐื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ื ืึทืจืึธื“ื ืึทื™ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึทื˜ืขืงืึทื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 12ื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1889 
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ืœ. ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืงืึทืœื™ืข ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื’ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ-ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืึท ืจื™ึทื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ-ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจืก. 
ืื™ืš ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ื’ื“ื•ืœืขื ืงืข". ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ: 
ื“ ื™ืฉ ื™ื˜ "ืฉื ืฉืฉืœืึธืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื” ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื—ื•ืœืขื™ืงืขืŸ 
=--ืฅ--ื˜--ื˜--ื˜ ืื™ ืึท ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ 


292 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฐืื—ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืฃ. ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื•ื• ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื•ื•": 
7,= ืืกืฆื ืขืก 210/0 ,ื–ื•ืกื•ืกืชื”ื—ื–ื ,ืขื) 
8 = ืขืื‘ื”ืืก ื ืคื–ื’ืคื–ืขื‘ื”ืืก ืขื–ื•ื’ืข?) 


ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืขืคืจืขืŸ ? ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืœืึทื ื’, ืึท, ืžื‘ืœื™ืขื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทืฐืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคึผืง. ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข... ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ -- ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš... ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึทืจ- 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืง. 
ื“ืขืจืฆื•: ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง, 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืืฒึทืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš, ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜-ืคืึทืจืฆืฒื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืœ, 

ื‘ืฒึท โ€ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข. 
ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, 


ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื–ืฉืข, ื–ื•ื ืขื ื™ื•. ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื ืึธืจ, ื–ื•ื ืขื ื™ื•. 

ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 

ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื–ืฉืข, ืœื™ื•-ืœื™ื•-ืœื™ื•. ืžืฉื”-ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ื•. 


ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜. ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก 5. 8. 5. 8, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข. 


ืคึผ. ืก. ,,ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช -- ื ื—ืช" -- ืึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจืึทื, 


8, ืฆื• ื‘. ืœ. ืคืœืขืงืกืขืจ 


.1 1889 ื”ืงืก8ื ืขืก 19--14 ืชืกื—8ืŸ 


ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ืขืจื˜ืข ืœืฐืึธืฐื•ื ืข! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื, ืฐืึทืจืขื 
ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื’ ? ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆืฐืึธื’ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ื–ื™ืš ืกื˜ืึทืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื™ืชื•ืžื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 


253 


ื‘ื›ืœื•ื•ื™ืคื ื” ืฉืœื•ื -ืขืœืœื›ื 


ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืขืฆื”ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขื ื™ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืึธื ืคื™ืจืŸ, ืžืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืกื˜. ื›'ืฐื•ืึทืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืขืงืจืึธืœืึธื’. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ? ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™, ืึท ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ; ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืขืžืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข (ืกืขืกืฆื”ืกืง) ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื™ืš ืจืขื“, 
ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื’ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ื ืก, ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืค ืึธืœืง ืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืžื•ื˜ื™ืง, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื•ืกืจ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืกืึธืœ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


9. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 26ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1889 


ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ! 

ืข, ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง! ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ ? ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ื ื™ื˜: ืงื•ืžืžืžืขืŸ, ื ืขืžืžืžืขืŸ, ืึทืœืœืœืข, ืคืึทืœืœืœืขืŸ, ืงื•ืงืงืงืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื™ืงืงืงืขืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืึท ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืคืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข. ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ,ืึทืจื’ืขืจ" ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฑื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ. 
ื ืึธืจ ,ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืคึผืขืœ" ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืงืึทืคึผืขืœ -- ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
,ืงืขืคึผืขืœ", ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธ- 
ื˜ื”ืขืง" ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืคืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ (ื—ื•ืฅ ืึทื‘ืจืึท- 
ืžืึธื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ), ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืขืŸ" ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’ืขื›ืฅ, 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืฉืžืึทืฉ, ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื”, 

ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš. ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื–ืึทืœืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ. -- 

ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ,, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ืฉืขืช-ื”ื›ึผื•ืฉืจ, ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื›ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธื’, ื—"ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ (ืึทื‘ืจืึท- 
ืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืื™ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคึผืจื™ืงืจืข), ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืคืึทืจืคืึธืจืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ --- ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ... ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ -- ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ? 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


254 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืขืœื™ืคื 


0. ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ืงืœืขื•ื•, 26ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1889 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 
ืื™ืš, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื", ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’' (ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธื’, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื—"ื™ 
ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ) -- ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ,ืื“ืœื’ ืฉื™ืจ"; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืืžืช ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง! 
ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื‘ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ื•ื˜ืข 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื‘, 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. -- ืึท ืงืฐื•ืึทืจื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ืคึผืฒึทื ืข, ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ืŸ ; 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ : , ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ --- ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ". 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 10ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1889 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืึทืš ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžืฒึทืŸ ,,ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธืฐืฒ"; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืก ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,ืืกืชึผืจ" ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืขืŸ" 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืึทื ื’ืขืžืึธืจื“ืขืฐืขื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก -- ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ื’ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื•ืฉื‚ื-ื—ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืขื•ืงืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ... ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข 
ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื™ืœื“ืŸ 
,ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ", ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืœืขืจืš ืึท ืง"ืŸ ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื•, ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜: ื‘ืขื– ืื•ึผืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืึธืžืœืขื ื™ืึท -- ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ: ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, 
ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ! -- 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืึทื– ื—ื•ืฅ ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผื™ืฒื˜ืขืจื‘ืึทืจื’ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉื‘, 
ื—ื•ืฅ ื™ืขื ืข, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจ' ืžื ืฉื” ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 


255 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜: ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื ื’, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื! ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ, ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืฒืŸ; ื–ื™ ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 17ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1889 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข! 

ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืžืข ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ืš! ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืขืŸ"! ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ: ืฆื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืฆื™ ื™ื•ืกืขืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื™, ืฆื™ ื’ืึธืจ ื™ื•ืกืขืœืข ืกืึทืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื™ื? 

ื“ืึธืก , ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ" ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš. ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ , ืื™ืฉ ื—ืกื™ื“" 
ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืœืฑื‘ืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืจื’ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ 
ืžื™ืš, ืฉืžืฒึทืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ! ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืก ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืž ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืก; ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืžืึทืš ืึท 
ืคืขืœืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ: ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืฒื™ื ื™ืงืœ; ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืคืึทืœื˜ 
ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืจื–ืฉ, ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ! ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื ื—ืŸ... ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงื ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึท ืขืจ ื‘ืฑ-ืขืžื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ, ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื”... ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืืžืช ืžื—ื™ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืึธืคึผืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืขืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื”. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2 ื™ืฉืฆื•ื™ื˜ื”. ื”ืืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


(ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืข) 


ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืข ืคืึทืœืึธืฐืฒื™" 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืจื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 


1 ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: 
ืฆื™ ,, ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธืฐื•ืขืฒ" ? ืฆื™ ,,ื™ื•ืกืขืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื™ื" (ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜)? ืฆื™ ื’ืึธืจ ,ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืข 
ืกืึธืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื™" ? ืืคืฉืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืœืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืคืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข. 

2. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜. ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึทืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, ื‘ื“ืขื” 
ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืฒึท ืข ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, 


26 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื โ€ ืขืœื™ื›ื 


3 ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื ืึทืงืขื˜, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืš ; ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืŸ -- ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืึท ืคืึทืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ! 

4 ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืืฒึทื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืึทืฐืขืงื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื ืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, 

5 ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ ื’ื•ืคื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืึธื ืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ ; ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ, 

6 ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜: ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื™ืŸ. 

7 ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ, ืืฒึทื ื–ืขืขื›ืฆืŸ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื 
ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื” -- ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ, 

8. ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ื ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื 
ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืึท ื”ืึธืจ. 

9. ื“ืึธืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืขื˜ืจืึทื“ืŸ, ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. 

0. ื“ื™ ืึธืจืคืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืงืึธื ื˜ืฉืึทื˜ืขืœื ืึธ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜; ื“ื™ ื’ืขืจืžืึทื ื™ื–ืžืขืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ. 

1 ื‘ืฉืขืช ืงืึธืจืขื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืขืฆื ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“, ื‘ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืš. 

2. ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ -- ื”ื–ื”ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืžืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ื–: ื”ืึท ืœื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ืœ! 

3 ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื•ื˜ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืึท ืกื’ื•ืœ, 


ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึทืคึผื™ืข: 

1. ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ 4,000 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, 3,800 ืขืงื–ื™ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 200 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข, ืจืขื’ืึทืœ, 

2 ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืขืžืœ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื ืึท- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ -- ืึท ื“ื™ื ืก, ืึท ื ื™ืขื–ืฉื ืข; ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ 
ืึท ืกืš ืึธืจื˜, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืงืึทื ื˜ืœ, ื“ืึธืก ืฉืœืขื ื’ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•ืŸ". 

3 ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช 
-- ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื. 

4 ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืื•ืก -- ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. 

5 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืฃ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืœืคื™ ืžื™ืกืคึผืจ ื”ื–ืึทืฅ 36, 


257 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6 ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืึธืจื ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืœืขืš, 
ืฆืึทืฆืงืขืœืขืš, ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืงืœื™ืึทื˜ืฉืข", ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ =- ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข: -- -- 

7 ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืึท ืฐืึธืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ 
ืึทืจื•ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐืึธืš ืžืึทืœืึธื™ ืกืงืึธืจืึธืกื˜ื™ื• ื ืึท. ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืึทืฐื™ื˜ืขืœื™ืึท, ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจืข ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื•ืกืงื ืึธื™ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขืชื• ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื•. ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข 
ืœื”ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ 12 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืžืŸ ื›ึผืœ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื›ึผื ื”ื•ื’. 

8. ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฆืข ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืข, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืฉืจ ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ 
ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชึผื ืื™ื. 

9 ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืขืก ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ืกืคืจ 2 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ, 

0 ื’ืขืœื˜ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ ืขืœ ืกืš ืžืื” ืจื•"ื›. ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ -- ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืฆื• 

1 ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื™ื˜ืขืœื ืึธ; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

2. ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ (ืขืคึผื™ืœืึธื’), ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ืขืŸ, -- ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ึผืคื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืคื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš -- - - 

3 ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื ื•ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ-ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜. 


ืคึผืก. --- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื“ื™ 13 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืŸ ืึธื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืž ืขืœ 
ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 4,000 ืขืงื–', ื”ืฒึทื ื•, ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 4,020 ืขืงื–ื™, ืžื—ืžืช 7 ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“, ืคึผื—ืช, 

ืึธืžืŸ, ื›ึผืŸ ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ืงึดื™ืขื•ื•, 24ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1889 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
,ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืขืŸ". ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ -- ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, 
ืžืึทืš ืื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืจื›ื”: ,, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคึผื˜ืจื ื™". ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืœื˜, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืึทืœืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืฆื• ืจืขื›ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ, ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜... ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืง ื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜.. 
ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคื ื˜ืœืขืš: ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ (ื“ื™ , ืงืœื™ืึทื˜ืฉืข" ืื•ืŸ , ืคื™ืฉืงืข") 5090 ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ื•ืจื˜ืึธื ืฆื• ืคืึทืจ- 
ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ? ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื•, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ืึท ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ืžื ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ -- 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืคื ื•ื” ืฉืœื•ื:- ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื‘ืข! -- ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืŸ -- ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืคึผืึธืจืœืขืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ืคืึทืœืŸ 
ืึท ืžื–ื•ืžื ืข ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš ? ืืฒึท, ืขืก ืงืึธืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ 50 ืงืึธืคึผ -- ื ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜! ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ? -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืึทืงื•ืจืึทื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 1ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1889 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ! ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืช, ืึทื– ืกืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื“ื•ืŸ 
ื”ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ืึทืœื™ืึธืŸ, 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืžื”ืึทื™ ื˜ืขืžื ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืงื— ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืกืคืจื™ื, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ; ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื›ืœื™ืช ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืขืœืขืš ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืึทื–ืึทืจื ืข ืื•ืœื™ืฆืข ื ื•ืžืขืจ 91, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืขื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘: ,ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, 
ืจื‘ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ!"... ืœื›ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ? ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืึท ืจืขื ื“ืœ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ, ืึท ืจืขื ื“ืœ ืึทืจืฑืฃ -- ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืง! ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืกื•ื—ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืžื—ื‘ืจ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ 
ืชึผืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืึทืœืŸ ืึท ืฉืึทืœื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ ืกืœื•ื˜ืฉืึทื™ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ืœ-ื”ื–ื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฐื™ ืฆื• 100, 50 ืื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช 
5 ืคึผืึธืจืœืขืš. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืึธื‘ื™ืึทืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ื’ื•ืคื -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื’ืฒืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ื’. ืื™ืจ 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ. ื‘ืึทืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืช ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6. ืฆื• ื“. ื”. ืžื’ื™ื“ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 1. 12. 18189 

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ -- ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืืฑืฃ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืจืขืฐืœื˜ืึทื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื•ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกื™ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืง ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ (ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืกื™ื‘ื”..) ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจืงืฒื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš. 


ืฉ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


7. ืฆื• *ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, ื“ืขื 4ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1889 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™ ื•ืื”ื•ื‘ื™! 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื... ื“ืขืงืึทื‘ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ 
ืึทื—ืจื•ืŸ ืึทื—ืจื•ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ,,ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืขืŸ" ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืขืœ-ืจื’ืœ-ืึทื—ืช. ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ 
ื˜ืขื. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืžื—ืžืช ,ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืข" ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ืกื˜ืขืž- 
ืคึผืขื ื™ื•ืŸ", ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•" ืื™ื– ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจื™ึทืขืจื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืงืœืขืš. --- ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื ื™ื˜. 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืึทืžื•ื ื’ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื™, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 
ืึทื™, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื˜, ืึทื– ืขืก ืคึผืึธืฐื•ื˜ืึธืจืขื˜, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื• 

ืขืก ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืง ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืึธื™ 
ืกื˜ืึธืจืึธื ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื• 
ื’ื•ืคื, ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื•ืกืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”. 

ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ืš, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืงื™ืจืฆืŸ, 

ืžื›ึผื•ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทืš, ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ ? ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืš ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฐื™ ืกืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท 
ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืจื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜. ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื”. ื“ืขื 
ืืžืช ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืืฒึทืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืจื 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื˜ืึทื ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 

ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื --- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขืœื” ; ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื›ืึธื–ืฉืข ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ื™ืคืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 

ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื™ื•ืกืขืœืขืก ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืข ื ืฉืžื” ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ื™ืฃ, ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข. ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืจื•ืฆื—! ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืึทืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืŸื“ืขื“ืŸ ? ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ืึธืœ ? ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ?. 


ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืฆื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื–ืขืคึผืขืฐืงืข, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผื™ืฆื™. ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื! 
ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืข ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, 

ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜: ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืงืขืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง. ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ. ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืกืึธืœืึธืฐืฒ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช. ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” 
ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื•ืฉืงืข ื’ืึธืจ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืกืึธืœืึธืฐืฒื™. ืฐืคึผืจืึธื˜ืฉืขื, 
ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื“ืขื ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื—ื‘ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื•ืกืขืœืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜. 


ื“ืึธืก ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ืžืืก ื’ื ื™ืœืึธืคึผื™ืึทื˜ืขืฐืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืขืœืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜... ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืœืึทื˜ืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜. 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืงืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ; ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ื‘ืึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ (ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜!), ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ? ืจืง ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ, ื—ื•ืฅ ืืฒึทืš. 


ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจ: ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืขืก ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืฆื˜. ื ื•, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืชืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืฉืขื™ืงืข 
ืคืฒึทืคืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœืข", ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข", ืืึทื–ืฒืฐื•, ืืึทื–"ืฐื•, ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 


ื ืึธืš ืึท ื–ืึทืš: ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืฆื• ื–ืขื›ืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜; ื ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืึธืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– 
ื™ื•ืกืขืœืข ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉ, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: 


..ืึทื’ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืŸ ืึธืคื˜ 
ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืคืึทืœืฉืขืฐืขืŸ; ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐื™ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ; ื“ืึธืก 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืฉืข ืงื•ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืขืจื˜ืขืจืฐืฒึทื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึท ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืš, ืึทืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืึทื ืกื‘ื™ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื ื™ื ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ : , ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš". ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ ืึธืคึผืฆึทื•- 
ืจื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฐืฒึทืœืข, ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืžืข ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ , ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื".. 


ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื ืขืคึผื™ืœืึธื’ -- ืคืข, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจ! ืœืื”ืฆื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื—ึดืชึผืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืจื™ืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื“ื•ื•ืงื 
ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขื•ื•ึนืŸ ืคึผืœื™ืœื™. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ! ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ: , ื“ืขื ืขืคึผื™ืœืึธื’ 
ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึทืงืŸ ืึท ืกืš". ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ืžืจ-ื•ืžืฆื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื“ืขื 


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ื‘ืจื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืขืคึผื™ืœืึธื’ (ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืขืคึผื™ืœืึธื’"!) ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื ืจื™ืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืึธืคึผืขืึธื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื”ืึทืงืŸ!? 
ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ --- ืฐื•ึผ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” -- ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœื™ืš. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื• ื“. ื”. ืžื’ื™ื“ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 7 ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1889 

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ื“. ื”. ืžื’ื™ื“, 
ื”ื’ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ืงื•ืžื˜ -- ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ืคืึทืจืฐืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ 

ื“ืจื•ืง-ืขื’ื™ื ื™ื, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 

ืกืึธืœ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


9, ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


.1 1890 ื”ืงื‘ืžืžื” 14 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข-ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 
ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืงืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" 
ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืžื•ื—ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช 
ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ? ืœืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™, 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืŸ -- ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืก ื ื™ื˜: ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื 
ืฐืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืงืœืึทืคึผืขืจ-ื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืึธื“ื ืข, ืžืฉื•ื ื” 
ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ืขืจื˜: ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœื ืข, ืกืฐืึธื™ืขืึธื‘ืจืึทื–ื ืข. 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ? ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืขืก ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื•ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜; ืคืึทืจ 
ืฐืึธืก? ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ,ืื• ื ืฉื™ืฉ" ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ืŸ", ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืึท 
ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืืชืจื•ื’. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึท ืœื•ืขื’- 
ืœืจืึธืฉ. ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืœื•ืขื’-ืœืจืึธืฉ, ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื–ืึธืœ ืžืืจื™ืš-ื™ืžื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžืŸ-ื”ืกืชึผื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ: 
,ืคืข, ืขื•ืœื ? ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื›ึผืคึผืจื”! ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ!::..ื™ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ 


202 


ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ึฟื 


ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ; ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ-ื”ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ื•ืฐื•ึผ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืงืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืจื™ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื—ืจื˜ื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜: ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืึทื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ? ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš, ื”ืึทืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืคึผืจื ืกื”; -- ื ื•?.. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


''2688ืกืขื“ืกืชื 112001824 080080888,, 
,1800 003021088) 1131886 
0 ื”ื—ืžืชืžืžื 229 ,1408 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒื™ื“ืข! 
ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื™ืขื ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” --- ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ -- ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉื•ืจื” ื•ืขื’ืŸ 

ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืกืคืจื™ื. 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื”, ืึทื– ื ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืกืคืจื™ื, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉืึธื“ืŸ. ืขืœ- ื›ึผืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" 
ืกืชึนึผื ืึท ืžื•ื“ืขื”, ืึทื– , ืคื™ืฉืงืข" ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืงืœื™ืึทื˜ืฉืข" ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ืฒึทื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ( 91 28380:84 ,0246008) ) ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜' ". ื’ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ืžื•ื“ืขื”, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ'", ืงืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงืขืจื‘ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ: 1 ืจ"ื› ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื— ื“ื™ื, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึธ ? ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ, ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ืคืึทืจ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ ืกืคืจื™ื 1 
ืงืขืจื‘ืœ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ? ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 50 ืคึผืึธืจ; ืงืึธืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึธ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ (06800001210 4204 ื–ืืกืง8ืžืก?). ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืงืึทืœื™ืข ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขื ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ' " ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ; ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื“ืขืŸ ? ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ'" ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืึทื ืึธื ืกื™ืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ื‘ื•ืš ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืงืขืจื‘ืœ; ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ืฆื™ ื‘ืฒึทื ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ 1,50 ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืจึฐื˜ืึธ. ืžื™ืจ ื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ , ืงืœื™ืึทื˜ืฉืข" ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื”ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‚ื˜ืึทืœ ืึท ืกืš 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืขืœื ื™ื ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜: -- ืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆ ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื”, ืœืขืฆื˜ ืฉื‘ ืœืขืฆื˜. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืึทืจืขืจืึทืžื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1890 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืคืึทืจื˜ืึทืจืขืจืึทืžื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš 
ืึท ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ืงืœื™ืึทื˜ืฉืข". ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื—ืช. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธืฐืงืข; 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. -- ื’ื ื•ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื›ึผืœื‘ื™ื, ืฐื™ ื™ืขื ืข ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื”... ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึธืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง, ืขืœ"-ื›ึผืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงืขื›ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš (ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื–), ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื ืฒึท ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ. ื ืขืžื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืกื˜ืœ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš. 
ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืื™ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืจืึทืกืคึผืึธืจืึทื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข 
ืึทื–ืฑ: ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ืžื•ื“ืขื”, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืกืงืœืึทื“ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจื™-ืกืคืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืฑืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข 
ืฆืึธืœ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,, ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธ- 
ื˜ื”ืขืง" ; ืึธื“ื ื™ื ืกืœืึธืฐืึธื, ืึทื– ืœืึทื—ื“ื™ื ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ ืฒึท ื ืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ 
ืžื™ืจ. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืœืึทื—ื“ื™ื ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฑื™ืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ; ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง- 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš {ื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขืฐืขืจ. ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื’ื™ืข: 
ืคืึทืจ 1 ืจื•ื™ื™ื› ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ (, ืคื™ืฉืงืข" ืื•ืŸ ,, ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ืึทื˜ืฉืขืฒ), ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ 
ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ืขื•ื• ; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืŸ. -- ื’ื ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืขื“ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ื-ื›ึผืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื˜ื” ืึทื—ืช, 
ื”ื’ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜; ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืข ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื’ื™ื‘. ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ (ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืžืื”), ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ: ืึทื”ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืคึผืึธืจืœืขืš, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืฆื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื ืึธื›ื ืึทืžืข, ืฆื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ; ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจื™-ืกืคืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจืก, ื ืึธืจ ืกืชึผื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข-ืœืฒึทื˜, ืค ืึทืจ - 
ื”ืกื™ื“ืขื˜ืข ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ื, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ. -- ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืฒึทืขืจืข -- ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ. ื™ืึธ, ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ 


264 


ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ืจืึทืฐื•ืกื˜ืฐืขื ื ืึธ ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ืึทื– ืž ืฒึท ื  ืข ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึท ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. -- ื’ื ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืžื—ืžืช ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจื™-ืกืคืจื™ื. ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื•ื›ืจื™-ืกืคืจื™ื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจืœ. 
ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืึทื– ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขืžืก, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜. 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืฐืึธืก {ืื™ืš} ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ื—ื™ืคึผื•ื•ื ื“ื™ืง: ืึทื—ืฉืชืจื ื™ื!!! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืช ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 223ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1890 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข-ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 

ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืฅ: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜. 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขืก ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืึท- 
ืจืขืจืึทืžื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืŸ -- ื’ืขืœื˜ ืฉืžืขืœื˜, 
-- ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืขืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืœื˜; ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื›ึผื“ืึทื™, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื ื’ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืงืึธืคึผื“ืจืฒืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ! -- 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืกืคืจื™ื ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ืจืขืžืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข 
ืžืžื–ืจื™ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ืžื ื™ืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, 

ื“ื™ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื“ื–, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ; ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ืขื” -- ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ'", ืฆื•ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืจืขืžืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื–ื•ืŸ. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื‘ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข , ื˜ืึธื’-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ" 
ื”ื ื” 060011 113,,) ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื”ืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืก ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ. -- ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ; ืžืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข, ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ! -- ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ , ืคึผื™ืกืึทื˜ืขืœ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคึผืขืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ืคื˜? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ; ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื’ืœืึทื˜ 
ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“, ืึทืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ืขืก ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ื“ืึธ ื”ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื‘ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ 4.999,999 ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ; ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก --- ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก, ืื™ื–, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ื™ืš ืึท 


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ื‘ื›ื™ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผื™ืกืึทื˜ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืกื™ืžืคืขืจืึธืคึผืึธืœืขืจ... -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ -- ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”!.. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


0 ืคืฉื™ืงืคื—ื• 28 ,1668 
(ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื— ืชืจ"ื ) 
ืึท ื’ื•ื˜-ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ! 

ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื’ื•ื˜-ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจืฒึท ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœื•ื™ื–ืขืจืŸ ืžื•ื—. ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉืขื” ื–ืขืฅ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืกื“ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ! ื“ื™ ืฆืจื•ืช, ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืึทืจืฆืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืื™ื–, ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื›ึผื“ืึทื™ , ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ (ืืœ ืชึผืคืชื— ืคึนึผื” ืœืฉื‚ื˜ืŸ) -- -- -- ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืชึผื ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก? ืื™ื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื›ึผื“ืึทื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ? -- ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช: 
ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืชืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ ืงืึทืœื™ืข 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืึทืง ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืœืึทื˜ืึธื–ืฉื ืข 
ืชึผื—ืชึผื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืœื”... ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, 
ืžืขื’ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ื–. ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื•ื™ืก ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžืขืจืœืขืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ! ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจืก ื”ื’ื”ื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื“ืจืึทืงืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื”ืงื“ืžื”, 
ืžื—ืžืช ื“ืึธืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžืขืจืœ, ืื™ื– ืึท 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ! ื”ืœื•ืื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ื™ืึธ. ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจื•ื ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื ื ืึธืš ืคึผืกื—, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื-ืืœ-ืคึผื ื™ื, ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ื—ืช ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืจืึทื˜. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 

ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืขืจื‘-ืคึผืกื—ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
0 +ื–ืžืกื— 0 ,20 ืชึผืฆืžื— ,(.ื” 8.1 .10) ื‘ืžืงื”ืกื ื™ืก 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข-ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื• 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืฐื™ ื’ ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš. ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื - 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื› ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ ืึท 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืึธืœ ื˜ืขื’. ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ื“ืึธ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื - 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื› ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืฐืขื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ ืขื•ื•ืฒ ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื’ ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ืŸ ืึทื– ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ 
ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš.. ืžื—ืžืช ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธืœืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืึธืš ืึทืœืข ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜- - -- 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื - 
ืœ ืข ื› ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ 


ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5. ืฆื• ื‘. ืœ. ืคืœืขืงืกืขืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 7, 6, 1890 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ืขืจื˜ืข ืœืฐืึธืฐื•ื ืข! 


ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท 20 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืง. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืœืขืš 
ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึทืจืฐืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคื˜ืขืœืก ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ื”' ืขืคึผืฉื˜ืฒืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืงืก ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื–ื™ืกืข 
ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช" ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืœืขืš ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ 5 ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 1889 ื™ืึธืจ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจืฒึทืฃ. ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขื ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ -- ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืข ืžืขืก ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืฉื•ืช ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ืึทื ืึทืœืงืฒื˜ ืฐื•ื™, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, 
,ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ื‘ืึทื - 
ื“ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืŸ... ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก: (ืกื˜. ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข) ).3.8 .10 
ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข ื ื•ืž' 26, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 


ื. ื. ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


207 


ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื–ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6. ืฆื• ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ 


ื•ึธืคึทึผืึทืจื™ื–, ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1890ืŸ 


ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืงืจืฒึทืš, 
ื”' ืฆื“ื•ืง ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ ื "ื™! 


ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ื“ืขื ืœืึทื ื“, 
ืคืจืขืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืึทื ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, 
ื‘ืึทื’ืขืจื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจ, ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ -- 

ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ืš, 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, 

ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“; 
ื ืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 

ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ -- 

ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึทืจืืช-ื”ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจ, 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก, --- ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืจื‘ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ืฉืขื” ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทื“ืจืขืก: = = == 


7 ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื• 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 2. 10. 1890 


ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทื ืœืขืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ? ! ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ื›ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ... ืคืึทืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืŸ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉืขื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ. ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื‘ื™ื– ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" ? ืฐื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ? ื ืึธืจ ืฆื™ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขื ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ ืœืึทื’ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื•ืฃ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืœื™ 
ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึทื ืงืจืึธื˜ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 


268 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ. ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืœืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืจืึทืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืก, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
--- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. 

ืื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ืื“ื ื™ ืฉืœื—ืš. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. ืฆื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ? ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ื™ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. 


ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8 ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


0ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1890 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 

ืขื•ื“ ื™ื“ื™ื“ืš ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื—ื™, ื—ื™ ืขื•ื“ื ื•, ืึทืฃ ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืื™ื ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื•ืœื ืึทื”ื‘ืชื™ ืœื—ืžื“ืช 
ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืชื—ื™', ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื™ -- ืœื•ืœื ื–ืืช, ื›ื™ ืึทื– 
ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื‚ืžืชื™ ืงืฅ ืœื—ื™ื™, ื›ื™ ืงืฆืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™! ืื•ืœื ื—ื™ ืึธื ื›ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ื™ื” ืื—ื™ื”, ื›ื™ ืœื›ืš ื ืขื ืฉืชื™ 
ื•ื ืื ืกืชื™ !... ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื”ืจื’ืขื˜, ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืฑื™ืœืขื˜! ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ, ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืึทืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืข ืก ื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ืฉืืœื”, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืš, 
ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจื—ื”, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืกื•ื“, ื›ึผืคื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืข ื ื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืขืจ, 
ื•ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ืœื›ืŸ --- ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ื™ืงืข ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื ื™ื˜ -- 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื (ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ), ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ื™ืงืข -- ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ!. 
ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืจื—ื”, 
ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ. ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผ, ื•ื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ืึทื– ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘... -- ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜! ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ืืฑืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืžืึทืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: ,ืข, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜!.. 

ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ืคืงื™ื™ื˜! -- 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ-ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืื— ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ 


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ื‘ื ื™ื•ื•! ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืขืœื™ื›ื 
9 ืฆื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืžื–ื• 


ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", 
ืึทื“ืขืกื, 10. 8, 18192ืŸ, ืชืจื "ื‘ 
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ! ื•ื‚ 
ืฉื™ืงื˜, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ,. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืง ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ , ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ" ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื‘ื™ืช ืขืงื“ื™' ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜, ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืคึผื•ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ (,ืื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœ") ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ 
ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืคืึทืจ ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืžืึทืจืงืขืก, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 


ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0. ืฆื• ืึท. ืฉ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


}18192 .8 7 


ืฉืœื•ื ื’ื ืขืœื™ืš, ืžืฉื‚ื›ึผื™ืœ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื” ื”"ืจ ื"ืฉ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ื–ืึธืœืึธื˜ืึธื ืึธืฉืึท. 
ืฉืžื—ืชื ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื’ืจืชืš, ืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืืžืชืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ -- ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืžืชึผื ื•ืช, 
ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึทื ืง ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•. ืœื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจ'ื™ ื ืฒึท ืขืจืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืคืขืจ, ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™, -- ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื , ื‘ืœืึทื˜", ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸืŸ ; ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื -- ื ืึธืจ ืœื“' ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ื• ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื ื• ืกืœื”! ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" 4-2 ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื”.. 105ืกืฆืง , ืืคืฉืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืข ืœืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ืœืฒื™ื’ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืฑื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ? ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืกื•ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืก, ืึท ืกื•ื“ 
...82626114 ืกื” ,ื–ืžืงืกืช ืกืช 
ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื: ื˜ืœื™ื›ื 


1. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 1ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1893, ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื”, ื”ืชืจื 'ื“, ืงื™ื•ื‘ 


ืึธื—ื™ ืžื™ื“ื“! ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! 

ืขืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ! ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื‘ืจืŸ, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืขืกืง, ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื. ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ: ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ 
ืฆืขื“ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžืœื™ืฅ" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื™ืชื•ื. ืฐื•ึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืคืึทืœืŸ 
ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” -- ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ: ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืœืึทื˜, 
ืึทืฐื•ืขืงืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคึผืขืงืœืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก; ื“ืขื , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" 
ื’ื•ืคื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื™ืฅ". ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืฆื• ืึทืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ืจืฉืข... 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ืจืขื“ ืžื›ึผื•ื— 
ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ? ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืฆื• 
ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜! -- -- -- ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืก... ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืฒึทืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืกืš, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ! ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืึทืŸ ืขืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš 


ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. --- ืื•ื™, ืึทื“ืขืก! ืื•ื™, ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ! ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ !.. 

, ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐ'; ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก! ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื“ืขืก!* --- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ ืึทืฐืขืง ืฆื•ื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืึธื“ืขืจ -- ืฉืึท, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก? -- ืฆื• ื–ืึทื’ืึธืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ; ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฆืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื’ืจืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื˜ !... ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึท ืคืึธื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 87 ืจื•ื‘ืœ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืœืขืš ?! ื ื ื ื•, ืฐืึทืจืฉืึท! -- -- -- 

ืึท ื›ึผืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื—ืชื™ืžื”-ื˜ื•ื‘ื”! 

ืึทื“ืจื™ืกืชื™ ืฉืœื™: ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธื ื• ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉื•. ื“ืึธ ืฐืึธืกื˜ืจืขื‘ืึทืฐืึทื ื™ืึท. 


2. ืฆื• ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 17ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1893 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš, ื–ื™ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™: ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื ืื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทืจืฑืก, ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื›ึผืœืœ ื•ื›ึผืœืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืึทืจื˜, ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•, ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง -- -- --. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืขืกืงื™ ืจืึทื–ืžืขืจ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ-ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


21 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš, 
ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš ืฆื•ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืก, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึธืฃ, ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ื—ืช. ืื™ืจ 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืฆื•ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืคื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“. -- 

ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขืš ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ: 

{) ,ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืืึทื–ื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, 

) ,ื“ื™ (ื“ืึธืก!) ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืœ" ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, 

3) , ืขืœื™ืขื’ืข" (ืขืœืขื’ื™ืข!) ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜. 

4 ,ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ" =- ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”ื“ื™ืง, 

5 ,-- ืคื•ืŸ (ืคื•ื ืขื) ืขืœื ื“ืŸ" -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื•ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ , ืื™ืš" 
ืื•ืŸ ,, ืื™ืš" ? , ื–ื™ืš" ืื•ืŸ , ื–ื™ืš" ? 

6) ,ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข" -- ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”. 

) ,ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™" -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ -- -- -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ. 

8) ,ื“ืขืจ ื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ (ื“ืึธืก!) ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข" -- ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท ืคืึธืœืงืกื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืฉ, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆื• ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉ. -- 

9) ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ , ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื" (, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืึธืจืขืžืข-ืœืฒึทื˜" -- 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ !), 

0) {,ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื‘ืขืœ-ืขื’ืœื”ื™ื™ --- ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆืขืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ : 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฉืœื™ืžื–ืœ, 

ืื™ื– ืฆืจื•ืช ืึท ื™ื, 

ื“ื• ืžืขื’ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- 
ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืœืึทื ื’ื–ืึทื.., 


ืืฒึทืš ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื•ืึทืฅ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ , ื–ืึทื" -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ื’ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ; ืžื™ื˜ ,,ื’ืฐืึทืœืš" 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ! 
1 ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’: 


ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืกื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื‘ืฒึท ื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ... 


ืขืก ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ -- -- -- ื‘ืึทืœืึทื“ืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื™. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ. ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื• ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉื“ื™ืง, ืœืžืฉืœ : 
ืžืข ืฉืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ืจ (ื“ื™ืš !)... ืžืข ืœืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ (ืžื™ืš !) ืื•ื™ืก... ื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ื“ื™ืจ (ื“ื™ืš !)... ื“ื™... 
ื“ืขืจ... ื“ืึธืก... ืืึทื–"ื•, 

2) ,,ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื‘ืึธื" -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ื ืึธืš ืœืขืช-ืขืชื” ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื‘ืึธืžืขืŸ.. ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ 


22 








ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืงืขื ืกื˜ ื“ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ืžืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืก, ื”ืึทืจื‘ืก ื•ื™ ื›ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื–ืฉ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื– ื—ื•ื–ืง ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืฆืขื•ื•ืขืŸ -- 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฉืขืœื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ -- ืึท 
ืงืึทืคึผื•ืœื™ืขืจ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ !.. 

ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื ืขื 3ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกืงืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืžืกืชึผืžื. ื˜ื•ื˜, ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืœืขื–ื˜, ืœืขืจื ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. -- 

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื”ื•ื‘ื‘ื™-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ืกื‘ืึธืจื ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ; ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืขืคึผืขืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ" -- ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ. --- ืึทื“ื™ืขื•! 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. --- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœื˜ 1 -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ -- ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“! 

ืคึผ.ืก. --- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืคื˜ืœ ,,ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืงืึธืกื˜, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 25 ืงืึธืคึผื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก: -- = - 


3. ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 23ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1892 


...ืขืœื™ื›ื-ืฉืœื•ื ! ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง 
-- ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜? ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜. ืœืึธื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื“ืึทืฐื ืขืŸ ; ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ,ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื™", ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืงื•ื, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”- 
ื”ืฉื, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ื‘ืœื™ ื ื“ืจ, ืึถืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ... ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ 
,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืขื ืฆื™ืข". 
ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜: ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืžืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื”-ืขืฉืจื”, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ ; ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจื ื˜, ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื ืงื™ื•ืช... ืžื™ืœื, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืขืœ- 
ืชึผืคื™ืœื” -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ? ืืฒึท, ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื, 
ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืขืœืข ืฆื• ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ. ืืžืช, ื“ืึธืก ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืฐื“ืื™ 
ืื•ื™ืก: ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืœืข -- ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ? ื ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื˜ืึทืงืข 


23 


ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื˜ืก - ืขืœื™ื™ ื›ื 


ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืฉืžื•ืขืกื ื“ื™ืง, ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื™ืึธืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ืฒ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืš : ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืฆืจื•ืช!.. 
ืึท ืชึผื ืื™ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืจื‘ ืงืจื•ื‘, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืึทื ืึธื ืกืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœืข ืช - ืขืชึผ ื” ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ; ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืขื ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืขื•ืœื ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•, 3ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1893 
ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท! 
ืœืึธื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืฉืœื™ื—, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ , ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ืžืึทื–ืขืคึผืขืฐืงืึท" ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข 
ืฉืขื” ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5. ืฆื• ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 4ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1892 
ืฆื• ื”ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ! 
ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืฐืึทื›ืข, 
,ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื•ืื”", ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข, ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6. ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืคื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1892 

ืคึผืึทื ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ื ื•ื“ื ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื“ื•ืจืงืขื˜ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผ! ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืขืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ! ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื—ืœืฉื˜, ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขื ื“ืขืจืก (ืœืขื•ื•ื™ ืขืœื™ื•-ื”ืกื ืึธื‘ืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึท 
ืžื™ืชื”-ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ,,ืกื˜ืขื ื“ืขืจืก", ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ืขืจืก !), ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ? ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 


274 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ; ืคืึทืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš-ืืจืฅ -- ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืึท ืฐืฒึทื‘ ?... 
ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ! ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ื• ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ?! 

ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื›ึผืฉืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืึทื– 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง. ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึท ืชึผื ื•ืขื”, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืชึผื ื•ืขื”: ืื•ืžืจ ื•ืขื•ืฉื‚ื”... ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• 
ืจืขื“ืŸ; ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืžืคื•ื ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ. ื–ืขื˜ ื–ืฉืข, ืึทื– ืกื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ื˜ืฉืึทืงืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, 
ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒื™ึทืš ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืชึผื ืื™, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื ืื” ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ , ื”ืฑื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื‘ืืžืช, ืึธืŸ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช, 


ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9. -- ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืึธื™ืข. 
ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื! 


7. ืฆื• ื’. ืกื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ืกืงื™ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 8ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1893 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืืจ-ื‘ืฉื‚ืจื™! 
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ื’ืข ื“ืขื ื›ึผืœืœ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจื—ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ืข.,. ื“ืขื ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืึธืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื”' ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืึทื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, 
ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ืš ืฉืขืฆืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ืขืŸ 
,ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทืก", ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืขืก ืžืขื’ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื‘ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื”ืขืœืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช : ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืข ืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืฆื• ืึทื–ืึท ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš! ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš, ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืืžืช ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ืืœ ื•ืžื•ืฉื™ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข! ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืืฒึทืš, ื”ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืึทืฐื™ืกืงื™! ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืš. ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื—! 


ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืืจ-ื‘ืฉื‚ืจื• ื“ื•ืจืฉ-ืฉืœื•ืžื• ื•ืžื™ื—ืœ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืค. -- ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื”' ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ. ื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ื”. 


25 


ื‘ืจื›ื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืคืœื™ื™ื›ื 
8, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 8ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1892 
ืคึผืึทื ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืจืงืข. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื ื•ื’ืข ืžืขืจ ืืฒึทืš, 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ. ืœื›ืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ 14 ืงืึธืคึผื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• --- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื›ื!! 


ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 8ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1892 

ื™ืึทืกื ืึธืฐื™ืขืœืžืึธื–ืฉื ื™ ืคึผืึทืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœืฒื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขื˜- 
ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 6 ืึธื“ืขืจ 7 ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก... ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื–ื™ืกืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืงืจื™ื’ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื’ื–ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ -- -- -- ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžืชืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜! -- 

ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืชึผืžื™ืžื•ืช : ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜ ืคึผื™ืกืžืึท ื ื™ืข ืคึผืจื™ื ื™ืžืื™ืขื˜.. ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืฐื™ 14 ืงืึธืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ 
ืึทืฆื™ื ื“; ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ืœืึธื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก ืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืฒืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืขืœืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš 


ืฉืœื•ื ืœืœื™ื›ื 


0, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 19ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1892 

ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 
ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื”' ืกื˜ืึทืฐื™ืกืงื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึท. 
ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ. ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ -- ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฉืึทื“ืข! ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 


26 


ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืจ ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืก. 


ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ,, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืกื˜ืึทืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืข ืฉื™ืงืŸ" ? 
ืฆื• ืึทื–ืึท ื–ืึทืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื™ื˜ ืกื˜ืึทืจืขืŸ, ืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฉื™ืงื˜! ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืœืขืš ืึท ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืข ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ? ืึทื– ืžืข ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืขืก 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ, ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืข ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ืฉื‘ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข! 


-- -- -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืงืœื•ื’ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืžืึธืœ, ืึทื– 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื›ึผืœืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืืฒึทืœืŸ; ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื›ึผื”... ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื ื“ืขืจ โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1893 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืึท ื›ึผืœืœ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช: 
ื™ืฆึตื ืœืื•ืจ", ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื (ื . ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ืึธืกื™ืฃ"). ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: ,ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ", ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืฒืŸ... ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืื™ืŸ ,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ: ืฐื™ืฉืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืขื˜ืฉืึทื˜ื™ -- -- -- ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ืืž-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื ื ืึธืš 
ืคึผืกื— ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ... ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–, 
ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผืึทืก ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืŸ ื—ื•ืœื”, ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ืฒึทื ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืก.. 
ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื™ืขื ืข ืฐืึธืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื” ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืฆื• ื”' ืกื˜ืึทื•ื™ืกืงื™ --- ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ? ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืึท ืฐืึทืกื™ืœืงืึธืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ื™ืœื“ืขื ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ... ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ? ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขืš: 
ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’? ืฐื•ึผ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืื•ืคื ื™ื ? ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ 
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ? ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืขืกืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜? 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ? ืื™ืš ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉ 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืฆ ื™ื  ื“, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื›ืœืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืฉืขื˜. 
ื—ื›ึผืœืœ, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ -- 
ืึธืžืŸ ื•ืึธืžืŸ. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื—ืง 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื โ€ ืขืœืงื™ื›ื 


2 ืฆื• ,ืคึฟื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’? 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 25ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1893 
ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข , ืคื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืข. 
ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืขืจืŸ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ; 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜. ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืœืึทื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, ืœื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ. ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก, ื“ื™ , ืจื™ืขื–ืขื ืงืจืขืคื˜ืข", ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ึผืฉืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜!!! ืืžืช, ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ืœืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก , ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึทื˜ืข-ืžืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ื˜ืึทื ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืึทืš" -- ืืฑืฃ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜; ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ... ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ (ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื—ืœื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจ -- ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข? ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืคึผื•ืขืœื˜, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ -- ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข -- ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ? ืืฒึท, ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืข ? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืื™ื” ? ืœืžืื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ? ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš!... ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ 
ืึท ืงืœ-ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืœืขืคืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึธืคึผืœ: ืžื”-ื“ืึธืš ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืคืœ, ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึธืคึผืœ, -- ืœื ื›ืœ-ืฉื›ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืœืข ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขืคืœ, ืžืขื’ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึธืคึผืœ !... ื ืึธืจ ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช ืึธืŸ ืึท ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืขืจื ืกื˜ 
-- ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ; ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื 
ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ -- ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ืชืคึผืขืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•: ื™ืœ ืื™ืš, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืคืจื™, ืจืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ: , ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜! ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’!.. 
ื”ืึท? ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’? ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜! ืคื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื‘ืึทืจื’, ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ, ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืžื•ืจื ? -- ืฉื ืฒึทื“ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ !"... ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ? ืฐื•ื•ึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท 
ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืคืฒึทื ืข, ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืžืœืขืš, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ, 
ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ืคืจืึทื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืจืึธื‘ืงืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก, ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืจื•ืช 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžืึทืฉื™ื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืงืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึทืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ื–ื•ื›ืŸ 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื, 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ: , ืžื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ..." ืึทืš, ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข! 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข !... ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. 


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ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื• (ืคื•ื•ืŸ. ืฉืœื•ื•ื ื™ืข ืœื•ื™ื›ื 


0 ืกืขื ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ!! 

ืืžืช, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื•, ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึทื–ืขืคึผืขืฐื•ืงืข, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื—ื˜, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื ืขืžื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื•ืฃ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ. ืึท ืฉืžืขืง ื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืงืข, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ, ืงืึธืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื“ืึธืœืขืจ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ -- ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ! ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืœืขืจืก 
ืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืกืŸ -- ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืœืข ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ? ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ืึทืœืขื ืงืึธืกื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฐื™ 50 ืกืขื ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ืขื”, 
ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก 80 ืึธื“ืขืจ 90 ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ" ื’ืขืœื˜! ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ 10 ื‘ื™ื– 25 ื“ืึธืœืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื’ืœื™ืงื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ, 
ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืฆืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœืึทื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ? ืึทืš, ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข! ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข! ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืชึผื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‚ืจื” ื‘ืช-ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืึท ืœื•ื—, 
ืึท ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืื•ืŸ, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ืึท ื”ืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืž"ืจ ? ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฆืึธืœืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื–ืึท ืกื—ื•ืจื” ? ืขืก ืื™ื–, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื›ึผื“ืึทื™ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข! ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืข ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธื– ืึท ืœื™ื“ืœ. 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผ: 

-- ,ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืขื ืข ืžื•ื™ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืœืขื ืขืจ ืžืžื–ืจ", ืึท ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข- 
ืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 24 ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืž"ืจ! ืคึผืจืฒึทื– 1/2 ืกืขื ื˜. ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืึท 
ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข 18 ื“ืึธืœืขืจ -- ืึทื‘ื™ ืœืฒื™ืขื ื˜! 

-- , ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืขืจ ืžืœืžื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทืงื“ื™ื™ื–ืฉืข", ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืจื™ืจื ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 40 ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืคืจืฒึทื– ืึท ืฉืžืขืง ื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคึผื•ืฆืŸ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ -- ืึทื‘ื™ ื ืขืžื˜! 

-- ,ืึท ืกืงืจื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 10 ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ", ืึท 


ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืึทืจืฆืจืฒึทืกื ื“ืข ื“ืจืึทืžืข ืื™ืŸ 21 ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืึทืจืึทื ื–ืฉื™ืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงืงืขืจืžืึทืŸ. ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืึท ืฉืึธืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืึธื’ืœ ื ืฒึทืข ื”ืฑื™ื–ืŸ 


ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ -- ืึทื‘ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ!.. 


ืึทืš, ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข! ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข! ื‘ืฒึท ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš, ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืกืชึผื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืืฒึทืš ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ. , ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ" ? ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจืœื™ื™ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึทื– 
ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืžืกืชึผืžื ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื, ืึทื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ? ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื 
ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื’ 
ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื‘ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ... ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–? 


29 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-:ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ,ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ". ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ื™ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ: ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžืึทื™ ืงืึท ืžืฉืžืข ืœืŸ -- ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึท ื”ืขืจืŸ ? ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื“ืขืŸ ? ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜, ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš , ืžืึทื›ืŸ" ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ืึท ื™ืœ3ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ,,ืžืึทื›ื˜" ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืžื”ื™ื›ื™-ืชึผื™ืชื™, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ, ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื, ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืงื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœื™ื˜ื•ื‘: ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืคื•ืŸ ืกื—ื•ืจื”, ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื—ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ,ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืข", ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืขื ื™ื ื™ื 
ื’ืœืึทื˜; ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ื’ืœืฒึทืš. ืืฒึท, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง, 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื—ืจ ืฆื• ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ? ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืŸ? ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืจื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื“ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ -- ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ 
ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ !... ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข , ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข" ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ ,, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข", ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ,,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข", ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ. 
ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš; ืึทื‘ื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืฆื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆืขืงืฒึทืขืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืจืŸ ื•ื™ 
ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœืขื–ืขืจ, 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึทืœืข ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื’ืจื™ืก ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืก. --- ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืชึผื ืื™: ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื ืจื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ 

ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ืก --- ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. 
ืฉืœื•ื- ืฆืœื™-ื›ื 


3 ืฆื• ื,-ื™. ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 2ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1894 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! ืึธื˜ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ,, ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื"... ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ? ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ืืฒึทืœืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก, --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืกื˜ ื’ืึธืจ! ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ? ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืขืกืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคืฉืจ... ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜? ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ -- ืื™ืš 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" (ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ), 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืจืขื›ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ. -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืข-ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืœืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ืง ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืœื™ื ื“". 
-- ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืืฒึทื ืคืึทืœืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื•ืขื›ืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉืึธื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืกื˜ืœ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜! -- ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื ืฒึท-ื™ืึธืจ, 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4 ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 5ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1894 

ืฆื• ื”ืขืจ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. 

ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืงื•ืจื— ืœื ืžืชื•... ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขื. ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึทืกื™ืึทื“ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ, 
ืึท ืœืขื•ื•ื™, ื™ืžื—-ืฉืžื•-ื•ื–ื›ืจื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืึท ืคึผืจืฅ -- -- --, 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš, ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข", , ื’ืขืคึผืจืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื ื™ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœ"... ืึทื–ืึท ื ืึทื›ืึทืœ! ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš? ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท 
ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื‘ื™ืช : ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข (ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ) 
ื‘ื–ื”-ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ : 

-------- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื“ืขืจ-ืจื•ื—-ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜-ืฐืึธืก, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืขืœืข (ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธืŸ), ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืจืึทื“ืข ืึท 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื™ืงืข". ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜. --- ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ". 

ืึทื–ืึท ื ืึทื›ืึทืœ! ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ืคื™ืจืžืข; 
ื ืึธื›ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ; ืื•ืžืคืึทืจืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื•ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื“"ื’ืœ -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืžื•ื—ืœ!! ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท , ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฆืฒึทื˜" -- ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืชึผืžื™ื“ 
ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขื; ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื ืึทื›ืึทืœ -- -- -- ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื›'ืœืขื‘. -- - -- 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸืŸ? ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืขืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ? ืขืก ืื™ื–, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš! 
-- ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš, ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” (ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืึท 


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ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’). ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคืึธืœืง! 

ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ื ืึทื›ืึทืœืกื˜ืฐืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ , ืึธืจื“ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืข" ? ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื’ืึทื–ืฉืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
,ืคื”ื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’", ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข , ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", ืฐื•ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, 
ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜" ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™, ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื” --- ืื•ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ืึท ืงื•ืง, ืึทื”ืึท! 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืœ, ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ืึธื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ,,ื™ืงื•ื-ืคึผื•ืจืงืŸ"-ื›ึผืชื‘ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคืŸ! ื ืึธืจ ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 600 ื‘ื™ื– 900 -- ืึท 
,ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! ืฐืึธืก ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืขืจื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื–ื—ืŸ -- ื˜ืคื•! -- -- -- ืคืึทืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื” ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ -- ืึท ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ; ื ืึธืจ ืžื›ึผื•ืช ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ! -- 
-- -- ื ื•, ืึท ืฐืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืขืœืขืš! 


-- -- -- ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ! ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ! ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’! 


ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื•ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืขืŸ 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ , ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื˜ืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" 
ื”ืจ' ืžืœื™ืฅ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืึท ืžืœื™ืฅ-ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืž ืช ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ -- ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืžืช!) ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืกื•ืจืคึผืจื™ื– 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ,ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืฐืขื˜ืฉื˜" ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืคึผื™ืงื˜ืฉื•ืจ" (ื‘ื™ืœื“) ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืึทืงืกื™ืžื™ืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื ื—ืช-ืจื•ื— ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ืžืชึผื ื”, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก? -- ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–- 
ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“", ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืชึผื ืึทื™, ืึทืŸ: 

{) ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผืงืฐืขื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ ืขื›ื˜ ื’ืœืึทื–ื™ืจื˜ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ. 

) ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ 
ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืœื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ- 
ืกืคืจื™ืžืก ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืœื™ื‘ 
ื‘ืืžืช, ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ื•ื›ื•' -- ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ , ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“", ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


282 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
46. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 16ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1894 
ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท, ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ (ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึทื ืง) ื“ืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ ืืฒึทืขืจืก, ื“ืขื ,ื”ื•ื™ื–- 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ื ื•ืžืขืจ 23, ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื -- ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื‘ื›ืœืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ : 

ื‘ื› ืœืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ ืืฒึทืขืจืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืขื ื™ื ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื ื—ืช ื”ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื’ืึธืœืข ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื›ึผืœื” ืึธืŸ ืึท ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ -- 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ืจื•ื˜, ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืžืช, ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ -- 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื‘ ืคืจ ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืก ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 
,ืึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช". ืื•ื™, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ! ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทืจื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืืฑื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ? ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ืืฒึทืš, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ื™ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ืข ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึผื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื! ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข-ืฉืžื™ื‘ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืจื™ืงื‘ืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ: โ€ ืื•-ืฐืึท -- ืึท 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื” -- ืื™ื ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข !"... ืื•ืŸ ื—ื ืฆืข ืžื™ื˜ ืจืคืืœืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื‘ืจื™ื”ืฉ ืขืก ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึทื’ืฒื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืึธื›ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื™ื ืขื 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, --- ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืืžืช, ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ! ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ื“ืึธ 
ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜! ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฆืขืŸ ืคืœืึทืฉ ื˜ื™ื ื˜, ืึท ืžืื” ืคึผืขื ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ , ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ- 
ืžืึทื›ืขืจ" ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคึผืึธื›ืึธื–ืฉืข 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื‘ืข. ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืงื•ืฉ, ืœืึธืงืฉ, ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื, ืฆื™ื‘ืขืœืขืก, ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ -- 
ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ื˜! ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืึธืš ืœืึทื ื’-ืœืึทื ื’ ืžื–ื›ึผื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ, ื•ื™ , ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ". ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื”ื ืื”, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ , ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ" ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“- 
ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืงืข" ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ. 
ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ืŸ, ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื–, ืึทื– , ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ" ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜- 
ืœืขืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื™ืŸ-ื’ืึธืœื“ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš. ืขืก ืžืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืกืข-ื—ื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืงืขืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข, ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจืฐืฒึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืฅ! -- 

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืกืงื™ืฆืข , ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘". ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก 


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ื‘ืจืœื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ! ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ื‘ืึทืงืœืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืขืžื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืข, ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืคืึธืœืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืžื—ื™ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœ 
ืžื™ืจ, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜, ืึธืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืžืช, ืึธืŸ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืžืชืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 
ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–, ืึทื– ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ; ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ึผืคึผืจื•ืช ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื— ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•- 
ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”. ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ 
ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธืœืง, ืึธืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข, ืึธืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข (ื”ืœื•ื•ืึทื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜!), ืื•ืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืึท ืฆืึทืฆืงืข, ืžืœื-ื—ืŸ! ืึทื™ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืก, 
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฐืึธื›ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืข, ื•ื™ ,ื™ืึธ" ืึธื“ืขืจ ,,ื ื™ื™ืŸ" ? ืฆื™ ื“ืจืฒึท, ืฆื™ ืคื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ? 
ืฆื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืขืœืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืึธืŸ ืคึผืขืจืขืœืขืŸ? ืฐืึธืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ื–ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ 
ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืจืึทืœ ืขืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ! 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืืฒึทืขืจ , ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘" ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืึธืš 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืึท ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืœืฒึทืš. ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึท ืงืึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ. ืื•ื™, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ! ืื•ื™, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ! ืื•ื™, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืึท ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ!!! 


}18194 ,6 .8 


ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืึทืจื•ื, ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•! ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ,,ื”ืฑื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง : ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืจืง 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืžืชึผื ื”, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ --- ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜! ืœืึธื– ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจื—ื, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืึทื ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 4ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1894 

ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 
.ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืึทืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ? ืึทื– ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืขืคึผืขืก -- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ื !? -- ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืŸ ืœื›ึผืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”-ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ : 
,ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜, 
ืึทื– ืขืก ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ?..." ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ. 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืขืก ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืขื ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ 


284 


ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-;ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื• ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืš! 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ!! ืžื™ืœื, ืื™ื– ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• --- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš 1 ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“, ืึทืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ืืฒึทืขืจืข -- ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืœืขืš, ืžื—ื™ืœื” !.. 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš: ,ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ -- ื ื•, ืงื•ื ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื•ื“ื™ืข 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ื”ืฒึทื ื•, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืœ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื ,,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ; ืœืึธื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ , ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืขื™ ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืจืขืžืขืจืก 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ืžืขืกืขืจืฉื˜ืขืš". -- ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ? 

ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ; ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืข ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืœ, ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืึทื– ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ืื™ื... ืื•ื™ื‘ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืฉืข (ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœื ืข) ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืžืึธืœ. ืฆื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ? ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ!!! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื ื™ื–ืฉื ืขื•ื•ืœืึทื“ื™ืžื™ืจืกืงืึทื™ืึท 5, ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธื ื• ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉื•. 


28. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 7ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1894 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 
ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธ- 
ื˜ื”ืขืง", ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ-ื“ืขืจ-ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื’ื™ืš-ื’ื™ืš ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš 
ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื‘ืขื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืขื”, ืึท ืžื–ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืขื”. -- 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ) ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืœืึธื– ืืฒึทืš 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื–ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึธืคืŸ -- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืงื ื! -- 
ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื‘ื•ืš ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ื ืื”. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ืชืคึผืขืœ! 
ืึท ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ 
ื–ืข ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืื•ื™ืคื•ื•ืขืงืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ื™, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืžืข 
ื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืš-ืืจืฅ: ,, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื•ื—ืœ... ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื•ื—ืœ... ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ".... 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืจืึทืกืง, ืึท ื“ื•ื ืขืจ, ืึท ื–ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 


285 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทืจืึธืคึผืคืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจืก -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืึทืš ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืฉ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ. --- ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ : ืงืึทืจืึทืกื™ืง, 
ืžืึทืงืก ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข) ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืžืึทืŸ. ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง 
ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•. ืึทืจืฑืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ืืฑืฃ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช, ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ (ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจื™ืกื™ืžื•ืก!!!), ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš. 


ืื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


9. -- ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืฉืชึผื™ืงื” ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ (ืึทืœืก ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข), 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผืงืฐืขื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฆืœ ื“ื•ื›ื ื. 

ืคึผ.5,ืก. --- ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื ืงืึธืฐืกืงื™? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ืึทื– ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืกื™ืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืŸ 
ืึทืœืžืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืžืŸ ืฉื“ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜-ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš.. 


9. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 18ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1894 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ื ืื”, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš! -- 

ืžื™ืœื, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก, ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืึทื”ืขืจ ? ืขืกืง ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ, 
ืขืกืง! -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก. ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ 
ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืง ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืงืข" --- ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ืืœื ื ื™ื˜, 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜: ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื™, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท 
ืืฒึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื“ืคึผื™ืก: ื“ื•ื›ื ื, ืฆื™ ืกืึทืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ-ื‘ืฒืœืขื ืกืึธืŸ?! ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ื“ื•ื›ื ื ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜; 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืื•ืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืœืขืš... ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื– ื›ึผืžืขื˜ 
ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš: ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง, ืกืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก, ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ืึธื“ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข, ืึท 
ืฉื‘ืจื™-ื›ึผืœื™, ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืึธืŸ ืึท ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื‘ื™ืช -- ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ! ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ื“ (ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” 
ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ), ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทืกื™ืง ืฉื™ื—ื™' ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืง"ืง ืงื™ึทืขื•ื• ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื“ืจื•ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืš -- ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ : ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื›ึผืœื™ื–ืžืจ! -- ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืขื“.. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืข ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธืจื™ื ืฉื˜ืฒื™ื ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืขื•ืœื ืงื˜ืŸื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฆืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืžืขืกืขืจืœ" 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ; ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜, ืึธื“ึถืขืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ; ื ืึธืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 


286 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:. ืขืงื™ื›ื 


ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืึท ืฆ ื™ื  ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืงืฉื” ื›ึผืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื-ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. 
ื ืฒึทืขืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืงืข" ืึท ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ 
,ืฆืขืจ-ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื", ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืžืžื”'ื ืคืฉืš: ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš 
ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžื”-ื˜ื•ื‘; ืืœื ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื ื™ื˜ -- ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ? ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜, 
ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืžืึทืจืงื•ืก ื‘ืœืึทื ืง", 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ื ืึธืš ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฃ ื‘ื™ื– ืชึผื™ื•. 
ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื”ืึธืจื™ื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื: ืึทื—ืจื™ ื‘ืœื•ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขื“ื ื”. 
ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื‘ืชืžื™ื”. ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ -- -- --. ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš. 


ืžืžื ื™ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 24ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1894 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ! 
ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช", ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, 
ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? ืฉื™ืงื˜, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ. -- ืคึผืจืฆืขืก , ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืคึผืจืฅ (ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืœืขื•ื•ื™) ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืก ืžืชืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ , ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“", ืึทื– ืคึผืจืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืคืœืขืงืœ (ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขืงืกืขืจ) 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื’ ืข ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– 
ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืกื•ื“ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื“ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•... ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืึธื–ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืงืœ (ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืจืงืœ). ืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื•ืจืžืฉื™ื, ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืœืฒึทื–, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืขื˜ืข. --- ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืก , ืžืึทืœืขื ืงืึทื™ืึท ื“ืจืึทืžืึท" (,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“", 1892, ื ื•ืž' 12) ? --- ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ! ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืขืก ? ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
, ืขื•ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ". ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ ; ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜. ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืฆืจ ? ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ , ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืขืš". ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื•ื™ , ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”". ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืง"ื– ืฐื™ืกืึธืฆืงื™. ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืžืข 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜... ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš. 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืคึผืึธืœื™ื ืงืึธืฐืกืงื™? ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. -- ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ... ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ ืงืขื ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืš, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึทืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื , ืคึผืึทืจืš ื•ื™" 


287 


ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืžื™ืขื—ื—ื—-ื–ืึทืฐื™ืขืฅ!!! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’: ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืœืึทืงืฒ, ืึทืŸ ืขื‘ื“ 
ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื... ื•ื“"ืœ. 


1, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ;ื˜ื•ื™ื‘" 


(ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื™ื•ื’ื™ 1894) 

ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ื•ื™ื‘", 

,ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘" ! ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืขืคึผืขืก , ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘" ? ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ , ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืคึผืขืจื ืึธื˜ืขืจ" ? 

ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื” 
ืจื‘ื”, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ,, ื“ืขื 
ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ" ,ื“ื™ ื˜ืฑื‘", ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื• ,ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘" ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื• -- ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืžืœ! ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืฒึทื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, -- ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคึผืœื•ื’ืชื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ , ืคืฒึทื ืงื™ื™ื˜" 
-- ืœืžืื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึทืจืŸ, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ? -- ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, -- ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื”, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ, ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“,. ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœื ืข ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ืขืŸ -- ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ, ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืžืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ึผืœืœ -- ืก'ืจื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืฒึทื ืฆื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืจืขื“ื ื“ื™ืง ? ืื•ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืคึผื™ืคึผืขืจื ืึธื˜ืขืจืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื‘ืข- 
ืœืขืš !... ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจืก, ืขื’ืึธื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ื ื™ืงืขืก, ืžืึทืœืคึผืขืก, ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืจืก, ืฉื‘ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ื ื™- 
ืงืขืก, ื›ึผืœ-ื‘ื•ื ื™ืงืขืก, ืžื•ืกืจื™ื -- ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืžื•ืกืจื™ื, ืžื•ืกืจื™ื, ืžื•ืกืจื™ื! ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืึท 
ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“? ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืึทื– ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ื  ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ? ืืžืช, ืขืก ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืœื•ืช, ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒื˜, 
ืฉืคืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื—ืงื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื›ืข- 
ื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืฐื•ึผ 
ื™ืœึดื“ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคื™ืกื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช, --- ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื‘ืขืœืขืš. ื”ื’ื, ,ืึทื– 
ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง", ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืฒึทื ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ,ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ". 
ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ,,ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ" -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืกืง... ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืื™ื, ืขืจ , ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ", ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก, 
ืคืึทืจืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืฆื™ื’ืึทืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืึธ, ืึทื– ืขืจ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื˜ 


ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, , ืžืึทื›ื˜, ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ" -- ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืึท ืœืขืง! ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜; ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืฑืก ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ, ืึทื– ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืึทื”ื™ืŸ --- ืฐื™ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, ืฐื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื–! ืขืก ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ื”' ื“., ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื›ืฐืึทืœื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง -- ืจื‘ื•ื ื•-ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื: 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ! ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜! ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืœืขื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื•ืช, 
ืงืœืึธื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœืึทื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืฒึทืžืคึผืขืจืœืขืš, ืึทืŸ 
ืงืึธืœื‘ืึทืกืขืก, ื“ืึทืจืข ืงื™ืฉืงืขืก, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืขื ืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื”, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข 
ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื“. ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืžื–ืœ ืึท ืงืึธืœื‘ืึทืกื ื™ืง... ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจื˜ ืึทืจื•ื 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ 
ื™ืœึดื“ืŸ (ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื•ื›ืคึผืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืŸ!) ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืจืึธื‘ืงืข ื“ืึทืจืข ืงื™ืฉืงืขืก, ืขื›ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข, 
ืขื›ื˜ ื›ึผืฉืจืข! ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ึทืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื‘ืึทืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ, ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืึทื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ 
ืึทืจื•ืžื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื›ึผืฉืจืข ืงืึธืœื‘ืึทืกืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืกืŸ -- ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขื’ืกื˜ ื“ื• ื–ื™ืš, ืงืึธืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข! ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขื’ืกื˜ ื“ื• ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื• ื›ึผื ืกืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท 
ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืคึผืขืจื ืึธื˜ืขืจ !... 

ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทืœืฅ ื“ื™ ืฉืืœื”: ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืขืคึผืขืก , ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘" ? ืขืคึผืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ 
ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึท ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึท ืกื•ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ืง ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืึท ืฐืึธืจืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืœืข, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ-ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื•ื—, ื‘ืฉืขืช 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืžืกืขื ื”ืึธืœืฅ, 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืกื•ืง ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: 


,ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื˜ืขื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ื— ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื™ื‘ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜.. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื–ืขืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึทืกืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื• ืฆื• ืื™ืจืข ืคื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื™ื‘ื”, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืชื™ื‘ื” ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ.." 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ,ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘". ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“?. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื• ืฆื• 
ืื™ืจืข ืคื™ืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจื• ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื’, 


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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•. ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืึธืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ , ืื™ื™ืœื‘ื™ืจื˜ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืกื•ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืึธืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก, ืึธืŸ ืึท 
ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื”-ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืข- 
ื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืกื•ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื˜ืขื’ ื•ืขืœืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืฒืŸ... 

ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื”, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘". ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก ืžืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจืŸ 
ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ , ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœืึทื›ืŸ". ืœืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืœืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• 
ืจื•, ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ื™ืกื˜: ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื—ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืจืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ืฆืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื–ืึธืœ ืœืึทื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืœืึธื›ื” ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ื™ืกื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืจืฒึทืข ืžืœืึธื›ื”. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืขืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืจืขืจ... 


ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. ืžืข ืžื•ื– ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ... 


ืึท ืžืึธืœ -- ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืึท ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืึทืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืฐืึธืก ืขืคึผืขืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ? 
ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืขืœื™ื›ื-ืฉืœื•ื ? ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื-ื”ื–ื” ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื‚ื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜, 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืฉื‚ื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื—ืชืžืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื, 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ื—ืชืžืขื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึธืคึผืœื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืื™ ื“ืขื ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ: 
ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฐืึธืœืฃ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืขื ื”ืึธืœืฅ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉ'ื™ื˜ื”; ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืขืจืฉ ืžืึทืจื”ืึธืœื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” 
ื‘'ื”'ืžื” ; ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื” ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ (ื”ืชื—ืœื”) ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ -- ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš; ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜... 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข, ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ 
,ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœืึทื›ืŸ", ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’, ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜, ืจืึธืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜, ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜... ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืึธื˜ ืžื–ื›ึผื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ื™ืœื“ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืขืคึผ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ; 
ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืึทื“ืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฉืจืฒื™ึทื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“: ,, ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื“ืขื ืงืœื•ื’ืŸ, ื“ืขื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขื, ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขื ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืึทื›ืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื"... ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื’ืขืœื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“: ,ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืงื”ื- ืขืœื™ืคื 


ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš-ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขื, ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฃ-ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, 
ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื˜-ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœ-ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื-ื’ืขืึทื›ืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉืึทืจืคืข ืคืฒึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืœืึทื-ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ, ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื“ืœืกื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื˜- 
ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื"... ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืขื ืข 
ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– -- ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื–, ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ -- ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืจืขื“ืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ืึทืงืข ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– , ืฉืึทืจืคืข ืคืฒึทืœืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ืขื ืขืŸ , ืคึผืœืึทื-ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ", -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืกืžืึทืœื™ืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืคืŸ: ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ, ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 
ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืึธื›ื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืฉืข, ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ 
ืคืขื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขืœื™ื•-ื”ืฉืœื•ื... 


ื“ืึธ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืฑื™ึทืฉ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก: ื›ืึทื˜ืึท 
ืคึผืึธืงืจื™ืฉืงืึท, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก: ื•ื“ื™ ืœื—ื›ื™ืžื ื‘ืจืžื™ื–ื” -- ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ: 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜ !... ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืึธ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืึธืจื˜... ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข ืงืขืจ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืื•ื 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”. 


ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืจืฒึท, ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜, ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื—ืฉืง ืึทืจื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืงืœืข- 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืข- 
ืงืฒึทืงืœื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฑืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืจืขื ืง, ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฐืฒึทื– ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึทืœืข ื—ื•ืฉื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืชึผืื•ื•ืช... ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืชึผืื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข 
ืชึผืื•ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืื™ื™. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทื– ืžืข ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืฉ, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืกื“ืจ: ืจืืฉื™ืช-ื—ื›ืžื”, 
ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื›ึผื“ื•ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืŸ, ืžืข ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ? ืึท ืžื™ืึทื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ, ืึท ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคึผืœ, ืึท ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ื™ืฉื˜! ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธื ืคืึทืœื‘. ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ื ืขื 1899 
ื™ืึธืจ (ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜) ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึธื ืจื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ (ืึท ืงืึธืžืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœ), ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืฆืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื™ืฆืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ืจื™ื“-ื•ืคึผืœื™ื˜ ! ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืึท ื‘ืฉื‚ืจ-ื•ื“ื, ืงืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก 


ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืคื™ ืืœืคื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืึทืจื“ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื“ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืงืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆืขืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ื“ืขืจืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืžืœ ; ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื 
ืžื™ืจ, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงืœืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื˜ืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทื ืจืขื“ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ; ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืœื-ื›ึผืœ-ืฉื›ึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืŸ, ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึทืจื“ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื˜ืŸ, ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืœืคื™ ืืœืคื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืึทืจื“ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ึผื•ื—, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ึผื•ื—, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื›ึผื•ื— ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ -- -- -- ืึทืš, ืขืก 
ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื—! ืขืก ืงื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜! ืžืข ืคืึทืœื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ! ืžืข 
ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืขืžืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืฑื–ืฉืขื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจืขื–ืขืœืข, ืฆื• ืึท ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ 
ืฐืึทืกืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฆื• ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืžื“ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืฐืขืง ืฐืฒึทื˜-ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ! 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ... 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืœืขืš 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ! ืœืึธื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธื ืคืึทืœื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืขืกืŸ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืขืคึผืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜, 
ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืชึผืื•ื•ืช, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฆืŸ ืžื™ืš... ,ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜: ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืœ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ --- ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜". ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืœื™ื•- 
ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืึธื ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ืึท ืคื•ืœืข ื ืึธื– ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืงืข, 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื™ืึธ! -- ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉืžืขืจืœ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ, ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืœ-ืžืœืึธื›ื”, ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจ. -- ื™ืึธ, ื™ืึธ! ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผื˜ืœ ืงืจื•ื™ื˜: ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ื˜ืจื•ื ืง 


ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืŸ... 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ื”ืœืœ ืžืึทืœืึทื›ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 28ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1894 

ืฉืœื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”. ืžืึทืœืึทื›ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื‘"ื™. 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ -- ,ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื". ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ื—ื•ืจ-:ื”ื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืฉื‚ืžื—ื”-ืคึผื™ื ื—ืก. --- ืคึผืจื™ืฐืึทื˜ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ-ื”ื–ืขืฆืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื-ื”ื–ืขืฆืขืจื™ื, ื’ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืœืฆื ื•ืช. ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื—ืกื“! ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืคืขื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™. --- ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ืš --- ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ. 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก, ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’"ืค. -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš 


292 


ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึท ื‘ืขืœืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื . ื‘. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืขื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืึท 
,ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข" ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื–ืข, ืึท ืœืึท ืจืขืฐื™ื–ืึธืจ" ืคื•ืŸ, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœ 
ื–ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืจื›ื”. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืก. --- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืข. -- ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ? 
ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ? ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื˜ื•ื™ื‘" ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืœืขื–ืขืจ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜! 


2, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 0ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1894 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืงื•ื“ื- ื›ึผืœ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืช"ื— ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ , ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืึธืœื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึทืฉื™ื ืงืขืŸ" -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช... ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ , ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ-ื˜ื•ืžืื”" ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, ืึท ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืึท ืฉืฒึทื ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืคึผื ื™ื, ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข-ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืœืึทื ืขืŸ -- -- -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜? ืึท ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืงื‘ืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ื™ืคื˜ืจ.. 
ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ-ื˜ื•ืžืื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื‘ื ื”ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ืึธืœ ? ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื ืึธืจ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, 
ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืžืชื“ื™ืงืข, ื•ื™ ื’ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ? ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ! ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ืœื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื•ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช. ืื•ื™, ื–ื™ืกืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช! ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžืงื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, 
ื•ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืึท ื—ืœื•ื, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ.. 


ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื ืึธืžืจ ืงื”ืœืช -- 

ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืงื”ืœืช, 
ื”ื›ึผืœ ื”ื‘ืœ -- 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืœืข ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ !... 


ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื’ืขืฆื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ... 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื™ืขื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•", ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. -- ืžื” ื ืืžืจ ื•ืžื” ื ื“ื‘ืจ ? 
ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฑื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ? ืžื™ืœื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืกืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท โ€ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ -- ืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืฉื‚ื™ื ืื”. ื ืืžื ื™ื ืคึผืฆืขื™ ืื•ื”ื‘, ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ.. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคืึทืœืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ? ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ื ืึธืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ? ื ื•, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,,ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงื˜ืข ืคึผืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. -- ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื•ืกืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ (1) ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜!... ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืžืึทื ืขืฐืขืจ (ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ: ืึท ืžืึทื ื™ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœืข), ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึทื ืขืฐืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง 1 ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืื•ืกืŸ, ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืœื™ื’ื ื“ืœ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืคืขื™ึดืง, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึธืคื˜ ืžืึธืœ, 
ืคื™ืœืฐื•ื™ื ืฆื™ืง, ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ; ืžืข ืžื•ื–, ืึถืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึทืœืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: ื ื™ืข 
ืึธื‘ืžืึทื ื™ืขืฉ, ื ื™ืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ืึทืฉ... ื ืึธืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืคืึธืจื’ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ื ืึทื’ืœืึธืกื˜, ื ืึทื›ืึทืœืกื˜ืฐืึธ, โ€ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืšืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื›ืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื ื™ื˜, ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืฉื˜, ืึทื– 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ,, ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืขืจ" ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื—ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื“ืึธื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžืฉืชึผื›ึผื—ื™ืŸ! 
ืžื™ืœื, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ืึธ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืก, ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฐื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื•ื™ืกืŸ! ืึทืš, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงืึทืœื™ืข ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™, ืึท 
ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜, ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืจืขื“ืŸ, ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ. ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืึธ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ? ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ! -- 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืกืจ -- ืึท ืกืš ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ; ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. -- ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, /ืช22552 ืืก, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจืœ ,ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉ ื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืขื ื™ืช" ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
;ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืขื ื™ืช". ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื– ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš 
ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฉืž"ืจืก ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืก! ืึทืš, ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ืกืš ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ! ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’! ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืงืขืจืŸ! -- 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1894 


ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื”, ืชืจื "ื” 
ืฆื• ื”ืขืจ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. 


ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท! ืœืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืชื›ืชื ื•ืชื”ืชื! 


ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืคึผืึธื’ืœ-ื ืฒึทืข ื™ืึธืจ ืชืจื "ื”, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš-ื’ื•ื˜-ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ ืื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, 
ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜! ื—ื˜ืืชื™ ืขื•ื™ืชื™ ื•ืคืฉืขืชื™ 
ืœืคื ื™ืš ! ื”ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”: ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขืจืฉ ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ; ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜, ื—ื•ืฉื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท 
ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืœ, ืจื—ืžื ื-ืœืฆืœืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ! ืœืึธื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื- ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ --- ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื“ืึธืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื ื“. -- == -- 

ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ? ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ,,ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš") ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ. ืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืงื™ื™ื 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืขื•ื•ืœื” ; ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืึธืจื˜ -- ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ; ืฆืฒึทื˜ -- ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, 
--- ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ,ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ื’ืขืจ", ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืจื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืœืข ื ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืงืขื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ! ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ-ื”ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึธืจ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ืœืขืจืš; ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ. 
--- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืกืขืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื™ืŸ-ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื™ืจื˜, ื‘ืึทืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืขืœืขื’ืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืงืœื˜. -- ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœื–ื” ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฆึทื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,ื”ืฑื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก. ืขืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืขืงื–' ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืกื—ืจ, ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ,,ื”ืฑื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". -- ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืชึผื ืื™ื, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“, ื–ืขืฅ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืœื™ื‘ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ. -- ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก, ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืš ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžื—ื™ืœื”-ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– , ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืคืึธื“ืขื-ื–ืฒึทื“, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ื™ ืฉื‚ื ื™ื™ 
ืฐืฒึทืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ"... ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืข ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื–ืžื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื˜ื™ืคืŸ-ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


295 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. --- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืึทืกื˜, 


5, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 26ืกื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1894 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจื˜ืึทืคึผื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจืžืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืคืึทืจืŸ ืขืกืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทื ืฅ ื ื™ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. -- ื ืจืฆื” -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื™ืœื™ืงื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื• ื“ืขื 20ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืฐืขืจืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ -- ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". 
ื“ื™ 200 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืคืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ --- 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ: ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ื ืึธืจ 50 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืง"ื  -- ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืขื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืจ ืชึผืจื "ื”, ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืœื•ื— ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ? ืืฒึทืขืจืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืขื–ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’! 


6 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงึดื™ืขื•ื•, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1894 


ืึท ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ 
ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึทืจ 


ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื“ืขื 20ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1894, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ืŸ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 
ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš : 

ื. -- ืื™ืš, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" (4ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื). 

ื‘. -- ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ -- 200 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจื™- ืกืคืจื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื ืึธื ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขืจ 4ื˜ืขืจ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 


2096 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ (ืจืฉื•ืช) ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, 
-- ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืžืขื’ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ. 

ื’. -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ื™ืคืœืึทื’ืข ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 4ื˜ืขืจ ,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ (ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ืึธื ืกืข, ืฐืึธืก ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 4ื˜ืขืจ 
,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืœื™ื ื“" ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก). -- 


ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฉ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 4ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1894 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท! 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• 
ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ึทืงืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื•ื™ืง -- ืขืก ืžื•ื– 
ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ -- ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืก ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืืฑื™ืกืคึผื•ืฆืŸ: ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ืื” ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืจื‘ 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืค ืฒึท ืœืŸ.. ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 7ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1894 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ื–ืขื˜, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ , ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ" : ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื ืขื ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ; ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึทื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
-- ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš. -- 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื’ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืขื•ืœื ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืฒึทื ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ. 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ 
ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. -- 

ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ? ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื‘ ื› ืช ื‘, ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ? 

ื“ื™ ืจื’ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


297 


ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืฆืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 7ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืฆืžื‘ืขืจ 1894 
ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื–ื”ื–ืขืฆืขืจ! 

ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืึทื–: 

1 ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืœืขื ื’ืœ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉ ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจื˜. -- 

2; ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช. -- 

3 ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืงื˜ื ืชื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช. -- 

4 ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ,,ืข" ืึท ืฆื™ืจื”, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ืจื”, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืกื’ื•ืœ. -- 

5 ื“ืขื ื’ืจืฒึทื–: ืคึผืขืจืขื“ืึทื˜ ื’ืึธืกืคึผืึธื“ื™ื ื• ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืœื™ื•, ืžืึธืœืึธื˜ืฉื ืึทืฐืึธ ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ --- ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืฒึทื–. -- 

6 ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืกืฐื™ืึทืฉื˜ืฉืขื ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืžืขื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช: ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 
-- ืคึผืขืจืœ. -- 

7. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ ืžื•ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืจืขื ืฆืœ (ืึธืจื ืึทืžืขื ื˜) ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืจื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืฅ ื’ื•ืคื ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. -- 

8. ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฅ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 200 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืกืขืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ. -- 

9 ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืึธืจื ืึทืžืขื ื˜. -- 

0. ื•ืฐื•ืฒึทืœ ืขืก ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกืขืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜-ืึธื‘ืฆื™ื’ืข, ืžื•ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ื ื•ืžืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข. -- 

ืฉืœื•ื ื ื˜ืœื™ื›ื 


0. ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 10ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1894 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท, ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 

ื‘ืจื•ืš:ื”ื‘ื -- ,ืจื‘ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”" ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ! = -- -- 

ื ื•, ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘! ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื“ืขื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš : ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท 
ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืฒึท ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ืžืชึผื ื”: 
ื˜ืฉืขื ื‘ืึธื’ืึทื˜ื™, ื˜ื™ืขื ืจืึทื“ื™.. 

ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืชึผืžื™ื“. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื— ื‘ ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


298 


ื‘ื›ื™ื˜ื”ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืคืœื™ื›ื 
1. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 24ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1894 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ! 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืข. ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืœืขืš ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื’ื•ื˜. ืœืžืขืŸ- 
ื”ืฉื, ื“ื™ ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืืฒึทืš. ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ึทืขืฐื•ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ื ืึทื‘ืึธืจ", ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืœืึธื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืึท ืจื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ืŸ. -- ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžืงื‘ืœ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜, ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฆืขืŸ, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง -- 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ? --- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš -- ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, 
ืฐื•ืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜... 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 14ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1894 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ืึธ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ-ืฉื•ื™ืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืžืช, ืฐื™ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืœื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึท ืกืš ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš. -- ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ืฉืข: ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ,, ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืก, ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืก, ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืข ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื”ืœืฐืึทื™ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ื–ืึทืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึท ืฐืึธื“ืขืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืงื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" -- ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“. ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. -- 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


2 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 28ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1895 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืึธืœ, ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ 


299 


ื‘ื›ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืื•ืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืกืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ? ืก'ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฐืึธืก ืึท 
ืžืึธืœ. ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืคึผืจื ืกื”, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืฆื• ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืžืจื ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืชึผืคืกืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืชึผืคืกืช! ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ ื›ืœืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš, ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืฉืขื” ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืฅ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 


ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ -- ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ? 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืจืขื‘ื•ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜, ืขืก ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ! ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ: ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื’ื“ื”, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ืช-ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืขืก 
-- ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฆืขืจืฒึทืก ื–ื™ืš! ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื•ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš -- ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš 
ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื•ื’ืก. -- ื ืึธื˜ืึท ื‘ืขื ืข: ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืคืจื•ื’ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ? -- ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธื ืขืœ ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ,, ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืœื™ื ื“", 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื›ืขืจืก ? --- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ 
ืื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืคืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืคึนึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคึผืฉื•ื˜, ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ืกืฉื˜ืึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ (ื›ืึทืœืึทื˜ื ืึธ) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืžื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคื™ืœ ืฉืขื ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐ, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•. ื ืึธืจ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืง- 
ื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืฒึทื–ื™ืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืžื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ืกืง ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึท ืกื’ื•ืœ? -- 
-- --- ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื-ื”ื–ืขืฆืขืจื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ 
ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ? ืื™ืš ืœืึธื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš 
ืงื•ืง ื–ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืึทืœื™ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ? 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš: ืฆื™ ืœื™ื˜ืฐื•ื™ืฉ, ืฆื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืฆื™ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ? ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ: ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึท 
ืคืึธืกื™ืœ, ื”ืึธื ื“, ืงืึธืคึผ (ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: ,ืคืขืกื™ืœ", ,,ื”ืขื ื“", , ืงืขืคึผืฒ (ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”) ; 
ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทื–ืฉ , ื”ืึทืจืฆืœื™ืš", ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืŸ ืึทืœืฃ: ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืขืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ื” ืขืจืฅ, ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึท ืจืฅ. ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: ืึทืœืœืขืก, 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืœืฉืึทืคึผื˜, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืžืขืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœืž"ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžึตื™ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ึผืคึผืจื•ืช ? ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ืขืœื™ื•-ื”ืกื ืึธื‘ืœ! 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืขืจื™ืฉ -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ , ื“ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ", ืึทื– ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืชึผ ืžื™ื“ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ , ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ" ? ื ืึธืจ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืจื˜: ,ื ื•, ื’ ืขื” ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœ ืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ".. ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืื™ื– ืœืขึทื’ 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ืคื 


ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื’ึนืขึธื” : ืœื™ื’ืŸ, ื’ืขึถืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, 
ื‘ื›ึผืœ ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืœ ืขึธื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขึถืขืŸ; ืึทืœืข ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ื’ ื™ึทื™ึดืŸ. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื™ืจื”, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกื’ื•ืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: ื“ืึธืก ืฉืึทื ืข ืžืึทื“ืขืœ, ืฐืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ? ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: , ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืœ" 1 -- ,,ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: 
,ืึทืœืœืข ืžืึธื”ืœ" ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ), ื”ื™ืžืžืขืœ (ื”ื™ืžืœ). ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ โ€ ื’ื•ื˜ืข" 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ,,ื’ื™ื˜ืข", ืึท ืžืึธืœ , ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ , ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ" -- ืึธืŸ ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,ื’ืขึธื”ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ,, ืœืขึธื’ืŸ" ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืจืขื’ืขืœ ืึทืฐ: 
ืžืžื”-ื ืคืฉืš -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืŸ ,ืข", ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืกื’ื•ืœ ? ืืœื 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื–ืฉืข, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜! 
ื‘ืฒึท ื–ืึทืžืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ืœ (ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืŸ) ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
,ืื™ืžืขื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื". ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืึทืจื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืฒึทื–: , ืื•ืžืขื“ื•ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื" -- ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ? ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจืึทืžื˜ ืขืจ , ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜" ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜". ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ? ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืกื’ื•ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ,ืข"! -- -- -- ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš: ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ืœืžืฉืœ: ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ,ืจื‘ ื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ืœ" ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึธืŸ ืึท ืคืึธื“ืขืจื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืึธืŸ ืึท 
ืฉื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื™ื ื™ืขืก ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ื’ืœืึทื˜ -- ื˜ื™ืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ 
ื“ื•ืจื™ืŸ, ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ -- ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก! ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืงืึทืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืžืึธืœ ; ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืš ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฑื™ืกืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืึท ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข -- ืžื™ืื•ืก, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืœืขืš, ืžืขืฉื‚ื” 
ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื”! ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืก ืึท ื‘ื•ืš ื–ืึธืœ, ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืื•ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืžืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ืžื ื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืชึผื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ,,ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืจืœ? !.. 
|ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœื™ื›ืืŸ 


4 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


(ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•-ื“ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“") 


4),ื“ื™ืึทืœื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”", ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื. ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ? ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืืจื™ืš ื™ืžื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”. ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื–ื—, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืฉ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืกื•ื“. ืืžืช, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืก. ืœืžืึทื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ 1 ืœืžืึทื™ 
ืื™ื™ืขืจ-ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืฉ ? ืœืžืึทื™ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ื•ืœืงืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ? 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง. ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืึท ืกืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 


201 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”! ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ,ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง", 
ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ื–, ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืึทืœืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื™ืขื ืงื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืง, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืึทืงื•ื‘ -- ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ-ื™ืึธืจ: ื–ืฉืึทืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืœื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืึท ืจื•ื™ื–, ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื‘ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื˜ืฉืขื˜, ื•ื™ ืึท ืฐืึธืจืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื™ืŸ 
ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ!... ืงื•ืจืฅ, ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื‘ ื ืึธืš ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท 
ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ !!!. 


4 , ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜". ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืง ืฆื‘ื™ื”ืก ? ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืึท ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ, ื˜ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืฐื™ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ืฉืึทื“ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ื– ืขืจื˜ืขืจืฐืฒึทื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืึทืจื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืขืจื˜. -- ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš: ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื–, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืึท 
ื“ืจืฒึทื’ืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืขืจืœืฒ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท , ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ" ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืฐืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜. --- ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ื–. 

ื“ื™ืชึผื•ืจื”'". ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื–ืŸ: , ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืžืึทืฉื™ื•ืึทื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช- 
ืขื•ืœื, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึทืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช"... --- ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ : ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืžื•ืจื ืฆื• ืœืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ,,ื‘ื™ืช-ืขื•ืœื" ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึท , ื˜ืึธืžืึท- 
ืฉื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืขืจ" ื‘ื™ืช-ืขื•ืœื. ืขืคึผืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื˜ืึธืžืึทืฉื™ืฐืึทื˜ืขืจ" ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื•ื™ืœื“, 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื›ึผืžื• ืฐื™ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืฐืึทื˜ืข... 


6 ,ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืึทื ื“" ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ -- ืขืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท , ื’ืึทืกื˜ื”ืฑื–" ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒื™ึทืกืŸ 
ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึท , ื’ืึทืกื˜ื”ืฑื–" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,,ื’ืึทืกื˜ื”ืฑื–" ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ื ืขื ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ 
ืื™ื ื“ืจืฒึท ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฃ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืœืฅ. ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ,ื‘ืจืึทื ื“ืฐืฒึทืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื , ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืŸ", ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื›ึผืœื™ื (52, ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉื•ืจื”). ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก-ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืœื™ืชื™ืžืœืขืš, ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืชื™ื. ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ืึท ื˜ืึทืคึผ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืคึผืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ืคืฅ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข 
ืœืขื ื“ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื ืึธืจ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช --- ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท , ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืงืึธ"! ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ื ืึธืจ: ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


202 


ืคื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืค:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืฉื‚ื›ึผื™ืœ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื•ื•ื™ืฆืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ: ื–ืึธื’ ืึท ื—ื›ืžื”ืœืข! ื ื•, ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš! ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš! -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื•ืขืฆื˜ืฉืก ื–ื™ืšื™. 


6 ,ื“ื™ ืžื ื•ืจื”". ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื–ืึทืžืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื˜ืฒืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืŸ, ืชึผื ื•ืขื•ืช, ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ืŸ, ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข -- 
ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืึทืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืฐื™ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึผื•ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ืึทืžื‘ืŸ, ื›ืึธืจืขื™ืขืŸ, ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืœืŸ, ืึทื ืึทืคึผืขืกื˜ืŸ, 
ืึทืžืคื™ื‘ืจืึทื›ื™ืขืŸ ืืึทื–"ืฐื•. ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ืจื•ืงืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ืจื” ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืึท ืฉื•ืจื” ืึทืจืฑืก -- ืขืก ืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึท, ื•ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืึทื“ืขืŸ ; ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื–ืข ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ื ืคืฉ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืฒึทื ื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื•ืช... ืึทื ื•, ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžื ื•ืจื”, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, 
ืคืจื•ื’ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ! 


6 ืขื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื. - 


) , ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืขืกืœืขืš ื•ื•ืฒึทืŸ". ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืึทืึธื‘ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกืึทืจืึทื‘ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- ื ืึธืจ 
ืžืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืก ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ! ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ 
ืื™ืฆื™-ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืœืึทืš, ืึท ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขื‘ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ึนื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืขืœืขืก. ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ืืฒึทืš: ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ ? ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœืขื–ืœ ืฐืฒึทืŸ 
(ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉ ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ!). ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืžืึทื™ ืงืึท ืžืฉืžืข ืœืŸ ? ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื”ืขืจืŸ ? ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ืฉื", ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ,,ืจื‘ ื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ืœ", ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธืœืง" (,,ื”ื•ื™ื–- 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“"), ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ , ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืœื™ืงืŸ", ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ , ื“ืจืึทื–ืฉื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ" 
-- ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื ื™ื˜! -- -- -- ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืฐืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืจืขื’ืœืขืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืึทืจื˜ 
ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉ ืจ ืฒึท ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืข, ื“"ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’ืขื›ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืึทืฐื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขื, ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืœืึทืคึผืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธืงืŸ, 
ื‘ืจืึธืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ! -- ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“. 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐืขืจืง ? ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข 
ื–ืึธืœ ืžืืจื™ืš-ื™ืžื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื“ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืฉืขืช ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืึธืคื˜ 
ืžืึธืœ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืฐืขืงื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืฉืขื” ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืงืœืขืจืŸ ; ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ 
ื™ืึธืกืขืœืข, ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื— ืžื™ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื - ื”ืขืจ ืฉ, 
ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื”: ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืœืข. ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืฆื™-ื‘ืขืจืขืœืข 
ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ, ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ-ืžืึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืึท ื–ืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืžืœ ืื“"ื’, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืึทืจืึทื‘ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืคึผื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ืคืจืขืกื˜ 


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ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืืกืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืึทืžืขืœื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš, ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืื™, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืข 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, 

"ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš. ื‘ืฉืขืช-ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืžืข ืœืฒืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ืืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืข ืจื ืึธืš, ืึทื– ืžืข 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื•ื™ ืฉืึทืฆืงืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜: , ื˜ืคื• 
ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ -- ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืฐืขื˜ืฉืขืจืข!:" -- ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืก ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง 
ื’ื•ื˜: ,, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืฆื•ื”ื™ืฆื˜ (ืฆืขื”ื™ืฆื˜) ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš... (ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจืก ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข). -- ื–ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืฐื™ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ, 
ืžื—ื™ื”-ื ืคืฉื•ืช! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึท 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทื–ืึท ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืคืึธืจืžืข -- ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœื™ื!. 


5, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


(ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•-ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“") 


9 ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™-ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘". ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง, ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ,ื‘ืขืœ-ืฉื", ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ ืฉืขื“ืขื•ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืžืžืฉ ืžื—ื™ื” ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื ืื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆื™ืจืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
,ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข". -- ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ื ืขื , ื‘ืขืœ-ืฉื" 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื–ืึทืš, ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืจืขื›ื˜ืก. ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื–ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื–, 
ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืฒืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืฉืึทื“ืข, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ! -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืง 
ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืฒึทืคื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ,ืฆืฐื™ื™ 
ืคืขืกืœืขืš ืฐืฒึทืŸ", ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึท ื—ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ -- 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ืึธ, ื™ืึธ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืึท 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ-ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื™ึดืฉืจ- ื›ึผื•ื— ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืชึผื ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื–ื›ึผื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื›ึผื•ื—, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ ืข ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืคึผืจืึทืš; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข , ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข" ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฒึทืงืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืข 
---- -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืืžืช, ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ , ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข" -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืงื ื”ื: ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึทืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคึผืขืจื‘ืึธืœืขืก, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ 
ื‘ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืกืื™ื– ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ื™ืึธืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื›ืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทื ืฆื™ืง, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึท ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื -- ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืœ-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืž ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข ื‘ืฉื‚ืจ-ื•ื“ื’ื™ืžืก, ืื™ืš ืฉื ืฒึทื“ ื–ืฒื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธืง ื–ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื™ืฆืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš, ื ืขื ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขืจืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉืงืขืœืขืš, ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก 
ื‘ืจืขืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ ืขืก ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืฐืึทืฉ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ ืขืกืŸ.. ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืข 
ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ืฉื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื™ื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืš ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฑืกื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงื•ืึทืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืกื•ืฃ, ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ,, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข" ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžืงื ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ! ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืงื˜ืŸ; ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื‘ืข; ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜-ืึทื–ืฑ-ื–ื™ืš-ืึทื™ืžืขืฉื‚ื”; ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ. 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข-ืžืึทื›ื ื“ืขืก ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืž- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขืš! ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื”, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืขื“ืŸ (ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš) ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื”' ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืฒึทื“ืึทืžืึทื˜ืฉื™ื ืข. ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฆื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืฃ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื˜ื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืœืึธื– ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึทืœืฒืŸ 
ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ; ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจืก, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื“ื•ืœืขื ื™ืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœื™ื–ืึท ืึธื–ืฉืขืงืึธ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืœื™ืฉืข ืกืคืจื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื™ืกืขืจ ,ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืึทืŸ". ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ื“ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผืขืฅ, ื‘ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืฆืขืงืœืึธืฅ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ 
, ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". (ื ืึธื˜ืึท ื‘ืขื ืข : ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืึทื“ืข ืจืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฒื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ืŸ, ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืคืขืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ (ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข), ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื“ืขื” ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืœื™ื ื“". 
ืžืกืชึผืžื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฆื™ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ืฆื™ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืกื˜ืข 


205 


ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืœืžืขืกื™ืง, ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท 
ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื ืขื. -- ื ื•, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืžื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš). ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืงืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". 


0,ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข". -- ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืื•ื™-ื•ื™ื™, ืึทื–ืึท 
ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ, ืฆื™ ืึท ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื™ ื’ืœืึทื˜ 
ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ-ืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’, ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืึท ืกื“ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง. --- 
ืึทืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 


1 ,,ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื". -- ... ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื” ืœื•ื™ ืžื–ื— 
ืžื•"ืœ ื’ืŸ ื”ืคึผืจื—ื™ื. --- ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜: ื‘ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืชืš ื”ื ืึทืงืขื˜ืข!.. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ืžื™ืœื, ืงื•ื“ื'ื›ึผืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ: , ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืงื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืคึผืขืจืขื ืข" (ื–ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ 148), ,,ืึท ื–ืึทืง ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืœืฅ", ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื“ื™ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื–ืึทืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืžืฉืœ. ,ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืกื˜ืจืึทืคึผื˜ืฉืข?" -- ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ,ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืกื˜ืจืึทืคึผื˜ืฉืข" ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื™ืึทืจืžืœืงืข" ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืจื—ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืก ? ืฆื™, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ืึท ื—ื›ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื”-ื ืฉืชึผื ื” 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืก"? ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฆื• ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื! ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื” (ื–) ,ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ" ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื–ื—ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืงืขืฉืขื ืข -- ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 


ื‘ื™ืขื“ืึท, ืงืึธืœ ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ ืคึผื™ืจืึธื’ื™ ืฐืึธื–ืžื™ืึธื˜ืกื™ืึท ืกืึทืคึผืึธื–ืฉื’ื™ืง, 
ืึท ื˜ืึธื˜ืฉืึทื˜ ืกืึทืคึผืึธื’ื™ --- ืคึผื™ืจืึธื–ืฉื ื™ืง, 


ื ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš, ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, 


2),), ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ' ื ,ื“ืจืœืฒ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืฆื’ืฆืคืกืŸ' - ืื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืข, ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืกืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื”ื™ืคึผื•ืš: ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš ืงืึธืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก ื”ืขื ื˜ ืจืฒืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš, ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืขื ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืึท ืžืœืžื“, ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืึท 
ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, 
ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜, ืึท ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืฑื›ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื™ืข -- 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง, ืึท ื˜ืขื, ืึท ื˜ืึทืงื˜. ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ืš 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ,,ืžืืžืจ", ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืœืึทืคึผืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฉื™ื˜ืŸ 


ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ : ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ื–ืžื•ืก! ืคึผืึทื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ื™ื–ืžื•ืก! ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง! ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง!! 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง, ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง, ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง! -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง" ืื™ื– ืฐืึธื›ืขื“ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜, 

ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืจืึธืงืึทื˜... 

ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื“ ื“ืขืจื‘ืœื™: 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืงืข, 
ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืขื ืข, ื’ืขืงื™ื ืฆืœื˜ืข, 

ืคืึทืจืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฑื™ืกืฐื™ื™ื’ื™ืง 

ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื—ื–ืจื˜ ื’ื•ื˜... 

(ืคื•ึนืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜-ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,ืคึผืจืึทื’ืจืขืก-ืฆื™ื•ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข") 


ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ืึธื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื ืฒึทืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืœื˜ืข ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื•ื’, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืกืš ื ืฒึทืข ,, ืžืืžืจื™ื", ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื—. -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ืขืกืงื™ื–. ื“ืึทื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ? ื“ืจืฒึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ ืจ ืฒึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ... ,ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜", ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืฉื›ื™ื— ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืึทื– ืึท ืจื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืขืกืŸ 
ื™ื•ื- ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขืžืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื‘ ืฒึท ื˜ ืึธื’ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ,ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ื›ื• ", 
ืึทื– ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืฆื• , ื›ึผืœ-ื ื“ืจื™" ? ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท , ืžืขืฉื‚ื”" 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื” ื ื™ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ ืึธืš ืึท ื˜ืึทื˜ื ืก ืึท ืงื™ื ื“, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ ืึธ ืš ืึท ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ ืึธืš ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ืขืก ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึท 
ืจื™ื— ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ! ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ืœ-ืคึผื•ืฆืขืจืก, ื“ื™ ,ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ" ืงืœืึธืžืคึผืขืจืฉื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
,ืžืึทื›ืŸ" ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ,,ืฉื™ืจื™ื", ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฆื•ื ื’ืจืึทื, -- ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ. - - - 
ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืึทืจืœืขื ื’ืขืจื˜ -- ืขืก ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ืึทืŸ ืขืง ืื•ื™ืš. ืึทื“ื™ืขื•! ืึทื“ื™ืขื•! ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื™ื ืื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืขืฅ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืคืขืœืขืจ. -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื”ืฑื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜, 
ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฆ ื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš, ืึธืŸ ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืขืก, ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืืžืช -- ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืงืœืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื‘ืฉืขืช ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ --- ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš -- ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื“ืึทื ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


207 


ื‘ืจืœื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™! ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืœ ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ,ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™? ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืึทื– ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. 
ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ? ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจื‘ื•ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืฐื™ ืึท ืคึทึผืึธืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืคืจื™ื 
(ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืข, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข). ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื ืื™ื– 
ืึทืจืฑืก ื‘ื—ื™ืคึผื–ื•ืŸ, ืฆื• ื›ืึทืคึผื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฆืจื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืกื‘ืจื”, ื•ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกืกืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื ืึท ื‘ืขื–ืจื™ื‘ื™ืข ืื™ ืจืึทืง ืจื™ื‘ืึท, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ 
ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื , ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืึทืœืก ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื–, 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช, -- ืื•ืŸ 
ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ? 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืขืœืขืš ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ.. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท. ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข ื ื•ืžืขืจ 4 
ื“ืขื 4ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1895 


ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืงื•ื•ื™ืจืข ? ืคึผืึทื™ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจืึธื ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–! ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืกื›ึผืžื”, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืคึผื•ืขืœืŸ ; ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึท ืฉืžืขืง ื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืงืข, 
ืคื™ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฐื™ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืงืจืฒึทืš, ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: 
ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื—ื“ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ-ืฐืึทืกืขืจ, ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืึท 
ืžืึทืจืžืึธืจ-ื‘ืขื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืกืฒื™ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒึท 
ืคึผื™ืจื•ืช, ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ, ืžืึทืœื™ื ืขืก, ืงืึทืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคึผืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืจืŸ, ื‘ืขืจื”ืึทืžืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื“ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ืฉืžืขืงื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืึท ืžืื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืคืœืขืš ื’ืขืคืึทืจื‘ื˜ืข, 
ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืึทืœืข ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื“,. ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ-ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ, ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทื˜ืฉืงืขืœืขืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข, ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘, 
ืงืจืขืคึผืœืขืš-ืฐืึทืจืขื ื™ืงืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืœื™ื ืฆืขืก ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ืคืขืœื˜ --- ืžืฉื‚ื›ึผื™ืœื™ื! ืึท ืจืขื ื“ืœ 
ืึท ืžืฉื‚ื›ึผื™ืœ! ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึธืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื–ืฒ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ: ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืœื•ืคื˜... 
ื”ื›ึผืœืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš, ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžื“ื˜, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื˜ืขื’ ; ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืงืึทืจืึทืกื™ืง ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืงืึธื•ื•, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทืกื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ; ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ื•ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’, ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื‚ื›ืœ, 


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ื‘ื‘ื™ืฐืฉื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืงื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’; ืขืก ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืึท ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืกื˜ ืึทืœืขืจื”ืึทื ื˜; ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืกื™ืœืงืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ; ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืึท ื›ึผืœื” ืฐืึธืก ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืึท ื—ืชืŸ. ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืึท ืงืฉื™ื”, 
ืืคืฉืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคึผื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ืื•ื™ืš9.. (ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืืจื™ืš ื™ืžื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ). ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงื•ื˜ืฉืข ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 


ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. --- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื–ืฒ/ ืืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ. ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืข ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืกื•ื›ึผื ืข 
ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืงืข! -- -- -- ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืžืึธืœ! 


7, ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ื‘ืึทื™ืึทืจืงืข, ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข ื ื•ืžืขืจ 4. 10ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1895 
(ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 15ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜) 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืืฒึทืš, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข-ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ? 

ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืงื•ื ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžืขืœื“ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึทืœืข, ื‘ืจื•ืš:ื”ืฉื, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ, ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึท ื“ืึทื ืง, ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื”ืœื•ื•ืึทื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฉืึทื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืžืึธืœ -- ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ: ืฆื• ื—ื“ืฉ 

ื™ื•ืžื ื• ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืขืจื’ืขืจ!.. 
ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜. ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ื–ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™, ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“-ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ืจืึท ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ืึท ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืึทืฆื™ืข. ื‘ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืึทื‘ืจืึทื ื–ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™. ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืจืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจ 
ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื›ึผืคึผืจื”, ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืึท ืงืฉื™ื... ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 18ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1895 


ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ. ืงื•ื™ื ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขืงืจืึทืฆื˜ ืฆื• 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ! ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, 


209 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื“ืœ ืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ืคื•ื ืขื 20ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื”ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ืจ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, 
ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. 

ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ 
ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืึท ืกื“ ืžืขืจ ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื—ืช ืื•ื™ืš), ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืข 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื‘ื•ืš , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื›ึผืœื‘ื™ื; ืื™ืจ ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืึทื”ื™ื ืฆื• ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœ.. 
ืœืึธื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื–!. 

ื ืฉืืœื” ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ? ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืขืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ืจื•ืงืŸ ืึท ื›ืžืึทืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึธืก -- -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ,,ืคึผืจื“ืก" ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ; ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืกืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ -- ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-,,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ" 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, 

ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข-ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ? 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ืข"ื”, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืกืขืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ 125 ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. -- 
ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ , ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”" ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš. 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9. ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึทืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 28ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1895 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืœืึธื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืœื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืœ -- ืื™ืš ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ , ืืžืชืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". 
ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ืง ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึท ืคึผืึธื“ืจืึทื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืข ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 


ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืœ, ืคึผืจืฅ. ืžืกืชึผืžื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืช ,,ืฉ". 


ืฆื• ื“ื˜ืจ ืœื‘ื ื” 
(ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฅ) 


1 


ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื•ื™ ืึท ืคืึทืก ? 
ืขืžื™ืฆื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ -- ืื™ืš ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก. 


2 
ืขืก ืจื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขืจื‘ืขืจ, ืขืก ืฐืึธืจืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื˜ืขืจืก, 
ืขืก ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทื–ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฐื™ ื˜ืึธื˜ืขืจืก. 


210 


ืฉืคืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


3 
ืื™ืš ืงืจื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜, ืื™ืš ืคืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืจื™ื, -- 
ืขืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืึทืจืฑืคื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื, 


4 


ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ื’ื™ื ื’ืึธืœื“ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื ื’ืขืŸ -- 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ื’ืึธื ืขืจ ืึท ืกืจื™ืก ื’ืขื”ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ! 


5 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธืงืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืขืงืขืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธืจื›ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืžืขืงืงืขืŸ.. 


6 
ื–ื™ ืงื•ืงื˜, ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื”, ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–, 
ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก. 


7 


ืจืึทืคึผื˜ืขื..,. ื˜ืก! ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืœื“, ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฐื™ ืขืžื™ืฅ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜. 
ื•ื™ ืคึผื™ื–ืขื ื ืึธื‘ืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืก ื•ื™ ืงื ืึธื‘ืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜. 


8 
ืก'ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงืขืฅ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ; ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื“ืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืึทืš, -- ื‘ืจืึธื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœ. 


9 
ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจ ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืžืฉื™ื, ืึทืœืข ืžืชื™ื ืงืึทื ืงืึทื ื™ืจืขืŸ; 
ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื” ืฐื™ื ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“'ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืึทืœืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืงืขื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ... 


0. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 17ื˜ืŸ ื ืึทื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1895 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื’ืฐืึทืœื“-ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ" ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™. ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืœ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ,,ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ", ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืึท ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 1 -- ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ืึท ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขื ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจืขื•ื•ื–ื™ืŸ, ืคืจื•ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึทืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜, ื’ืขืœืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ื–ืขื˜ ืจื•ืงื˜ 


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ืคืจ ืฉืฐื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืฆืœืœื›ื 


ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ? ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื‘ืืžืช, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ; ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืชึผืžื™ื“: ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืึธืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜... ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจ -- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ-ืึทื—ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜... 

ืžืฒึทื ืข , ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืœืขืš" ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ (ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืš) ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืขืก: 

ื. 250 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืกืขืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜-ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื’ืข, 

ื‘. ืจืขื’ืึทืœ-ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ. 

ื . ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืขืžื“ืœ, ืฐื™ ืฆื• , ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ". 

ื“. ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘, 

ื”. ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ื ื•ืžืขืจ 5 ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ,ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืœืขืš" ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืฒึท 
ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ! 

ื•. ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืŸ; ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. ื”ื›ึผืœืœ --- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืึท ื‘ืจื™ืจื” 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9 -- ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ 
, ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืœื™ื ื“"ื™. ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืึท ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- =- - 


1 .ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืงื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1895 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“, ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืจ ืข ื“ืึท ืงื˜ืึธืจ! 

ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง , ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืœืขืš", ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืขื” ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ืžื–ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ! ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืกื˜, ืืฒึทื–ืŸ! 

ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืึธื ื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฐืึธืš. ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœื–ื” ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขืจ : 

1) ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 250 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" 
ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง. 

2) ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ (ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืข ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืŸ) ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ; ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืช ืึทืคื™ืœื•. 

3) ืึทืœืข 250 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ ืจืขื’ืึทืœ-ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืคึผืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื™ืจื˜ 
(ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื”" ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืœ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืœ). 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื"ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4 ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ (ืื™ืš 
ืฉื™ืง ืขืก ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืึธื™ ื‘ืึทื ื“ืขืจืึธืœื™ื•). 

5) ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ื’ื•ื˜ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืงืึธืจืขื–ืฉื™ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืŸ. ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืš ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืจ. -- -- -- 

6) ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช. 

) ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง, 

ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืชึผืžื™ื“! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 024ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1895 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืขืก. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜" (ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ,,ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืข ื ืึทื›ื˜"). ืื•ื™ื‘ 
0 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืึธื‘ืฆื•ื’ืข ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ --- ืœืึธื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืจ 100. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ 
ืžืื” ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืก" ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืง, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. -- ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื’ ื•ื˜ืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ 
ืึทืœืก 2 ืจื•"ื›. ื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ 25 ืงืึธืคึผ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก 
ืฆื•ื ืขืกืง ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ื™ , ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืœืขืš" ื’ื•ืคื, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ 
ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืึท ืกื—ื•ืจื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืึทืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืก ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืึทึธืœ'ืข ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื”ื ืื”, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ. -- 
ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืก" ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ืืฑื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืช, ืึทื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ื–ืขื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ! ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืกืคึผืขื™ืขืŸ, 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ 15 ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคึผืขืจ ืคึผืึธ ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 85 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ -- ื‘ืึธืœืฉืึธื™ ืกืงืึธืจืึธืกื˜ื™, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


3 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1896 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท! 
ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืขืก, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืขืก 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืœื•ืกื˜ , ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ" ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืฉื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขื ืœืขื•ื•ื™. ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื”ืึทืœื‘-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืขืจ" 


213 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคึผื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืช. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ: ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ,,ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืขืจื‘ืœ" -- ื’ืฒื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ,, ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืจ ื•ื‘ืœ ". ืึทื–ื ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื˜ืขื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜! ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื“ื™ 100 ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื’ืข ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ; ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ!! -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš 
ืงืึธืŸ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ,ืกืงืœืึทื“" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืš ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื™ืœ-ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ 
ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–. ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ -- ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜! 50 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ 10 ืจื•ื™ื™ื› ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–ืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืืกืจื• ื—ื’ ืฉืœ ืคึผืกื—, ืชืจื "ื• (27ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1896) 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืืžืช ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื™ืœื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ ืขืงืึธื ื˜: 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง ืื™ื™ื ืก ื ืึธื›ืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืœืึทืคืงืฒื˜. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื“ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืœื™ื ื“" 
-- ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 50 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ 
0 ืจื•"ื› (ืฆื• 20 ืงืึธืคึผ). ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜. ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžืึธื ืขืŸ. ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 1 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ 1 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ. ืœืึธื ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึทืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ-ืฆื“ืง 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืฆื• ืึท 
ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข. ื”ืึทืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•! ืž ืฒึท ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ึผืœืœ ืœืขื–ืขืจ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 14ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1896 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท! 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ -- ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืœื•ื ื’ืคืขืœืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš! 


214 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืฆืขืคืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืขืก --- ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืจืขื’ื•ืœื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ! ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทื ืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ื‘ื™ื– 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ืžื ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ =- ืคืข, 
ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš! ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื”ืฐ. 
-- ืื™ื™ื ืก ืฆื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ --- ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ? 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื–ืข, ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืึทืš.. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 6ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1896 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! 
ืื™ืจ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืขืก, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืืžืช 
ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืฆืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทื–, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืœื ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื 
ื•ืœื ื™ืขืจ -- ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื—ื•ืจื”, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืจ, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื™ืึธื ื˜ื™ืง. ื“ืึธืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ:ื—ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœืŸ, ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื•ื ื•-ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื“ืขืจ-ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ... ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ -- 
ืืฐื™ ืงืฒืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก (ื ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื”ืขื ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื). ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ืชื™ื›ึนึผืฃ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ื” 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืœ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึดืคึผ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ื ืึธืš 
ืึท ืฐืขืจืงืœ: ื ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ืฑื ืข ืฐืขืœื˜! (ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื), ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืฐื™ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ". ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืึท ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืื” ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ื ืึทืœืึธื–ืฉืขื ื™ื ืคึผืœืึทื˜ื™ืขื–ืฉืึธื. ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš, ืฐื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืš 
ืงืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ (ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ...), ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ื—ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


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ื‘ื‘ื™ืœื•ื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ื“ื” ืฉืœื•ื ืงืค ืœื™ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื 


7. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงึดื™ึทืขื•ื•, 26ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1897 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ืช, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ื ืึธืš ืฉื‘ืช (ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ 
ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ืขืจ), ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜; ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืš ืžืกืชึผืžื 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ืœื›ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผ ืื™ืš ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš! ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืกืง, ืึธืŸ 
ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืึทืฆื™ืขืก, ืึธืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ื›ื ื•ืช! ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืึทื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ื–ืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืคึผื™ืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืึธื ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ; ืคืึทืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคื™ืฉ, 
ืึทื‘ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ ; ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืงืจืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง --- ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทื’ืฒื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืขืจื“ืขืœืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืกืงื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืข ื’ืขืคึผืจืขื’ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท 
ื’ืœืขื–ืœ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืจืึทื•ื• (ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜?); 
ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืคืึทืจื“ืฒึทืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืึทืจืึทื‘ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื‘ื™ ืฐืฒึทืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฑื™ืขืจ; ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ 
ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืึท ืจื™ืงื•ื“ืœ, ื›ึผืฉื ื™ื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื›ึผื™ื™ืจ. -- ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ื‘ืกื•ื“, ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืจืฑืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกื•ื“ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืฑืขืจ, ืึทื–ืŸ ืกืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™: ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื"ื›ึผืŸ ืึท ืคึผืขืงืœ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื ืฒึทืขืก. 
ืžืกืชึผืžื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื•ืŸ, ืžืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ --- ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื‘ืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ -- ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš, 
ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜; ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืึทื˜ืŸ 


8. ืฆื• ื™. ื™. ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื•ืก 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 10ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1898 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืฐื ืข (ืึทืœืขืงืกืึธื˜ื™. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜, ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉืืœื•ืช: 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ-ืžืึทื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืจื‘ืึท, ืงืึทืจื’ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ; 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-:ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ (ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืœื˜ 39 ื™ืึธืจ -- ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืจื‘ืขื™ื) ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ืกืš ื™ื™ื ื’ืœืขืš 
ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื (ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ) ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ,ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”", ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ืžืึธืœ: 
ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ืจื™ืง -- ืžืขืจ ืขืคึผืึธืก. ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืฉ ืืฒึทื ื–ืขืฅ, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืึธืก, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, 
ืื™ื– ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืง. ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืœ , ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื˜" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืคืึธืจืขื ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืจืฅ (ืึท ื›ึผืคึผืจื” 
ืคึผืจืฅ !), ืคืจื•ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžืงื ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ! ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทื ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืึทืŸ 
ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื ืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ืคึผื˜ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื“ื•ืฉืข, ืฆ"ื‘: ,ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜".. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ : 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืขืก ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื‘ืึทื”ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืึธื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืจืขื“ืŸ... 


ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ" ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ , ืžืขืŸ" ืื•ืŸ , ื’ืึธื˜" 
ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. --- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ,ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ?", ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ... ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืกืš, 
ืึท ืกืš ื’ืขืœื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก: ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืŸ, ื’ ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ื’ืขืœื˜ --- ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ึผืคึผืจื•ืช. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืึท ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื” ืึธ ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
, ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ (ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื), ื ืึธืจ ืขืก 
ืคืขืœื˜ ืคืึธื“ืขื, ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ. -- ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืข ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฐื•ื™ื ืฅ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึท ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืึธ ืก ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธ ืก ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ -- ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš... 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1898 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื 27ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืœื“, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, 
ื“ื™ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, 


517 


ืคืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืืงืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืึทืœืฉ : ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืจืึทื“ืข ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐื•ืกืงื™ืŸ (ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ: , ืฆื™ื•ืŸ", ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื , ืึทืœืฃ-ื‘ื™ืช") -- ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›ึผื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืึทืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืฐื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ, -- ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื ืจื™ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืงืœืึทืžืข, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื—ื•ืฉ-ื”ืจื™ื— ; ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜! ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื™ืึธ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ: 

1) ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืก,.. ื“ืœื™ืึท ืคึผืึธืึธืฉื˜ืฉืจืขื ื™ืึท ืžืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืš, ื ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื ืึทื™ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืš, 

2) ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐืกืงื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐืกืงื™ ืื™ื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทื‘ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจ ; ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœืขื–ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื --- ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื ื ื•! -- ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ! 

2) ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

4 ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึทื‘ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืึท ืกืš : ืœืึธื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžืคืงื™ืจ, ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜, ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ื›ื˜, ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืช ืื™ื–. 

5 ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึท ื˜ื•ื‘ื” : ื“ืึธ, ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ื™ืžื—-ืฉืžื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื’ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜, ืขื™ื ื™ 
ืฆืจื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืึทื—ืจื™ื, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืื ื™ ื•ืึทืคืกื™ ืขื•ื“, ื•ื›ื•', ื•ื›ื•', ื•ื›ื•ื™. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืึท ืจื•ื— ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ! 

6) ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืื™, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ,ื‘ืช-ืงื•ืœ", ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•- 
ืžืขืจ! (ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืึธืก ืคึผ.ืก. ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื”ืึธืจื™ื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ !). 

) ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš: ืขืฉื” ืœืžืขื ื™ ืื ืœื ืœืžืขื ืš. ืคืึทืจ ืื•ืžื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, 
ืจืขืงืœืึทืžืข ืื“"ื’ืœ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: 


"ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื" 


0. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 5ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1899 

ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 

ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ: 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ" ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ -- ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ 


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ื‘ืคื™ื•ื• ืคื”ื–ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื. ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ? ,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ื™ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ื•ื™ , ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ , ื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืึทื˜". ืฆื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืœืฒื™ื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื• ืœืึทื ื’ -- ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ? ืฆื™, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื™ืึธืกืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ืขืœ ? 
ื™ืึธืกืœ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื– ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ืึท ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ื™ืึธืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื‘ืึทื–ืขืœ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื™ืึธืกืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ืขืœ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืึถืŸ, ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืกืœืขืŸ -- -- -- ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืกืœืขืคืœ ืฆื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ! ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทื ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, 

{) ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืง (ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ). 

2) ืžืขืจ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง. 

2) ืœื™ื“ืขืจ -- ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™, ื ืึธืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืžืขืจื™ืฉืข; ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“ 
ืžืึธืจื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืœืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืึธืฐื•ื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš. ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•!) -- ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืื” ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืึทืœืฒืŸ! 

4 ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง -- ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข, ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข! 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืขื“ืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืึธืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ! ืึทื ื•, ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜! -- ื ืึธืจ 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข (ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ) ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื˜ืœืึทื–ืฉืึทื ืขืก (ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทื˜ืœืึทื–ืฉืึทื ืขืก?) ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื! 

5) ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชึผื—ืชื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 
ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 

6) ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื–ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ-ืœืฉืขืจ! 

7) ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ? ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืข, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ! ืื™ืš ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืึทืŸ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜, ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ-ืžืึทืŸ, ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืžืึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ; ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ; ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืœืžืึทื›ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึท- 
ื˜ื•ืจ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืจืึทื‘ืึทื˜. ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ 
,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ืก ืคึผืขืจืขื“ืึทื˜ืฉืขื™ื• ื’ืึธืกืคึผืึธื“ื™ื ื• ื–ื™ื™ื“ืžืึทื ื•, ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ --- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืฉืขืก ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, 

8) ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“, ืฆึดื™ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ" ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ? ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ืืฒึทืš, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง; ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ืกืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง: ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท , ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข" ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฆืขืจ 
ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืจืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื–ืขืคึผืขืฐืงืขืจ ื™ืึทืจืžืœืงืขืก. ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 


549 


ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ ื›ึผืกื“ืจ. ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืœื“, ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื ื™ืจื ื“, ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืึทืœื–ืึธ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ: ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ื”ื ืื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ! 

9) ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฆื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื™ื ืขื ,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" (ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื’) 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ , ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืœืขืš" -- ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืŸ -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืข- 
ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื–ืข. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืœื–ืึธ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 24 ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš -- ืึทืŸ ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฆืขืจ ืžืขืงืœืขืจืก. --- ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? 

0 ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐื•ืกืงื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืฐื•ื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขื›ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ -- ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืึทื—ืจื™ื•ืชืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ืš ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ (ืงื™ืขื•ื•), 29ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1899 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™! 

ื“ืขื ,,ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืžืกืชึผืžื ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ. 
ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœื–ื” ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืคื•ืŸ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขื ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืŸ". ื”ื›ึผืœืœ -- ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื 
ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ? -- 

ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืจื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืžื›ึผื•ื” ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืึธืฐื ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐืกืงื™ืก 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ? -- 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื’ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื”-ืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ,,ืงื”ืช". ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ื ืื”. 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืึทืง 1 ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉืœืึทืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืงื”ืช, ืึท ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืฐืึธืœื™ื ืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืจืฒึท ืคืึทืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ , ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืœื™ืึทื ื™ืŸ", ืึท ืงืึทืœื™ื’ืจืึทืฃ, ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจ, ืึท 
ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ... ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืง! (ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง). 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื—, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ" 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• -- -- --- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2200 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืคื•ืงื™ืคื 


2. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 17ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1899 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ" (ื ื•ืžืขืจ 6) ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐื•ืกืงื™. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื—ืจืคึผื”! ืขืฆืชื™, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืคืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ื ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื—ื•ืฅ 
ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืคึผืึธืขื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืึท ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืฐื•ื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš... ืึทื™, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืขืขืŸ! ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธ 
ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ืขืขืŸ -- 
ืึธืžื›ึผื™ื”"ืจ ! --- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ื”ื™ื ื˜ ? ืึทื™, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื ื˜!... ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื, 

ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ! -- 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. --- ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ืคึผืจืฆืขืก ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืฉื•ืจื”ืœืขืš ? ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื 
ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ? ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึท ืกืš ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืื™ื– : ื•ื• ืงื™ึทืขืฐื•. ืคึผืจื™ืกื™ืึทื–ืฉื ืึธืžื• ืคึผืึธืฐื™ืขืจืขื ื ืึธืžื• ืž. ืž. ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ืฐืกืงืึธืžื•. -- 

9. --- ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื 
ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข (ื“"ื” ืคืึทืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข) ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ื“ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืฐื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื•ื•ื ืข. ืžืข 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ --- ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ,ื™ื•ื“"... 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง, 10/5 ืชืจื "ื˜ (ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, ื“ืขื 10ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1899) 


ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 

ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคึผืขืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื–ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืขื” ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ. 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ื’ืชื™ ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืžืจืช 
ืึธืœื’ืึท ืฉืชื—ื™', ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื‘ืึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก, 
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ -- ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืงื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืข, ื’ืขืคึผืจืขื’ืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ืžืขื ืข. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืึท 
ืงืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึท ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื‘ืึธืœืึท ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื ื™ืงืŸ , ืกืึธื•ื™ืขืกื˜". ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืคืœืขืฉืœ ื‘ืขืกืึทืจืึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื™ื ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


524 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื” ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืฐืึทืœื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ืช 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืจืขื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืคื•ืกืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื’ืึธื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ื ืึธืš. ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ื ืขื... 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ"? ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 7ื˜ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 8ื˜ืขืจ. ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ; ืฆื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ.. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืึทื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื ื™ืฉ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜, 


4, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืึท, ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืึท ืžื™ื›ืึทื™ืœืึธืฐืึท !ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืขืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 
ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช -- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ื–ืึทื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข! ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก 
--- ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก -- ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ? ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก -- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืึทืœืฅ, ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืขื ืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืึทืจืึธืค, 
ืฉื•ื™ืžื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขืคึผืœ? ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื•ืจื, ืคึผืŸ ื™ืงืจื ื• ืึธืกื•ืŸ, ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉืึธื“ืŸ. ืžืข ืžื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฉืึทื˜, ืฉืึทื˜: 
8 ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื˜ืึธ ืฆื•ื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ: 


ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” -- 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐืึทืกืขืจืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืขืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข, 


ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื˜ืคื•ื” -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆืŸ. 
(ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื) 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธื˜ืึธ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ 
ืžื•ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืื•ืช ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ: 


222 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžื’. ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืึท ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืคืึธืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ื˜ืึธ ื™ืขืกื˜ ื’ื™ืžืŸ ืœื™ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื™ 
ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื•ื• ื“ืฐื•ึผืš ื˜ืฉืึทืกื˜ื™ืึทืš 
ืฉืึธืœืึธืžืึทืœืฒื›ืขืžืึท. 


ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ; ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื™ืึธ ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื -- ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืฃ ืžื™ืš ืงื ืึทืงื ื™ืกืœ! ืขืก ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ! 
(ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉื, ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืžืึธื˜ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ). ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื”, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ื ื•, ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ื’ืขืคึผื˜ืจื˜ ืึท 
ื‘ืึทืจื’, ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘! ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื ,,ืฉื•ื™ืžืขืŸ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”: ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทืŸ ืขื•ืœื 
ื•ืžืœื•ืื•, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“" ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ 
ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืฐื•ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืึทื–ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึท 
ืฉื˜ืึธืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื•ืจื ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืงืจืึทืฅ ืึทืฐืขืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ! 
ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืกื‘ืจื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืขื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืค- 
ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ืœ ืื™ืฃ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ -- ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื”? ื ืึธืจ ืืฑื‘ ืกืื™ื–, ื ืึธืš 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื–, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื•ืจื ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ื™ื› ืขืจ ืžืœืืš. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ื•ื•ืฒึทื–, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜. ื”ื›ึผืœืœ --- ื”ืฒึทื“ืึท! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ืึทืœืฅ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืึทืœื“! 
ืคึผ.ืก. --- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืึทืฐืขืง ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื›ึผื•ื” ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืจ;ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 


ืคึผ.ืก. -- ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื›ึผื•ื— ,,ืื™ื™ืŸ" ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ! ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ื‘ืจื™ืขืคืœื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผื™ืกืžืขื ื ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืขืคืœืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผื™ืกืžืึท (ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขื“). ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจืฒึทื–ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 
ืึทื” ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื›ึผืœืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืฉืŸ, ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœื• ื“ืขืชื™. ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’! 
ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 


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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœืงื™ืคื 


ืคึผืก.ืก. --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ื–ืึทืœืฅ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืคื˜ืข 
ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ (ื™ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืขืกืงื™ืึท, ืื™ ืœื™ืจื™ื˜ืฉืขืกืงื™ืึท ืึธื˜ืกื˜ื•ืคึผืœืขื ื™ืึท) -- 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 

ืจ ืึธ ืžืึทืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืงื•ืจืึทื˜. 
ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืœืึธื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืœืขืš, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš! 


5. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 14ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1899 

ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผื•ืฆืŸ, ืึทืจื•ืคืงืœืขืคึผืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ -- ื‘ื™ื– ืงื•ื™ื-ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืœืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื’ื™ื™-ื’ื™ื™ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทื“ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืึธืงืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ -- ืึทื–ืฑ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืฉืจื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ,ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ", 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ?) 

ื•ืืœื” ื”ืžืฉืคึผื˜ื™ื (ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก) : 


ื) ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืขื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ (ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื–ืขืงืก) ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. 

ื‘) ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’; ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืขืจ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, 

ื’) ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, 

ื“) ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ : ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขื“, ื™ื•ื ื’ืœืขืš, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืจ 
(ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœื™ืš, ื™ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืš, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื™ื“, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜). ืฉ ืขืŸ -- ืงืจืึทืกื™ื•ืึธ -- ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื™ืจื” (ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื™ืจื”ืก ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ). ืœืžืฉืœ, 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ื ืขืžืขืŸ (ืื™ืžืขื ืึท) -- ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžึนืกื›ึผื™ื 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ: ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึธืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜, ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืกืื™ื– 
ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื ืึทืงืขื˜, ื”ื•ื™ืœ ืึธืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืง. ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื‘ืึทืฉืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. 

ื”) ืึทืœืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ึดื™ึดืจื˜. 

ื•) ืึธืคึผืงืฐืขื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืึท ืคึนึผืึธืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืกืขืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜. (ืฐืึธืก 
ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ? ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ) ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, 

) ... ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึธืคึผื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


224 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


95. --- ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืึท ืœื™ืง. ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก? ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– (ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ ื“ื•ื•ืงื) ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ื, ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ืืึทื–ืฒื•ื•. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ืš 
ืืœ ืชื—ืžื™ืฆื ื”. -- ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ" ืื™ื– ืคึผืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜. ื“ืขืจ 
,ื™ื•ื“ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึผื ื™ื. ื—ื–ืง, ื—ื–ืง ื•ืืžืฅ, 


6. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื“ืขื 9ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1899 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 

ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื 7ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ? ืื™ืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธืงื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
(ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš !), ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ -- ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆืขืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึทื˜ืึธืฐืขืก?! -- 

ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข. ื ืึธืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ 
(ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื ืึธื™ืึทื‘ืจ) ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜. ื˜ื•ื˜, ื•ื™ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ; ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ! ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ 
ืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ (ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืจืขื˜ ?). ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ? ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืึทื– 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืขืŸ. ื ื•, ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, 
ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืคื™ืœ-ืคื™ืœ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืึทืš, ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ. ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคื•ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฆื•ืคืึทืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืข 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธืœืข ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ืขื’, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืš 
ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื’ืจืึทื“ืข ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื 
ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืžื“. ืคึผืขืงืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื—ื•ืœ-ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื. -- 


225 


ื‘ึผื”ื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ื” ืฉืœื•ืื™ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ืคืขืกืœ ืฐืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื•ืงืขื˜, ื›ึนึผืžื• ืฐื™ ืžื•ืฉืงืึทื˜. -- ืžืึธื ื™ืฉ (ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืžื˜!) ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ืกื˜. ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคึผืึทื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื’ื•ื˜-ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ: ื’ื•ื˜-ื™ืึธืจ... 
ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ? 
ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืื•ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ื”', ื™ื™ื– ืชืฉืจื™, ื“ื—ื•ื”"ืก, ืชืจ"ืก, 1899 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืขืจื‘ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืกืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื” ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ. 

ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจ ืึท ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš, ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืฒึทื ื•, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื—ืฉืง ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœืึทื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืšื™ื”ืฉื, ืึท ื‘ืœืึทื˜ (,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“"), ืœื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ืชึผืคื•ืชึผ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,, ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ", ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉืึทื ืกืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืคื ื™ืงืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืคืึทืœ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“ืŸ" ืฐืึธื›ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ, ืœื›ืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืคืจืœืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืึทืกื™ื“, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืชึผื ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืงืึธืž- 
ืคึผืขื ื™ืจืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื’ืœืขืš, ืึธืคึผื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืŸ ืึทื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืึท ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืขื“ืœืขืš 
ืฆื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ. 

ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ 
,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ". ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทื ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืขืจื ืกื˜, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทืœืก ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืŸ, 


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ืฆื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื˜ื” ืฉืœื˜ื- ื˜ืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ื ื’. ืื™ืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ , ืคึผืจื™ืฅ", ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜. ื˜ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ื™ืš, 
ื“ืขืŸ ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ื–ืขืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืขื“ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืก. -- ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš , ืžืกืจื™ื—" ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืึทืจืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ? ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ืจืฒึทืก ืžื™ืš 
ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืข ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื’ืจืึทื“ืข ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึธื“ื•ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’. ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืŸ ? ืึท ืงืฐืึทืจื˜ื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืคืขืกืขืœืข ืฐืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืืฒึทืš ืžืฉืœื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืกืงื•ื˜ืฉื ืข, ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. --- ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜! 


8. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 2ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1899 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืื•ื™ืก ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื“, ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 

ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื™ื•ื“, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ืคืงื-ืžื™ื ื” -- ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ืึธืกืคื ื™ืงืขืก -- ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜. 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช. ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง-ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื—ืฉืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ,,ื™ื•ื“ืŸ". ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ื ืึธืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ืŸ", ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืงืึทืœื™ืข ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื; ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ; ื•ื‘ืชึผื ืื™, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื”, ื—ืœื™ืœื”. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืงืึทื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืฉ, ืึทื– 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ,,ื™ื•ื“", ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ 
ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืจื•ื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื”ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื•ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื—ืฉืง ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“", ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉืึทื ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืš, ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฆื™ึทืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ 
ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืึท , ื™ื•ื“, ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื–ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ 


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ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื” ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. -- 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืก. -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืขืจ , ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืึธื™ืข". 


9. ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 
0 84ื ืคืžืคืกืข) 15/97 


ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™, ื›ืžืื– ื›ืŸ ืขืชึนึผื”, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธื”ืŸ ื‘ืฐืึทืจืฉื. 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจืœืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืฅ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืงืึธื˜ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš. ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื™ื‘ื”. ืึทื“ืจื‘ื” ื•ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืš ื˜ื•ื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืึทื’ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜.. 
ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืจ-ืขื•ื•ืœื”, ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ. 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉ 
ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื‚ื›ืœ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ ืขื•ื•ืึธ ืœื˜.. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืกื“ืจ: ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจ 
ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทื’ืขื ืกื˜ืฐืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ; ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื“ืึธืก 
,ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉื‚ืจ"ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ 4 ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ , ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืœ" ืื•ืŸ , ืจืึธืกืกื™ืึท", ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึท ,,ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช 
ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช" ? -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ,, ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืฆื• ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ; 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืึธืขืžืข , ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข" (ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฅ!) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืœืึทืš ืื™ืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ; ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืชึผืจื’ื•ื-ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ,ืื‘ืœ ืืชึนึผื” ื™ืฆืึธืช 
ืœืฉื•ื ืœืืœ ืืช ื›ึผืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ื ืขืœื”... ื•ืœืœืขื•ื’ ืขืœ ื›ึผืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืขื˜ื•..." ืคืข, ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื’ืึธืจ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธื”ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ! ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืจืฅ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืื™ื. ืคึผืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืึท 
ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืื™ื ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก 
ืฉืขื ืงืœ ืฆื•ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ื•ื˜; ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืื™ื ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•-ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืงื ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉืขื ืงืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ -- ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš. ืึทื– ืคึผืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื”ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขืœื™ื•-ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืชึผื•ืž"ื™ ืึท , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธื”ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก; ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ืกื˜ืฐืข, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืข 
ื’ืึทืœ!! -- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ: ,ื“ืข ืœืš ื›ึผื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืœืกืžืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ 
ื•ื”ืืžืช" -- ืข, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืืžืช, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืš ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ! ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืช ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึท- 
ื˜ื•ืจ-ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ, ื•ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ, ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึท ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืœืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช- 
ืจืขื•ืช, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช; ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, 
ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ! -- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื™ืึธ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขื ืึท ื—ื‘ืจ ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ; ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฅ -- ืคืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ ! ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืกืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
-- ืคืข, ืขืจ ืขืงืœื˜ ืžื™ืš! -- 


ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืชึผื ื” ,ื™ืึธืกืขืœืข". ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื›ืขืœืข ื ืึธืš 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืึท ืฐื•ื•ื™ืœืข ื–ืึทืš. ืืฒึทืขืจืข ,,ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ" ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืš. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก; ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงื ืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ; 
ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืก ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ 
ืึทืœืก ื“ืึธืก ืคืจื™ืขืจื™ืงืข; ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื ืืžืช, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืช, 
--- ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืึท 40 ืึธื“ืขืจ 50 ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืืฒึทืขืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืข; ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืขืจ 
ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ! ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
(ืึท ื ืึทืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ืœื˜ืฒึท), ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜. -- ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 2 ืžืึธืœ: 


ืฉืœื•ื-. ืฆืœื™ื‘ื 


209 


ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0, ืฆื• ื™.-ื™. ื•ื•ืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืื•ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ื‘', ื›"ื” ื›ืกืœื• ื”'ืชืจืก"ื 6-1/12.1900 


ืฉืœื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’ ื "ื™. 


ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ: 

ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™, 

ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 

ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš 

ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 

ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ, 

ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ? 
ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืš, ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, 

ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื›ึผืœ-ื™ืžื™ื• ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ?... 


ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก. 

ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ื ืื”, ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืก 
ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึทื–ื ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐื™ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข, 


ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ !... 


..ืึท ื–ืฉืžืขื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืฉื‚ื›ึผื™ืœื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, 
ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฉืžืขืง ื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืฉืึธื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ , ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช", , ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช" 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ , ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช" ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ,,ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ืŸ", ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืฐืึทื ื™ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ,ื ื“ื‘ื•ืช" ืื•ืŸ ,ื ื“ืจื™ื" ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉื‚ื›ึผื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ 
ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ,,ื”ืคึผื•ืขืœื™ื", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ... ืื•ืŸ ,,ืžืืžืจื™ื" ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ , ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ" ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™. ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื 
, ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ,,ื‘ืึทืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ", , ื‘ืึทืคึผื•ืฆืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ,, ื‘ืึทืฐืฒื™ื ืขืŸ", ื–ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ... , ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืฉื•ืจื•ืช" ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื ื™ืขืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ-ื–ืืช, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ื– ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทื ืข , ืžืืžืจื™ื" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท 
ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื•ื’ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืœ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื›ืœื™ืึทื ืขื˜ืข 
ืœืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ื˜, ืึท ืฆื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ, 
ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ ืงื™ื ื“... ืžื—ืžืช ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืคืึทืจื“ืจืึธืกื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืขืคึผืขืก ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’, 
ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ? ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ", ืื™ืŸ ,,ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”", ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื• 
,ืžืฒึทืŸ" ืฉื‚ื›ืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ... ืืฒึท, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ,ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ? ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ? 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ?!... ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื” 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข , ืžืืžืจื™ื" ืžื™ื˜ 
ื™ืขื ืข ,,ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช". ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ,,ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ" ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช. ืื™ื– ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ --- ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ? ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ? ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ-ืื•ืŸ-ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง- 
ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ? ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืคืฒึทืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™, ืฆื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื? ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืœืขืงืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงื•ื›ืŸ ื›ึผื™ื“ ื“' ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืงืึธืŸ? 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึธื–ืฉื™ื ืงืขืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš! ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท 
ื’ืœืขื–ืœืขืš ื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขื ืžืืžืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื›ื”-ื™ืึธืกืœ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐื•ืกืงื™ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื, 
ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ื”ืจืข, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืœืฆื ื•ืช, ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ ืึธืคึผืœืึทื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜? ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ื™ืŸ -- ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง, ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง, ืึท ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืกืคืจ. ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ-ืื•ืŸ-ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื ืงืึธืฐื•ืข ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืึธืžืŸ ! ืึธืžืŸ ! ืึธืžืŸ ! ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ, ื ืึธืš 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืืžืชืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชื™. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืš 
ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื•ื— ; ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืฑื™ึทืฉืŸ 
ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืคืœื˜ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื” ืืึทื–"ืฐื•. ืื•ื‘ ืขืก ืคืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืงืึทืŸ-ื‘ืขืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืžืึทืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืคืึทืœื˜ ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜, 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืงืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐืกืงื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืคืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื ืึทื›ื˜ืก, 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜! 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื*-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื• ื™. ืจืึธื–ืขื˜ 


ืขืจื‘ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื” ืชืจืก"ื 


ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืจืึธื–ืขื˜ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืฆืจ -- ื™ืฆืจ-ื˜ื•ื‘! 


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ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง, ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, 

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื‘. 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ -- ืœื™ื’ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜: 
, ื’ืจืขืฉื ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืœืึธืฐื™ืขืง, 

ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืง 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,,ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”-ื’ืขืœื˜" ? 
ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ? 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ , ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ! 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืฆืœืขืŸ ? 

ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ืฆืœืขืŸ ? 

ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ, 

ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื–ืึธืœ ืœืึทื›ืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ 

ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 

ืึทื– ืขืจ ืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ืŸ ?... 

ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 

ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ 

ืึทืœืข ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ึผืกื“ืจ 

ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ? 

ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืŸ 

ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืŸ ? 

ืึท ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ, -- 

ืื™ื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื™ ื•ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ! 

ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข , ืึทืกื™ืคื•ืช" ? 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ , ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื˜", ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ? 
ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐื•, 

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ 

ืคืึทืจื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜: 

ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— -- 

ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš !ื™.ื™ 


ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืŸ. 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืคื•ืŸ , ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ", 
ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, 
ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืขืจื ืกื˜, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืœืึทื›ืŸ, 
ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ-ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืึทืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš !.. 

ืžืžื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื›ื 

ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 

ืขืจื‘ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื” ืชืจืก"ื 


2, ืฆื• ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ 


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ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™! -- ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืจื•ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืข ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ-ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื ืœืึทื“ื•ื ื’... ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜", ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก, ืฐื™ ืกื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• 
ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ื”' ืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืึธืžืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื. ื‘ืืžืช ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ืข 
ื–ืึทืš ! 


ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืžืข ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ 
ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจื•, ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึธืคึผื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธืœื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ (ืคื•ืŸ 11.12, 12.29), ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, 


ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื–ื›ึผื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืฉื ืขืœืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจื•ื ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงืฒื˜.. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


233 


ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืคืœื™ื›ื 
3. ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ 


(15ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื‘ื˜, ืชืจืก"ื, 1901,1,22) 
ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ! 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, --- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ: ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ. 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,,ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ", ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืฃ ื“ื™ืš ืึธืŸ , ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ , ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’-ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ" ืืึทื–"ื•ื•... ื™ืึธ, ื™ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข 
ื•ื™ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“! 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ: 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ (ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข, ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึท 
ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœืข), ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื”ื™ืงืขืฐื•ืึทื˜ืขืจ" ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืึทื– ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื -- ืื™ืŸ , ื”ื“ื•ืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื™ื•ื“", ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ื™ืช:ื”ืžื™ืงื“ืฉ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื”ืœืœ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืงืกื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžื™ืงื“ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืืฒึทื ืฐื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜... 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ ืข ื˜ ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ (ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข, ืืฑืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™); ืฐืึธืจืขื ืกื•ืฃ- ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื™ 
ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ,,ื™ื”ืœ"ืœ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ", ืึทืฐื“ืื™, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ื™ , ืžืฉื” ืฐืฒึทื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ ืข ืจ (ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืจ), ืคึผืึธื“ืึธืœื™ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข" ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐื“ืื™! -- -- == 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


5 2. 1901 
ืžืžื”ืžื–ืžืกืค1ื "ื– .ืช ื–ื–116 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื— ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง: ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
, ื›ืึทื‘ืึทืจื‘ืึทืจ", ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, -- ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึทืžืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: 

ืึท ื›ึผืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื›ึผืœื‘ื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืชึผื—ื•ื (ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ) ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 

ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 

ืฉืœื•ื: ืคืœื™ื›ื 


234 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
5, ืึทืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื™ื•ืืœ ืขื ื’ืขืœ 


3ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1901 

ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ : 

ืื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืž' 18 ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœืœึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืž. ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐืกืงื™; ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื—ืฉืง ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 

ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื”. ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืื™ืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜! ืชึผื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง; ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืจืขื“ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืชึผื•ืš ื›ึผื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ืคื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ, ืึท ืžื™ืื•ืกืŸ ืคึผืกืง, ืœืžืึทื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ" 1 ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืจืขื“ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ; ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืจืขื“ืŸ 
ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ; ื™ืึธ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, -- ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ึผื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ื”. 

ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš : ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐื•ืกืงื™ ืึธื ืฆื•ืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ" ? ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœ ื˜ ืข, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง. ืึธื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืขืง, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“". ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ, ื”ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ. ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ" ืึทืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ึผืžื” ื™ืึธืจืŸ; 
ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ , ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง", ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื ืขืžื˜, 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”' ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื‘"ื”, 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ : 

) ื–ืขืงืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืกื— ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื“ื—ืŸ, 

2) ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื“ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™, 

3 ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ื•ืืœ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™, 

4 ื”ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืข, ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ื’. ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™, 

5) ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืฉื–ืึธื”ืŸ, 

ืฆืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจ, 

) ื ืฒึทืข 12 ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื“ื—ืŸ, 

8) ื“ืจืฒึท ื ืฒึทืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืงื•ื ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจ, 

9) ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืžื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจ, 


235 


ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ื˜ืœื™ื›ื 


0) ื™ื™ื“' ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืงืึทืžืœืขืจ, 

1) ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืงืึทืฆืขื ืขืœื‘ืึธื’ืขืŸ, 

2) ืฆืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืฐืขืง. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืขืง, ืึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช. ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืขืง ืึท ืกืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืœืึทื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืฐืฐื™ืก, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืึทื“ืขืŸ, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืฒึท ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืึทืจืขืง ื’' 82, ื–ื™ 73: 


ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืžืฒื™ึทืŸ ื–ื•ื ืขื ื™ื•! 

ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ืœื™ื•ืœื™ื ืงืข ืœื™ื•-ืœื™ื•... 


ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ ? ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ? ืื™ื ืขื 1892 ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, 
ืื™ื ืขื ,,ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉื‚ืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื”ืขืจ 
ืขื ื’ืขืœ, ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ 
ื‘ืฒึทื ืคืึธืœืง, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื: ืื™ืŸ ืกืฐืขื ืฆื™ืึทืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืฐื•ื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืง, 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื“ื™ื˜ืฉ (ื–ืข ื“ื™ ,ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืขืง, 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ 74). ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฆื•ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐืกืงื™ืก 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื–ืขืงืก ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืึทืจืฉืึทืฐื•ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืœืง ? 

ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื”ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืขืœ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ืคึผืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ" ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืกื›ึผื ื”, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืื™ื–, ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื›ึผื“ืื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ, 


ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง -- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš, 
ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื›ืฆืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืขืืœื™ืกืงื™, ื“ืึทืจื™ื™ืกืงื™, ืžื™ืงืกืึธืœื™ื“ื™ื™ืกืงื™, ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื” ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืžืœืื›ื™ื-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš", ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ? ื‘ืฒึท ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฉืขืช-ืžืขืฉื‚ื”: ,ืึธื˜, ืึท 
ืžื–ื™ืง !"... ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืคื™ืœื•, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืจืขื“ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืš. ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืึทืš. ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜: ืฐืฒึทืŸ, ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ! ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 


236 


5 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืขืœ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื˜ื ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขืคืขืจืึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืก ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ 
,ืึทืจื‘ืข ื›ึผื•ืกื•ืช" ืื™ื ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“", ,,ืคึผืกื—-ื‘ืœืึทื˜", 1900, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืŸ 
ื“ืงืืžืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ืฆื™ืŸ... 

ืื™ืจ ืœืึทื›ื˜, ื”ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืขืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐื•ืกืงื™ืก ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืงืขืก, ืžืึทื–ื•ืจืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ 
ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜? ืœืžืฉืœ, ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืึทื“ืขื ืก ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก. 
ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทืฐืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ (,ืงื™ืŸ"): 


ื•ื™ ืึท ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืกื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ (ืคึผืึธืœืงืึท). 


ืึธื“ืขืจ : 
ื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ื“ืœ, ื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ื“ืœ, 
ื“ื• ืงืขื ืกื˜ ืื™ื, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ (ืฐืึทืœืก). 


ืึธื“ืขืจ : 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ื“ื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื (ืžืึทืจืฉ). 


ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื‘ืฒึท ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ืืžืช. ื ืขืžื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ืึธืก ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื›ึผืœ ืชึผืคื•ืฆื•ืช-ื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ: 
ืฆื™ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืจื‘ ื™ื™ึธื“, 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื˜ืึทื•ืฐื•ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ? 
ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ? 


ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืœื™ื“ืœ: 
ืื™ ื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืึท 
ื–ืึทืจื•ื˜ืฉืขื ืึทื™ืึท! 
ื˜ืฉืึทื”ืึธ ื˜ื™ ื›ืึธื“ื™ืฉ 
ื˜ืึทืงืึท ืกืžื•ื˜ื ืึทื™ืึท ? 


ื ื•, ืื ื›ึผืŸ, ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืึทื– ืขืก 
ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 25 ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคืจืขืžื“ืข, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื›ื˜-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ? ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืฐืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืึทืจืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ-ืขื, ื’ืœื•ืช-ืœื™ื“ืขืœืขืš, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื•ืช-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ 
ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ื“ืึธ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืžืึทืฉ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื•ืึทืจืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข 
ื ืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’... ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื (ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื™ ืื™ืš) ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื ืึธืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ืขื ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื”ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืขืœ, ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื“ ื ' 2, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืึท ืฉืืœื”: ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, , ื“ื• ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ืกื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืžืึทืจืขื ื“ืึธ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืกื˜ื• ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืคืึธืจื˜ืึท. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ, ื”ืขื›ืขืจ !"... ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื•ื’ ืึท ื”ืึทืจื‘ืข ืฉืืœื”. ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืขืœ! 
ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจืก, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืึทื–ืึท ื“ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืŸ ืžืึทืจืขื ื“ืึธ ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืจืึทื“ (ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐื•ืกืงื™ืก ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง) ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื“ ืึท ื“ืจื•ืงืคืข- 
ืœืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ-ื”ื–ืขืฆืขืจ : ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืฆื ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื. ืค. (ืคึผื™ืึทื ืึธ) ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืฒึท ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทืœืข ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ: 

ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ: 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืึทืžืข, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, 

ื“ื•, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืืจ 

ืฆื™ ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜ื•, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืžืึทืจืฅ ? 


ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง : 


ืื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ืœื™ืง! 


ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ : 


ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง... 


ื ืขืžื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉ ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืกื™ืžืคืึธื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื”ืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืžืึธืฆืึทืจื˜, ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืกืึธืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืฒื™ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก, ืขืก ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉืื™, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืœืึธื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืงื•ืœื™-ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ื ืึธืจ ืœืžืื™ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืข, ื‘ืขื˜ื”ืึธืฐืขืŸ, ืžืึธืฆืึทืจื˜, 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืกืึธืŸ, ื˜ืฉืฒึทืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ. ืึทืžืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืขืœ ืึทืœืฒืŸ: ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืขืœ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ : , ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™" 
(ื ื™ืฉื˜ ,,ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ") ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ , ืžืึทืจืขื ื“ืึธ", ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ื’ืขืœืึทืกืŸ ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ; ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืฉืžื•ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื, ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ (ืคืึธืจื˜ืึธ); ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืึทื“ืจื™ืœืŸ, ืคึผืึธืœืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื–ื•ืจืงืขืก (ื’ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื–ืึธ), ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืคืœืึทืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืฐืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง (ืงืจืขืกืฆืขื ื“ืึธ), ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึทื–ืฉ ืึธืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื–ืขื› ืฆื™ืง ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืึท ืจืขืคืขืจืึทื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืฐืงืึทื–, 
ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืึธื ื™ืฉืข, ืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜ืคืจืขื ืงื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง : 
ืขืึทืœื™ืฉืข, ื“ืึทืจื™ืฉืข, ืžื™ืงืกืึทืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื” (ืคืึธืจื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืกื™ืžืึธ!). 

ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข, ื”ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืขืœ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœ- 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืจื’ื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›ึผืขืก, ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ืžืจ-ื•ืžืฆื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ! 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ืฐืกืงื™ืก 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืžื—ืžืช ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืฃ ื˜ืขื ืฅ -- ืึท ืงืœื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึทื“ืึทื“ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ?! -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืึทืจืคืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึท- 
ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืœืžืื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื‘ืึทืจืฑื™ืงื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš, ื”ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœ, ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ื ืึธืš ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐื•ืกืงื™ืก 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ื›ึผื”ืŸ-ื‘ืขืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ 
, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืขืง. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ื›ึผื”ืŸ-ื‘ืขืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื˜ื‘ืข, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืคึผื•ืฑื™ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืขืš. ื›ึผื”ืŸ-ื‘ืขืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืขืžืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท 
ืฐืึทืœืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžืึทื–ื•ืจืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื™ึทื“ื ื˜ื•ื. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“"ืจ ื›ึผื”ืŸ-ื‘ืขืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, 
ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืขื ืฅ!.. 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื”, ื”ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืขืœ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืœืึทื-ืคึผืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืขื” ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืืฒื ื™ืงืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ... ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ! 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจื”ืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื•ื™ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ, 

ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆืŸ ืึธ. ื‘. ื’ืึทืœื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 12ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1901 
ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืขื 
ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืขื ืขื ืึทื“ืฐืึธืงืึทื˜ 
ืึธ. ื‘. ื’ืึธืœื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืึธื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืขืœืขืš 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข. 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื–ืึทื›ืขืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึทื›ืกื˜ืข 
ืฐืขืจืง, ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœื’ืข- 
ืžื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืฉื‚ื’ื•ืช", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“" ืคื•ื ืขื 1ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™. ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืœืขืš 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืžื™ื˜ืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืž.ื’. {ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜: ืžืึทืงืกื™ื 
ื’ืึธืจืงื™:} --- ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ืก-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’. ืึทื’ื‘, ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืกื˜ืึทืจืขืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืž. ื’., ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, 

ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคืึทืจ 
ืึทื–ืึท ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื›ึผื•ื—, ื•ื™ ืž. ื’., ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืฉืขืคึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืžืคึผืœื•ืึท. 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืœืฒื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื›ึผื•ื— 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ืœืŸ. ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืจื•ืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ 
ืื™ื ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™. ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ื˜ื•ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจืŸ -- ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื“ืขื ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื , ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ". 


ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’. ื‘ื™ื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ 
ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก. ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืฉ. ื’. ืคืจื•ื’ (ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’) ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืœ. ืึธ. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธื ืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,,ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื". ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืจืฒึท ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืก -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ-ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ (ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื‘ื˜ืขืจ). ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจืŸ, ื–ืข ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื—ื•ืฅ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื“ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ึผืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืจืึทื ื“- 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจ. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ 
ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜" 
ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืืžืช, 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืžื•ื–ืข. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ, ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื ืขืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฒึทืš ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืข ืคืึทืจื‘ืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ -- , ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืงืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืข", ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉืœืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืช! 


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ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืคื–ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ! 

ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ,,ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข", ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข, ืื•ืžืฉืึทืฆื‘ืึทืจืข ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ. ืึท ืฉืึธื“! ืื™ื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื›ื ื™ื; ืื™ื ืงืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืขื•ืœื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื 
ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขืฆื”ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ;ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ" 
(ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ืึธืจื‘ื•ืš , ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", 1887--1888) ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ,, ืคื™ืฉืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืžืขืจ" (ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 1892--1892). 


ื ืึธืš ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกืคึผืึธืขื˜, ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื™ืก ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึทื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืคืจื•ื’ืŸ ืึท 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ืœื™ื“ืขืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืžื•ื–ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืข 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืจืฆืŸ. ืื™ืš ืจืขืงืึธ- 
ืžืขื ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืขืก. 

ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“. ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ,ื”ื•ื™ื–"ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ื‘. ื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉ. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ 
ืืฑื™ืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, 

ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื™. ืื™ืš ื—ื–ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื›'ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืึท ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš". ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ึดืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ืฐื•ืงืฒื˜. ืึทื–ืึท โ€ ืฉืœืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ 
ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,,ื˜ืึธื’ื™ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜"! ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจื™ืงืŸ -- ืึท ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืจืขื›ื˜. 
ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ , ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข" ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžื˜ื•ืคึผืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ: ืฆื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ึนื™ืฃ 
ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึท ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึนึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ? 

ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื•ื•ืœื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคื™ืœืœืฒึทื“ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืœืง 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ืฒึทื•ื ื’. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, 
ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœืฒื™ื’ื˜ืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื–ืึทื›ืขืœืขืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื–ื™ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืœื™ 
ืคึผื™ืฆื™ื ืงืข ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš"; ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื•ื /ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™" ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ื™ืึธืกืขืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธืฐื™ื™", ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•" ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืงืึธื•ื• ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 1902ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, 


ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ืจื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืก. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืขืก 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืกื˜ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ืขื ื”' ืคึผืึทืกื˜ืขืจื ืึทืง, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ืžืึธืœืŸ 
ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ- 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึทืฉื™ื ืงืข ;,ืจืขืžื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ", ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืก ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข, 


ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฑื˜ืึธ- 
ื’ืจืึทืคืŸ, ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก. 


ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ (ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืคืขืงื˜) ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš. ืื•ืŸ, 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืœืฒึทื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื˜ืึทื“ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ืกืฒึทื™ ืฐื™ ืกืฒึท, , ืกื™ืขื ื‘ื™ืขื“ --- ืึธื“ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ื•ื™ืขื˜". 


ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืขื“ืŸ; ื ืึธืจ ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ? ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื›ืขืžืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืฐื•ึผืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง. ืื™ืš 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ, ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืงื•ื“ื- ื›ึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืงืกื™ืžื™ืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 


ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืึทืžืข ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐื™ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื˜ืขืคึผืขืœืข ืงืึทืฐืข ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจืึทืŸ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฆืึธืœืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืคืึทืจืžืฒึทื“ืœืขืš. 


ื‘ืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื‘ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ --- ื“ืขื ืกืœืึทื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืึทื ืฒึทืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืจืึทืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜. ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื™ ื’ืึธืจืงื™, ืงืึธืŸ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฒึทื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืžื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 
7, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงืœืขื•ื•, 17ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1901 


ืขืœื™ื›ื-ืฉืœื•ื ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืึทื– ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ -- ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืจืึทื“ืข ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืคืขืจื“ืœ 
,ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—", ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ,ื™ื•ื“"ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ,,ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข", ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืืฒึทืš 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืึทืœื“, ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ? ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืžื•ึนื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืง ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ", ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ,ื™ื•ื“" ? 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœ: ืึทืœืก ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื•ื ,,ื™ื•ื“ืŸ", ืฆื™ ื’ืœืึทื˜ 
ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื›ืŸ, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ? ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธืœ: ืขืก ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืฆื•ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ? 

ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืœ , ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—", ืฐืึธืก , ืื™ื– 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ". ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ , ืงืœื™ืึทื˜ืฉืข", ืฐืึธืก 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืคืขืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ;ื™ื•ื“ืŸ", ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข". ืžืข 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื ืึทืง! ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ ืœืขืš ืžื™ืจ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”. ืื™ืš ืžืขื’ ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืœืฅ. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ืฆื• ื ื™ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ืื™ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. -- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ? ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื›ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทืœืก ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื ืข ืฆื•ื ,ื™ื•ื“". ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ-ืคื™ืœ 
ืขื ื™ื ื™ื. ืฆืขืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืจ !... 


8. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 18ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1901 

ืฉืœื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก ืืฒึทืš, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”, ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžืกืชึผืžื ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคึผื˜ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”, ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ืš ืžื–ื“ืจื– ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ -- ืœืึธื– ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ! -- ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ 
ืœืฆื ื•ืช, ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืึทื– ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 


243 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืึธืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ -- ื•ืื—ืกืจื”ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืืœื”ื™ื! -- ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืขืก ืขืจื ืกื˜. 
ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžืžืœื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืฉืคึผืึธื’ืœ ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื” 
ืฉืึทืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืึทืœืึท ,ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง". ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืชื•ืฉืœื— (ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืคืขืจื“ืœ) 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“" (ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ,,ื™ื•ื“" ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึท-ื™ืึธืจ) ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ืึทืœืฒืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ,ื—ื‘ืจื‘ืจ 
ื”ื—ืฆืจื•ื ื™", ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืคืึทืจืŸ ,,ืขื•ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ". ื ืึธืจ ืžื—ืžืช ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื—ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ,ืขื ื™ื™ ืขื™ืจืš ืงื•ื“ืžื™ืŸ", ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ 
ืขืœ"ืคึผื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ืขืœ"-ืคึผื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœ"ืคึผื™ ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ : ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืœืš ื—ืกื“ ื ืขื•ืจื™ืš --- ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืึทื™ืขื•ื•, ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื” ืืฉืจ ืึธื›ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืžื™ื“ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ื“ืึธืก:ื™ืขื ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื’ื‘ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ; ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื– ืžืข 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜, 
ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”: ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท 
ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ? ืื™ืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจ? ื›ึผื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ -- ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš, ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืจื™ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืœื™ืข ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ? ืœืึธื– 
ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืจื•ืคืŸ ืงื ืึทืงื ื™ืกืœ! ืืฒึท ืฐืึธืก ? ืฐื•ึผ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžืขืฉึนื‚ื” ? ืžื™ืœื ืึท ื“ืื’ื”; ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืึทืจื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจื ืกื”, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช. ืคึผืขืง, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš! ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš" (ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ื ืึธืš ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื” ืื™ื ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“") -- ื“ืขืจ ื“"ืจ ืœื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ 
ื“ื™ ื›ึผืคึผืจื” ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™! ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช" ื ืขืžื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืชื”-ืžืฉื•ื ื”! ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืคืฉ ? ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืจืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ? ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ? ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก ? ืขืก ืžืขื’ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื 
, ื™ื•ื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ื’ืฑื™ึทืฉืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™! ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ! ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš! 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ. ืžืข ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ. ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ื ืึธืจ ืฉืึทืจืœืึทื˜ืึทื ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข! ืจืžืื™ื! 
ืึทืคืขืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ!!! ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ ? ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึท ืคื™ื ืคืื•ื ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ. ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืคื™ื ืคืื•ื ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—ืŸ", ืขืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื’ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ืื™ื ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ, ื•ืืชื 
(ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ) ื›ึผื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ืขืฉื• -- ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืžืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ" ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืึทื ืฉื™-ืฉืœื•ืžื ื• ื’ื™ื˜ ืึถืคึผ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขื 


ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


24 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


9ืก. --- ืืœื™, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—ืŸ" ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ! ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ , ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—ืŸ" ื’ื•ืคื, ืืฒึท-ืืฒึท-ืืฒึท! 


9. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 25ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1901 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 

ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—" ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ? ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ? -- ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืขื ืข 
ื–ืึทืš. -- 

ื“ื™ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ , ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—" ืฆื• ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข : 

) ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื“ืœ ื’ื•ืคื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ืคึผืœ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืขื ืขื 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืงืœื™ื‘ืขืก, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืคึผื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืžืขื ื™ืฆืข, -- ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืชืจื™ืœื™ื›ืข, ืึท 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืข, ืึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืข, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืžืชื•ืฉืœื— ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืขืกื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืข ื ื™ื˜. 

2) ืžืชื•ืฉืœื— ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ,ื‘ื•ื™ื“". ืึทืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืจื“ืขืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ื ื’-ืฉื‘ืช. -- 

3) ืžืชื•ืฉืœื— ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืขืฉืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ. ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืจืึธื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื’ืขืฆืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš: 
ื”ื•-ื”ื™! ื”ื•-ื”ื™!.. 

4) ืจืื•ื‘ืขืœืข ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก ื‘ืฒึท ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืฒึทืกืข- 
ื—ื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืงืขืก (ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ื˜ืฉืึทื˜ืข ืงืขืคึผืœืขืš) ืงื•ืงืŸ. 

5) ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืžืชื•ืฉืœื— ,ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜" ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืขื ืขื ืกืคึผืึธื“ื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื–ืขื ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืจืื•ื‘ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืจื•ืงืŸ : ื”ืึธืคึผ-ื”ืึธืคึผ-ื”ืึธืคึผ! -- -- -- 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื™ืฉืขื ื™ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ, , ื›ึผืืฉืจ ืึธื”ื‘ืชื™". 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฑืกื’ืจืึทืฐื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืœื™ืฉืขืขืŸ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืงืฐืขื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ืฉืขืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข. -- 

ื .ื‘. : ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“: ืžืชื•ืฉืœื— ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืกืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื›ึผืชืจื™ืืœ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ-ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืขืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ , ืึทืฉืจื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ืœืš".. 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืžืขื ื™ื ื•, 

ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื”ืขืคื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืขืก , ืžื•ืจื™ื”" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืจื™ืฉืข 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช, ืื™ื™ื ืข ืึท ื ืฒึทืข, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข : 


285 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื™ื“ืœ 
ืกืึธืœืึธ ื ืึท ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืงืข 


ืึท ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืขืก ืฆื•ึน ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื’ื•ืคื ืื•ื™ืš. ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜: ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“", 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ,, ืคึผืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข", ืคืึทืจืŸ ,ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’", ืคืึทืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืฒึทืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. --- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืชึผืงื™ืคื•ืช ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ? ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜ ? ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืœื. -- -- -- 


0 ืฆื• ื‘. ื™ืจื•ื—ืžื–ืึธืŸ 


7, 11, 1901 
ืž808ืง116 .ื ,ืฅืฆืกื‘ื–ืืกืฆืขืงืช .ื ืฆื˜- 1 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฒึทื“! 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืึทื– ื“ื™ , ืฆืขืŸ 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช" -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ -- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืืชื” ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทืจืง. 
ื“ื™ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜- 
ืคื•ืœืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™-ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœื–ื” ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ืึทืœื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืก'ื ืฒึท -- ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ 
ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืœืข ื ืฒึท. 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช" ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืข ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ 
ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื‚ื“ื”-ืœื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 6ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜-ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืฉืขืจ 
ืชึผืœืžื•ื“-ืชึผื•ืจื”. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืขืจึผืข ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ- 
ื˜ื•ืžืื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึทืจื›ืขืก ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืจืึทื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ -ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืžืข ื•ืขื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš, ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื’ืขืœืข-ืžื™ื’ืขืœืข -- ืคืข, ืฐื™ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืขืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท 
ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ-ื˜ื•ืžืื”ืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึทื ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ื‘ื™ืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคื•ืœืŸ ืฉืึทื‘ืขืœื˜ืึทืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜, -- ื–ืฒึทื ืก -- ื™ืขื ืขืžืก -- 
ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืก, --- ื•ื™ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืขืก,. ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืงื‘ืฆื ื™ื, ืžืœืžื“ื™ื, ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš ืึธืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ, -- ืคืข, ื—ืœืฉื•ืช! -- ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก 
ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ืึธ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ืึธ ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืงื˜ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื›ืœืขืš, ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึธื’ืŸ ืงืึธื›ื˜!... ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืกืฐืึธืœืึธื˜ืฉืขืก, ืื•ื™, ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™! ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก! ื–ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื–ืฒื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ -- ืคืึธืจื˜ 
ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืงืจืึทื˜ืŸ! = = - 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื‘ืฒึทืกื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ: ืœืฒืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš", ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜; ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ื˜". ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ื˜. ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”- 
ื”ืฉื, ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”ื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื“ื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™- 
ืื•ืžื•ืช-ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ืึธื•ื•ื ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื–ืŸ-ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ื’ื™ืœื“ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ -- ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง 
,ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขืคึผืœืฒ (ื“ื•ื•ืงื), , ื“ื™ ืคืึธืŸ", ,, ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง" ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš. ื“ืขื ,,ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก" ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ื–ืึทื›ืŸ 
ื–ืขืฅ ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ (ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœื™ืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
, ืื™ืกืึทืง", ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง!). ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืœื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“ ืžืึธืจื™ืกืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื’ -- ืžืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜! ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืึทืœืข ืจื•ืกืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉืึทื ื“ืข ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืขืก ืงืจืขื ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง; ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืงื—-ื˜ืขื•ืช ; ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ื’ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 
ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ --- ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื“ื”-ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื›ึผื“ืึทื™? ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืืžืช 
ืขืœ-ืคึผื™-ื™ื•ืฉืจ. 

ืฉืœื•ื ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ0, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื“"ืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™. ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”" ? ืฉืฐืึทื›ืœืขืš, 
ืฆื™ ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื” ? ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืจืึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›"ื•ืŸ?|, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. 


1, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 2ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1901 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืคืึธื“ืขืจื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืึทื– ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ -- ื‘ืจืึทืฐืึธ! ื”ืœื•ืึทื™ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ! 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืก ,,ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉ" ืื™ืŸ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”-ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• 
ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ื ื‘ื™ื (ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ:!), ืฐืึธืœื˜ 


27 


ื‘ื ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ; ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืื™ืŸ ื– ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข??0.. 


! ืช5010ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ื’1 ื’011ืฉ 
ืฉื‚ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื–ืขื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื’ื™ืš, ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืกื™ืคื”. ืื™ืš 
ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ , ืึทืกื™ืคื•ืช" !... ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืกื™ืคื•ืช ? ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืขืง! ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ ?.. 


2 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 4ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1901 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ. ื“ืึธืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ 2/12, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ , ืึตืœ ืชึผื—ืžื™ืฆื ื”". 

ื“ืึธืก ,,ืžืขืกืขืจืœ" ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคืฒึทืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืจืึธื–ืฉืงื™ ื“ืึท ื ืึธื–ืฉืงื™. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืกืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธืคึผืœืฒื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ (ืื—ืฉืชืจื ื™ื!), ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ: ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ,,ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื™ื“ืœ" (ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ) 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ,ื™ื•ื“' ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข" 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื™ , ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—" ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ืžื•ืจื™ื”", ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ -- ืžืขื’ ืขืก ื’ืฒืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ. ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืึทื– 
ื“ืึธืก , ืžืขืกืขืจืœ" ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืœื•ื•ืึทื™, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ. ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืจืขื–, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ,, ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข" 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื ืึธืš ืฉื‘ืช. ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืกื™ืคื•ืช ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ 
-- ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš. ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืง. ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท 

ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 8ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1901 


ืฉืึท-ืฉืึท, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจื™ืฅ! = -- -= 

ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก , ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข" ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึทืจื•ื, 
ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜? -- ื“ืขื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ-ื‘ื™ื›ืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ: ืื™ื™ืŸ ,,ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ" ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 
ืขืง ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื’ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื” ื™ ื’ ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžื™ืจ ืฉืฒึทื ื˜, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืžื•ืจื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ,,ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข". ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ? --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืขืœ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ", ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก. ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืข ืจ ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืœ ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขืจืœืขืš... (ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืึทื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืœื‘ืขืจื’ืก ืœื•ื—, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“ืŸ" 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,,ื”ื“ื•ืจ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•, ืขืก ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื‘ืœื™ืง.) 

ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆ ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ! ืื™ืš 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืŸ ื›ึผืขืก! 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4 ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


8 12, 1901 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืืฉืจ ืึธื”ื‘ืชึผื™, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธื”ืŸ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืชึผืคื™ืœืช- 
ืฉื•ื•ื: ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืŸ (ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืึทืจ 
ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”) ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ; ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืขืก ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ (ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื™ื™ึดืฉ). ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขืงื–, 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ื™ื’ืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืจ-ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืฉืžืฉื›ืช ืืช ื™ื“ืš ืžืŸ ื”,,ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™" ? ืžืกืชึผืžื ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืœืึทื˜. ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ; ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ 50, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
(ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ื™ืง ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก). ื“ื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทื ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจืึธืฐ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื–ืึทื›ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜, ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข -- ืขืงืกืคึผืœืึธืึทื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืžืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš! 
ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ ื•ืžืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื•ืžืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ืชื™ -- ืขืš, ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜! ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื•ื˜! 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื•ื˜! ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืขืฆื”ื™ื•"ื˜; ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข, ื“ื™ ื™ืจื—ื !!! ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทืš (ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ) 
ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืฐื“ืื™, 
ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืฐื™ ืชึผืžื™ื“ โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


29 


ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืคืœื™ื›ื 
5, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 10ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1901 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืคื™ื“ืœื™' ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜, ื‘ืึทืคึผื•ืฆื˜, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืขืฐืจืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึทืจื˜, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9ืก. -- ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืœื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืขื ื•ืžืขืจืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข. 


6 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 29ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1901 


ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจืก ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ: 

1) ืกื˜ืึทื˜ืฉืงืึท ื ื™ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืš; 

2) ืื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืขื“ื–ืฉื™ื‘ืึธื–ืฉืกืงืึทืฐืึธ ืงืึธืœืึธื“ืฆืึท. 

ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืœืึธืคึผืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื›ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืกื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ืžืœ! 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7 ืฆื• ืึธ. ื‘. ื’ืึธืœื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ 


ื”ื•ืกืคื”, ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 029ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ {1901ืŸ 


ืึทืœืก ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื 12ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขืš ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜: 

1 ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (ืคืึทืจื ืขื -- ืคื•ืŸ 2 ื‘ื™ื– 4 ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก), ื ืขืžืœืขืš : 

ื) , ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™" -- ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 

ื‘) , ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ". ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ื’) ,ืคื™ืฉืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืžืขืจ". ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. 


250 


7 ื™ื™ 


ื‘ื›ื™ื ื• ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2; ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื (ืคืึทืจื ืขื -- ืคื•ืŸ 2 ื‘ื™ื– 4 ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก), ื ืขืžืœืขืš: 

ื) ,ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš": ,ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื›ึผืชืจื™ืœืขื•ื•ืงืข", ,ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืช", 
,ื ื—ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ", ,,ืื™ื ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ืžืงื ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ", ,,ื“ืจืฒึทืคื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืชืจื™ืœืขื•ื•ืงืข", ,ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืชื™ื", ,, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜", , ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœืš", 

ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 

ื‘) ,ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืคึผืœ? -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 

3 ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ (ืคืึทืจื ืขื -- ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ). 

ื) ,ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืžืข ืงืึทืฅ". 

ื‘) ,ื”ื™ื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช". 

ื’) , ืฉื”ืฉื‚ืžื—ื” ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื•" (ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜), 

4 ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ (ืคืึทืจื ืขื -- ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ). 

ื) ,ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืฆื ื™ื". 

ื‘) ,ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ืžืขื“ื–ืฉื™ื‘ืึธื–ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื" (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜). 

5. ื“. ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ (ืคืึทืจื ืขื -- ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ), 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜), 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืึทืจื•ื, ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ื ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜. ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจ 10--12 ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก. ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืจื•ื, ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท 
ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•, ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, ืึท ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ. ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 16 ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ -- 40 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ -- ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ, ืคืึทืจ- 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืจืฒื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ื‘ืขืชืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืก'ื ืฒึท ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคืŸ, -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 20 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš -- ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืœืขื ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทืœืฑื ื•ื ื’. ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทืงื™ืจืŸ, ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. 

ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ืคืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืงืฒื˜. ืก'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืึธืžืงื™ื ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืืฒึทืŸ? 

ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืœืŸ. ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 

ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ 

ืกืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


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8. ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ื•ึฐืงื™ึตืขื•ื•, 1902ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ื ืขืฉื‚ื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ,, ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ" ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9ืก. --- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ืฉืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืข-ืœืฒึทื˜, 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ. ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ, ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆืฑ 


9 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื•ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 1902} 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื 1/8 ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืฐืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ: ื ืขืฉื‚ื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข! 
ื˜ื•ื˜, ื˜ื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ -- ืึธืžืŸ. ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,ื•ื•ื™ื’ืจื™ืฉื ืข ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ืคึผืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข" ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ. ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•. ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ืคื™ื“ืœ", ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ื›ึผืžื• ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืจื˜ ืฉืž"ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ , ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ืขืœืึทื˜ื•ืจ". ืึทื’ื‘ 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ,ื•ื•ื™ื’ืจื™ืฉื ืข ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜" ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš". ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜, ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืึทืคึผื•ืฆื˜, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื›ึผืชืจื™ืœืขื•ื•ืงืข -- ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ื“ืขืจ -- -- -- ืœืขืงื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉืŸ ืึท ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœ... ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ,,ื•ื•ื™ื’ืจื™ืฉื ืข ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜" ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ,,ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ" (ืžืึทื™ืึท ืคึผืขืจืฐืึทื™ืึท ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึธื•ื•) -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขื -- ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืึท ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืงืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื , ื ืขึนืฉึนื‚ื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข". ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืืžืช, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ืžืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื ืขืฉื‚ื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข, ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืคืึธืœื’ 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืกื•ื“, ื•ื™ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ 
ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ 
ืกื•ื“! ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื•ืกื›ึผื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืฅ; ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ? ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื” 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ; ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื” -- ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™; ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœื™ืจื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก. ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜? 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืš ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืขื•ืœื-ื”ื‘ื ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืœื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืึทื“ืขืจืคื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืจื™ื–ืŸ-ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–! ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืš ืึทืœ ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืจื™ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคึผื•ืฆืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืš ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ! ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืœืข ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจืขื“ืŸ ? -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜. ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืง, ืึท ืฐืึธืœืฐื•ืขืœืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœ. ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืฐื•ึผ 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ืžืฑื™ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ? ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืžืึธืœ ? ื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืฐืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึท ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ? ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ,,ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš", ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืขืจื ืกื˜ 
ืจืขื“ ืื™ืš ! ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทืงื•ืจืึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ,,ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ" ? ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ" ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืขืจ ื—ื™-ื•ืงื™ื: ืื™ืš ื•ื™ืœ 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ (ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท), ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคึผื•ืฆืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืœืžืงื— ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทืฉืŸ. ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืึทื ื’ ื ืึธื›ืŸ 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒื™, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, 
ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ืขืจืง, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืคื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืขืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจืš ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, 
ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ. -- 


ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืก ืžื•ื– ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข (ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืึท 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ื’ื•ืคื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืž ืช ืข ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, 
ื’ืœืึทื˜, ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ), ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืข: 
ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืกืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืจืขื›ื˜ืก. -- 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 


ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื‘ื—ืคึผื–ื•ืŸ. ืขืก ืคืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ (80 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ?) ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, 
ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืฒื™ึท ืืฒึทืš , ืขืคึผื™ืก" ? ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ? ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ, ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื™ื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืชึผื•ืš ื›ึผื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ : ,,ืขืก ืžื•ื– ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ"; ืึทื ื™ื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืข. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข: ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึทื›ืฆื™ืง ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


253 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ? ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื›ืฆื™ืง 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ (ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜) ืœื ืคึผื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืึทืœืฅ ืงืฉื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืœืขื ื™ืฉ. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ 

1) ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ (ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜). 

2) ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื•. 

ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคืึทืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง, 

4) ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ -- ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื ื™ื˜ , ืขืคึผืขืก", 
ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืข ืคึผืข ืก. 

5) ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 120 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก (ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืœืขืจืš, ืฐื™ ื–ืฒ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“) ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ 70 ืึธื“ืขืจ, ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ื ืก, 80 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš , ื‘ืขื–ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ื ืข", ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ ,, ื‘ืขื–ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ื ืข". ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืขื ืžื™ืš 
ื’ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื–ื™ืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ -- ื ืึธืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ. ื”ืœืฐืึทื™, 
ื”ืœืฐื•ืึทื™ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง-ืึทื›ืฆื™ืง ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก! 

6) ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืึท ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืง ืึธืŸ 
ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฑื˜ืึธืจืก 
ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง, 

) ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ื˜ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ืœืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืœื™ื–ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืจืฒึทืขืจืœ: ืฆื•ื ืึทืœืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ -- ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืœ (ื—ื•ืฅ 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึธ). ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ื”ืขื–ื” ืฆื• ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 10,000 (ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื) ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ). ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทืœืข ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืข ืคึผ ืข ืก ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ -- ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜, 
ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? 

8) ื“ืขื ืืฑื˜ืึธืจืก ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืœื™ 
ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ, 

9) ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื›ืœืึทื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, 

0 ืจืขืงืœืึทืžื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ, ืึทื’ื™ื˜ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืกืงืจืึทืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธ- 
ื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืœืจื•ื‘! 

ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข 10 ื›ึผืœืœื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงืฉื™ื•ืช. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธ ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ึผ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื’ ืกื™ื ื™ , ื ืขืฉื‚ื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข" -- 
ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ! --- ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ. ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืึทื‘ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืก. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืฉื™ื: ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื” 


254 


ื‘ืกื™ื•ื• ืคืŸืงืฅ ืฉืœื ื ืฆืœื™ืคื 


ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืง" ? --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช ? ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ? 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื“ืขื ,ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜" ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืก, 
ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’, ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธื’. ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒื™ื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืึทืจืขืจืึทืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœื›ืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคืึท- 
ืžื™ืœื™ืข". ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ; ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืงื•ืงืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืึธืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ 1056. ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช 
ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ื™ื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื™ืš ; ืคืึทืจืคืœ ืึธืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ, ื™ื•ื™ืš ืึธืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืคืœ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจ ; ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ. -- ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜; ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื–ืฉืึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข; ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื˜, 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฐืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืœ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื• ืงื•ืจืฅ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ , ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข" 
ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื–, 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืึท ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ : ืฐืึธืก ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื•ื™ืœ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš: ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื™ืจ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึท ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ื ืฃ-ื–ืขืงืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ? ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ", ืฐืึธืก ืงืจืึทืฆื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืจื—ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึทืกืข ืคึผื™ืื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ... ืžืฒึทืŸ ,,ืคื™ื“ืœ", ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืœืขืงื˜ ื’ืึธืจ 
ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉื™ื ! ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ , ื•ื•ื™ื’ืจื™ืฉื ืขื ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืฆืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ืคื™ื“ืœ" ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื•ื•ื™ื’ืจื™ืฉื ืข 
ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืฆืขืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืกืš ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ (ืึธื“ืขืจ 1.5) ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื™ ื“ื™ , ืคื™ื“ืœ" ; 
ื ืึธืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ -- ื’ืึธืœืข ืจืึธื–ืฉื™ื ืงืขืก, ื’ืึธืœืข ื’ืขืฐื™ืจืฆืŸ, ื’ืึธืœืข ืฉืžืึทืœืฅ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืขืง, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš 

ืื™ึดื ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•. ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ 


55 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืก. --- ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึทื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 
3 , ื‘ื•ื“ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื ืึธืกื˜" -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ืขื ื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš. 
ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข" ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจ -- ืึธืžืŸ!ึผ 


2 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 7ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ? ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ืœืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืึธืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืคึผืึธืจ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืคื™ืจ ืคึผืึธืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืžื•ืจื ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืึท 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืคื•ื™ืœืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒื˜ื™ืง! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงืœืขื•ื•, 14ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1902 


ืงื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื‘ืข-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš (ื™ืขื ืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ), ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืง, 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– , ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ืกืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืคืจ" -- ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืข ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื›ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืฆืŸ!.. ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืจืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ -- ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ืจ-ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื, ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ! --- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ? ืื™ืจ {ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืจืง ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš. -- ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ, 
ืึทื– ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื—ื•ืฉื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื•. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช-ืขืฆืžื• ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ -- ื“ืึทืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ 
ื•ื™ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืึธืŸ ืืฒื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš. ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื›ึผื•ื—ื”-ื”ืจืฉืึธื”, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืคื•ื ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื™. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ? ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื”, ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“: ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืฆื˜, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžึผ:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืขื•ืœื-ื”ื‘ื ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜. ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ? ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ! 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– ืฆื•ื ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืฉืขืช ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืึทื ื’ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชึผื•ืจ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ืœืง ืจื™ื•ื•ื—. ืื™ืจ 
ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ? ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš 
ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผื•ื— ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืฆื• ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ! ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื’ืŸ -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืกืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืคึผืึทืจืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ื•ึผ!.. ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื“ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื–ืœ: ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืึทื– 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื™ืึธ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ? ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš. ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึทืจืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
, ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืึธื™ืข", ื“ืึธ ืฐืึธืกื˜ืจืขื‘ืึธืฐืึทื ื™ืึท. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ืึท ืงืึธืคึผ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. -- 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื•ื•ื™ื’ืจื™ืฉื ืขื ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืžื—ื™ืœื”, -- ื“ืขื 
ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ-ืœืฉืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ื– ืžื›ืคึผืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื, 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึท ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžื, ืกืึธื•ื•ืจืขืžืขื ื ื™ ืฐืึธืคึผืจืึธืก. ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื -- ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ. -- ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ", ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ืึธืš ืฉืœืฒึทืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืฆืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 23ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1902 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜, 
ืคืจืขื’ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• -- ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ! ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ? ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืกืง ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉืฐืึทืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ? --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง-ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื™ืฉื•ืขื”, 
ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ. -- -- -- ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื’ืฐืึทืœื“,. ืฉืœืขื›ื˜! -- ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ... ืื™ืฆื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜ 


257 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื - ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ --- ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜. ืงื•ืจืฅ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืึท ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ? ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืึธืคึผืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ? ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ 
ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืœื“ื– ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืฆื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ, ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงืึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 28ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ืขื ืื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื˜ื‘ืข, 
ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึทืจื•ื, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืขืก 
(ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜),. ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. -- 
ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ 2 ื‘ื™ื– 3 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ (16 ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ) ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ? ื“ื•ืจืš ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ! , ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ (ืื™ื ืขื ืึธื ืคืึทื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜) ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ! 
ืœืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ, ืงืฒึทื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ืŸ!" --- ืึธื˜ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 120 ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฆื• 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืœืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื. ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง 80 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก (ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื 
0 ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืœืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ื ืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืึท 2 ืึธื“ืขืจ 3 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ. ื ืขืžื˜, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ 200--200 ืื•ื™ืฃ 80--90 = 2 ื‘ื™ื– 3 
ืจื•ื‘ืœ! ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืฐืขืงืœืฒื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืฒึทืคืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• (ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืž"ืจืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ืฑืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜) ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ 10 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืชึผื™ืงื• --- ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึท ืงืฉื™ื, 
-- ื ืึธืš ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืคืขืœ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืจืง ? ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืึท ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 80 ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก (ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื) ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ, ื–ืขืงืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื•. ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ? ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธื’, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 


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ืฆื‘ืจื™ื” ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื: ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ื™ื– ืคึผืกื— ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื–ืึท ืจื™ื–ืŸ-ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ? ื ืึธืš ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืจืขื’ืŸ : ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึทื– ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืคืึทืœื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– 
ืขืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื™ืขื ืขื ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ 4,000 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ? 80 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ื’ืขื›ึผืคืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 20 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึทืคื™ืœื• (ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช) = 2,400. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ืœืฒื’ืŸ 4,000 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, 
ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ 2,000 ื‘ื™ื– 3,000 ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, ื“ืจื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 1,000 ื‘ื™ื– 1,500 ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืœื™ 
ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ 4,000 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, 
ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ 4,000 ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื•ื•ื—, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืึธืจ, 
ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ -- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฆืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืŸ.--, 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืฐื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฑืกืœืึทื ื“, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื 5,000 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ (ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท 
ื™ืึธืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ, ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ื ืก, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™), ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท 
ื“ืจืฒึทืขืจืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึธ. ืžื•ื›ืจื™-ืกืคืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ -- 2290, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื ืข 2 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื 
0 = 10000 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 5,000 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื™ืงืข ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืขืก ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึทืŸ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 500 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ (ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืกืฒึท ืฐื•ื™) ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ืึทื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ ืจืึทื‘ืึทื˜. ื ืึธืš 
ื“ื™ 500 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ 500 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืึธืžืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื˜ืึธืžืขืŸ (ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืคืึทืงืกื™ืžื™ืœืข, ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข --- ืคืฒึทืŸ, ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช). ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืึทืกืŸ! ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš. ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืจื™ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ -- ืคืข! ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืกืฒึท ื•ื™ 
ืกืฒึท ืคืึทืœืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื... --- ืึทืœื–ืึธ, 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื˜ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื™ืขื ืขื ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑืŸ. ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฉื‚ื’ื” 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื›ึผืจ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจ-ื“ืขืช, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืคืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข, ืขืก ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ. ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืกืš (ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜). ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ? ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜? -- 


ืฉืœื•ื: ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


559 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 7ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1902 

ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉื™ืจื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืกืš 
ืžืขืจ ืฉืžืขืจืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื—ืœื•ื ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ืœื•ื, ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขื›ื™ืง. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขื›ื™ืง, ืึทื– ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืžืช ? ืึทื– ืžืข ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื: , ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืขืœืฃ ืžื™ืจ!"--? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืžืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฉืขืžืขืŸ, ืคึผืึทื ื™! ื ืขืžื˜, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ (ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข), ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜! -- -- 
-- ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ , ื ืขืฉื‚ื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข", ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ (ื“"ื” ื™ืขื ืขืจ) ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ื‘ืึทืœื“, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ืึธืจืกืงืึทื™ืึท ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ื˜ืฉื ืึทื™ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืึท ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ -- ืื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ? ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืœ", ,, ืกืขื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื ืง" ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ -- 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืงืึธืŸืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜! ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ? ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ? 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜: ืžืข ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื -- ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช 
ืื™ื ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ : ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืข -- 
ืœืกื•ืฃ ืงืึธืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ (ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืฒึทื ื•ื“ื”ืš) -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ึผืกื“ืจ ื’ืขืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ! ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื ื™ื’. ื”ืœืฐื•ืึทื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืึธ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื™ืึธ 
ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืก 
ื’ื•ื˜-ื—ื‘ืจืฉืึทืคึผื˜ ? ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืจื™ืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“? ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ! ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš! ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืจืขื“ื˜ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ -- ืœืกื•ืฃ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš! ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทืœืขื 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš. ืจืขื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืึทืจื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืฐื™ ืึท ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืื™ืš 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš! ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื ืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ! ืงื•ืจืฅ, ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื™ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื™ืึธืจ. ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ืึทืจื˜, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื“ืึธืก 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื™ื ืื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ. ื‘ืฒึท ื’ืึธื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืก 
ืžืึธืœ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ื‘ืฒึท ื’ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ! ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื 
ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


,ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ" ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ื”ืขืœืคื˜ -- ืึทืจื•ื ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืกื—. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ื•ื•ื™ื’ืจื™ืฉื ืขื ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜" 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื“"ื” ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึทืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ-ื‘ื™ื›ืœ , ื“ืขื ืžืœืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื›ึผื”" -- ืึท ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ 
ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“"ืคึผืกื—. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึทื–ืฑ; ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“" ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืกื—-ื‘ืœืึทื˜, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืกื—-ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ืคึผืกื—ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ,, ืžื” 
ื ืฉืชึผื ื”". ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,, ืžืœืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื›ึผื”" ืงืึธืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข" 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืกื— (ืขืก ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื—ื•ืœ-ื”ืžื•ืขื“), ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’. ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ืคึผืจื™ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ืข, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข" ืฆื• ืคึผืกื— ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš. ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– : ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื›ึผื” (ืึท ืคึผืกื—ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื). ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืคื™ืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 
-- ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ื ืึธืš ืคึผืกื— ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ! -- 


7 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1902, ืžื™ื˜ืฐื•ืึธืš 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš. ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ 
ืฆื• ืง"ืŸ ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ. -- 

ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืืฒึทืœืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ. 
ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐื™ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ! ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜! 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ! 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš. ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืึทืฐื“ืื™,. == 


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ืคืจื™ื˜ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงืœืขื•ื•, 29ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1902 

ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืคึผืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื“ืขืจืึธืœ, ื“ื™ , ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข" ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืขืก, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกืš 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ! -- ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ , ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืœืฒึทื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคื™ื ืคืื•ื ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐื™ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ -- ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ืžืœ, 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ. -- ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”-ืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ? ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึท 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงืขืจ -- ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ 
ื•ืขืจืŸ ? ืื™ืš ืงืึทืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ! -- 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ,, ื“ื™ืึทื“ื™ืึท" ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืœืขืš ,ื“ืึทื“ืึท!" ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, 
ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืฒึทืคืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืฒึทืคื˜! ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก , ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ" ืืฒึทืขืจืก ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐื“ืื™! 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ! ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืข, ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืงื ืขืคึผืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘. (ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ, ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ื“ื™ 
ืฉืœื™ืึทืคึผืข ?), 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืจ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 


ืฉืœื•ื” ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืึท ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ. ื’ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข. --- ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงืœืขื•ื•, 320ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ,ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข" -- ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’, 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜. 
--- ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ื‘ื™ืœื“. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื "ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืงื™ืจืฆืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขืš. --- ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, 
ืฐื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืฐื•ื™ 
ืก'ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ ; ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืคึผื•ืฆืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ 
(ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜), ืžื—ืžืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ืขืžืขืŸ. -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธื ืก ืึทื“ืจืขืก. -- 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืงืึธื‘ืจื™ืŸ ? ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ืฒึทืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืขืกืง -- ืฐื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ? 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืฒึทืคืขืœืข. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 2ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1902 

ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท! 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคึผืขืจ ืงืจื™ื™ืฆื‘ืึทื ื“ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฆื•ืฃ. ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš? -- 

ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, 1 ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 
(ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœืข ืฉืงืจื™ื...), ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื 
ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš-ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธื’, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ,ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ,,ืคืจื•ื™ืขื ื‘ืœืึทื˜", ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, 1210 ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ 
, ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•? ืื•ืŸ , ื™ืึธืกืขืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธืฐืฒื™", ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขื ืฉื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 
ืึทืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ; ื ืึธืจ ืžื›ึผื•ืช ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ! -- 
ืงื•ืจืฅ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ --- ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืจื‘ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ! 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึท ืคื™ืจ-ืคื™ื ืฃ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื ืขื 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืขืœ ื ืึธืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืคื™ืœืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืœืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคืจื•ืžืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคื™ืœืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื•ื“ืื™ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช 
-- ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘. --- ื ืึธืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ: 

1. ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก (ืึทืœืขืก!). 

2 ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืฆื• ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, 

3 ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4 ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ืก. 

5 ื“ื™ , ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ", 

6 ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ืก ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—, 

7. ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืžืฒึทื ืก ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. 

ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’. 

ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”-ืœืฒึทื˜ (ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืจ) ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ -- 
ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก.. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฑืฃ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืึธืก , ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ" ืคืฒึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ. 

ืคึผืก. --- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท 
ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืœืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืขืจ ืžืœืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฆืฐื™ื™ 
ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขื 5ื˜ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขื 5ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ! ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– , ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ"! ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš! = = -- 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื—, 8ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1902, 1 ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’ 

ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ื™ื™ื–, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜: ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืจืฒื™ึทื‘ืŸ ! 

ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ืื™ืš ืึท ืฉืœื•ื-ืœืื”ื•ื‘ื™-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธื’-ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’, ืึทืŸ 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ (ืืฒึทืขืจ ,ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ" ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ) ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธืŸ (ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’) --- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืžื•ื ืช ืื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš! 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ืื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ. ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืฒึทื ืขื 
,ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ื‘ื"ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 5ื˜ืŸ (!) ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ (!!) ื“ื™ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ (!:) ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ืึทื ืง ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืขื“ืขืจ (ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทื ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขื•ื• --- ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก, ืึทื‘ื™ ื ื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ !). ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืจื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืึทึตืœ ืข ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืง, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ -- ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื --- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™. ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ? ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ? 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืžื™ืื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืคืก ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืขืคื˜ืœืขืŸ -- -- -- ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ 
ืึท ืฉืึทื ื“ืข ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื—ืจืคึผื” ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ! ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ-ื›ึผื•ืœื --- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš -- ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืšึฐ!!! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืขื ืขืจ! ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 


264 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื. ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืจื‘ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ -- ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื—! ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืึทืœืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผืกื— ! 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ?. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜!!! ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜! ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 50 ืงืึธืคึผื™!ึผ 


2 ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 10ื˜ืŸ--11ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1902, 
ื—ื•ืœ-ื™ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืคึผืกื—, ืชืจืก"ื‘ 
ื’ื•ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข! 

ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื’ื™ื™ ื–ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ? ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™, ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืึธืŸ ืฐืึทื ื˜! 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืึทื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฉืขื” 25 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืช-ืœืขืช ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืื’ื•ืช-ืคึผืจื ืกื”! ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืžืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืึทืœืขืก ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื–ื•ื›ืŸ -- ืึท ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ? ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ (ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš) ืึท ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ , ืคื™ืฉืงืข", ืฐืึธืก ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜. ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜, ืึทื– ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื“ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ ืœืึธื– 
ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืืฒึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืชื”-ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื ืึธืš ืึทืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ , ืคื™ืฉืงืข" ืึธื“ืขืจ 

,ืงืœื™ืึทื˜ืฉืข" -- ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ! ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืขืจื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ, ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก! -- 


ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื (ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ืก) ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื–ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ , ืคื™ืฉืงืขืŸ", ื ืขื ืื™ืš 
,ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ" -- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ ? ืึท ื—ืจืคึผื” ืึท ื‘ื•ืฉื” -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ืฐืขืจืง! ืึท ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. -- 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื”, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื, ืึทื– 
ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืึทืจืฑืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืฑืก ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืกื•ื—ืจ -- ื–ื™ื™ ืฆืึธืœืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื˜! ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ (ืคืึทืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืกื•ื“, ืžื—ืžืช ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 
ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืคื ื™ืง) == ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ,,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ?. ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืคื ื™ืงืขืก ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืึธืฉืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขื. ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื! ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืฉ ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ 
ืึทืจื•ืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืขืœ ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ 
-- ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืกื•ื—ืจ. ,,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ" ืื™ื– ืึท ืงื”ืœืฉืขืจ ืขืกืง, ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆื“ืงื”-ืคึผื•ืฉืงืข: ,ืชื•ืฉื™ื”" 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื•ื—ืจื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื™ื–. ืขืฆืชื™, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืงืขืจื‘ืœ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืž ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื—ืจื™ื•ืช! ื ืึธืจ, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜! ื‘ื—ื“ืจ"ื’! 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืก. --- ื‘ืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ , ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”? ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืชึผื ืื™, ืึทื–, ืœืžืขืŸ- 
ื”ืฉื, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ื‘ ื˜ื—ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื™ื•ื“" (ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 7 ืึธื“ืขืจ 
5 ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื”). ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ. ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื , ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ" ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฐื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื˜-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืฉืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืฉืึทืคื˜: ืึท ืงืขืจื‘ืœ, 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืึท ืงืขืจื‘ืœ! -- ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ! ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. 


2 ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 14ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1902 

ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜, ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืคืฒึทืขืจ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื! ืื™ืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื–ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื™ ืคึผืกื—! ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• 13 ืฉื•ืœืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืขื•ื•. 
ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืจืขืงืœืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืงืกื˜ืข. --- ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื! 
ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜! -- 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 
ื•ื™ ืขืก ืงืึธื›ื˜. ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืชื ื™ืงืขืก, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทืจื•ื 
ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก" ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ,ืึทืฐืึทื ืกืŸ" ื‘ืฒึท ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืึทืจื˜ื™ืง! 

ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื ื“"ืจ 
ืœื•ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึทื™ื•ื•! ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื”ืึธืคื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท ื“ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“ื™ื™, 
ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืืฉ-ืœื”ื‘ื”. ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ!.. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜.,. ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. -- 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
,ืคืจื•ื™ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืจืฒึทื–ืข-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ" ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึธืœืงืกืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’". 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš. 
ืื™ื“ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงื˜ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžื: ืขืœืงื™ื›ื 


ื ื™ื˜! ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ? ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืš ืคืึทืจื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™. -- 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ , ืจืฒึทื–ืข-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ" ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ: 


ืคึผ ืขืงืœืขืš 
(ืจืฒึทื–ืข-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ) 
ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึทืœืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš". ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืคื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื–ืข-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ืคึผืขืงืœืขื“", ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 
ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื–ืข-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ. 


ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ? ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜? 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4 ืฆื• ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืจื™ื 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 11ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1902 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทื– ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืกื›ึผื ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ื ื’, ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืก 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืฆืฑื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’... ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืœืžืขื ืขืจ. ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ื ืก, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื‘ืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื“ืœืงื™ื™ื˜. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท 
,ืคึผืึทืจืจืขื˜ืขืจ", ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืึทืจืฑืกื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืžืก ืคื™ืจืžืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขืžืก ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขืจืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืžื™ืš ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจืจืขื˜ืขืจ.. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฐื™ ืฆื• ืฉืขืฆืŸ ื–ืฒื™; ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืœืขืกื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคืึทืจืึทื›ื˜ื’- 
ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฆืฑื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ,ืคืึทืจืึทื›ื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžื•ื™ื“", ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ,, ืฉื™ืคื—ื” 
ื ื—ืจืคืช", ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆื•ื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ... -- -- -- {ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืขืœื˜ืŸ. 


5 ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 17ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1902 

ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืึธืคึผื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช: ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ,,ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ" -- ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ? ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืฆืŸ, ืฐื™ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื—ืชืŸ -- -- -- ... ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ืึทืจื‘ืœ: ,ืึทื ื•, ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืึท ืคืจื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜!ึธ"... ืึท ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ, 
ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ืกืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜: ืื™ืš ืžื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 
ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ,,ื’ื ื™ืœืึธืคึผื™ืึทื˜ืงืข", ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืงืฐืึธืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื–ืฉืึทื‘ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึธื ืฉืžืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืจื™ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ืคืึทืจืคื•ื™ืœื˜ืข ืจื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ืฉืึธื‘ืขื›ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฃ (ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื ืืกืจื•-ื—ื’ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขื ื“ื™ืง...). 

ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜. ืืึธ, ื™ืึธ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืฑืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื”ืœืฐืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื›ึผื•ื— ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ , ืฉื˜ื•ื‘-ืฆืจื•ืช" (ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข: ืขืก ื’ืฒื˜ ืึท ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืึธื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ืจื”"ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆึดื™ 
ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ! ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื ืก ืžืŸ- 
ื”ืฉืžื™ื !...), ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ,, ืžื™ืจ" ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
, ื–ื™ื™" ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืชืŸ, ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืกื™ืคื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ -- ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ (ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, 20ืกื˜ืŸ, ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš), ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. 

ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื”! ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืื™ื–. ืื™ืŸ 


268 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฐื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคึผืจื™ึทืขืจ! -- ื ื•, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื–ืข-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
,ืคืขืงืœืขืš", ืœืึธื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืจืฒึทื•ืข-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ. 

ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ : ืคืึทืจืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, 

ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ: ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืขืก. 

ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืก. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืžื—ื™ื”-ื ืคืฉื•ืช! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ 
ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผืึธืขื˜! ืึท ื›ึผืคึผืจื” ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง! 


6, ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1902 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜- 
ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ (ืึทื—ืฉืชึผืจื ื™ื !), ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, 


ื ื›ื“ื›ื ืฉืœื•ื. ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืึทืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื ืื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขื–ืขืฆื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื! ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ 
ืืฒึทื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ --- ืึทืžืขืจ, ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ? 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทื ืก ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืชืคึผืขืœ; ืขืก ืžืขื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทื ื™ื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฆืขืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืขืก ืื™ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ! -- 


269 


ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื- ืฉืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืึทืฐืึทื ืกืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง., 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืงืœืขืจืก ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ. ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืœืึธื– ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึธืคึผืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขื 
,ื™ื•ื“ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ -- ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืŸ ืœืฆื ื•ืช, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืึทื™. ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื™ื˜ -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืึทื– ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ืคืึทืจ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ -- , ืžื•ืจื™ื”". 


ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ,,ืชึผื”ืœื™ื-ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ" ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜, ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ! ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืกื•ื“ื” -- ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื•ืฒืขืก ื‘ืฒ ืืฒืŸ = 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ , ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ?7" ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืจื•ืฉื, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“! 


ื“ื™ , ืจืฒึทื–ืข-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ" ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืฒึทื ื ื•ืžืขืจ 4 ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
,ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ". ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 3, ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 3. -- 


ืžืขืจืงืฐื•ืขืจื“ื™ืง! ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื , ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš"; ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ , ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš" ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื ืขืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข 
ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืกืขืจื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ืฉืงืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 
ืœืึทื›ืŸ! ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ,, ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš". ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ -- ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืขืก ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ื™ื ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก , ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš" ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ! (ืึท ,ื–ืฉื™ืฐืึธื˜ื ืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ"!). ืฐื•ึผ ืงืจื™ื’ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ,,ื–ืฉื™ืฐื•ืึธื˜ื ืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ" ? -- ื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜; ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ -- 
ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจื™ื, ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ืคืŸ , ื–ืฉื™ืฐื•ืึธื˜ื ืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ". 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื“ืจืึทืžืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ" --- ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืž"ื! -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ: 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื’ืขืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืš, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ืžืขืŸ? -- ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื–ืฉื™ืฐื•ืึธื˜ื ืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืœ, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืฉ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš. 


ืืฒึทืขืจืจ ืฉืœื•ื-:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ, 


20 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8 ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ืงืœืขื•ื•, 3ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 


ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ? ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™, ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ ืึท 
ืžื™ืงืจืึธืกืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ื˜ ? ืฉืึทื“ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ : ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืขืœืข ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ --- ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืฒื™ืกื˜! -- ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืŸ ืžืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื– ? ื ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื—ืœื•ืžื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืก ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื›ืช-ื™ืžื™ื -- ืก'ืื™ื– ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื !., 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืจืขื›ื˜: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืึทืœืฅ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ืึธืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืขื“. --- *ืึธ, 
ืฐืฒืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ -- -- --? ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ื‘ืจื” 
,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ", ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ึผืคึผืจื•ืช, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ -- ื”ืžื ืก 
ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช! ืึท ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืื™ืฃ ืื™ื, ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ!.. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“, ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื ืคืฉืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ, ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš, ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ 

ืึทืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš. 
ื ื›ื“ื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ื .ื‘. -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, 
ืœืขืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, ืฆืขื’ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ืคึผืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึท ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขืœืงืข 
-- ืคืข! 

ืค0. --- ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ื ืข ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ื ืข ืคืขืŸ ืง ืึธ ืกืึธ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ื˜ื™ื ื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืœื™ืกืŸ! ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคื™ื ืฃ ื’ื™ืœื“ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืœืึธื–, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื”ื ืึธื” 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. -- ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
,ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš" ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ? 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“" ? 

ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืึธืœืขื˜-ื˜ื™ื ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื˜'ืื™ืจ 


ื˜ ?ึถ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ? ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง 7 ืžืฒึท 1915. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9 ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึทืจ 


ืงืœืขื•ื•, 3ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ 
ื‘ื—ืคึผื–ื•ืŸ -- ื›ืึทืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก. 


574 


ืฆื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื’ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืขืก: ื) ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ืœ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ืื™ ืึทื”ืขืจ. ื‘) ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ 
ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“" ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื’) ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื -- -- -- ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ืกืš ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช, ืึทืŸ ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ (ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืฉ ืจ) ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื 
, ื™ื•ื“". ืื™ืš ืžืขื’, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“" ืžืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื–ื™ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช -- ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื. ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื ืึธืš ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ (ื ื™ื˜ ืขืœ"ืคึผื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ) ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš" -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืขื•! = == -- 


ืื™ืฆื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช. 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ -- ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืึทืš! ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ 
,ื™ื•ื“ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืžืขื’ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืึธืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืชึผื ืื™: ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช; ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,, ืคืจื•ื™ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐื“ืื™! -- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฆื™ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“" ืึธืคึผืงื•ื™ืคืŸ -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
ื™ืึธ. ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ืึธ! ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืึธืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื—ื“ืจื™ื. ื”ื’ื ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธืœืข. ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžืขืœื” ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึทืฐืึทื ืก. ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ,,ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜". ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš 
ื”ืืคืŸ ื’ืฐื•ื™ืกืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืคืš ื ืกืš ื ื—ืช. = -- = 


ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื–ืึทืš, ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 15ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฑืก ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื“ืขื 15ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืžืฒึท, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจ- 
ืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืœื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจื•ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ 100 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื 4ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ, 
ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• -- ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 8, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ืข. 
ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ, 
ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 


02 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื”ืฆืœื™ืคื 


ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื ืคืฉ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ; ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืึท ืกืš ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ ืขื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื, 
ืฐื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ืขื ืขื.. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ -- ืœืึธื ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ... 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืข 
ืึทืจืฑืก ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื”, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืœื™ื“ื ื™ืก. -- ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš" ืื•ื™ืš. ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืฉืœื•ืžื•ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


-- ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืงื•ืงื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฉื™ื—ืŸ. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืœืขืš, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ื ื—ืช, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื -- ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜! 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงึตื™ืขื•ื•, 3ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 

ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืจื•ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœืข. ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ. -- -- -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’. ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื•ืช, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš. -- 
ืฐื•ืขื“ืœื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ, ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ (ืฉื‘ืช) ืึทืจืฑืก 
ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืขืœื™-ื‘ืชึผื™ื. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืึถืคึผ ื“ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“", ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืกืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึทืœืŸ. -- ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ืึท ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜. -- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฉื™ืฐืึธื˜ื ืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืœ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ืึทื“ื™ืึท. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงึดื™ึดืขื•ื•, 4ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื‘ืชึผื™ื: ืžืึธืจื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืงืœืึทืคึผ -- ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืŸ, ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš! 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื?ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื™ื•ื“" ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ื– ืขืฆืชื™, 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœืึทื˜: ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืžื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืœ-ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืึธืจืขื ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืขืจ -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืก ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจืึธืœืข ื‘ืฒึทื ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืจ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ (ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ), ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืจ: -- - -- 

ืกืข ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึทื ืžืึธืœืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืขื ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืš 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืœืึทืคึผ ื ืฒึทืข, ืคืจื™ืฉืข, ืฆืึทืคึผืœื“ื™ืงืข. ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ (,ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš", ,ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš") ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœ- 
ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ, ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฆืึทืฆืงืข ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ืขื ืขื -- ืงื•ืจืฅ, ืกื™ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึท, ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืฒึท, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ -- 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคึผืึทืงื˜ ืœื™ืžืขื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคึผืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื•ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึธื‘ืขื“ืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ! -- 

ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคื•ื ืขื 1ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ -- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ -- -- -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ืฉ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ.. 


2,. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 5ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืขืงืœ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืจืึธื–ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืึทืจ ืื™ืจ 
ืืžืชืข ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืก ,,ื™ื•ื“ืŸ"... 
ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ,, ืคึผืึธืœืงืกืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’", ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ =- ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜. ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทื ืึธื ืกืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื• ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœื™ืฉ. 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจืงืึทืกืขืก 
, ืกืึทืœืึทืžืึทื ื“ืจืึท", ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื ื™ืฆืœืขื›ืข ื–ืึทืš ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ืชึผื™ื™ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืœืึทืžืึทื ื“ืจืึท, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืงืึทื ื˜, ืึท ื™ื™ึธื“, 
ื”ืขืจ ื“. ืฉื˜ื™ืœืžืึทืŸ, ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 


2374 


ืฆืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืคื•ื” ืฉืœืฐืื’ ืขืฆืœื™ืคื 


ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ืคืึธืœืงืกืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ืึทืœืข ืฐืึธืš, ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืžื™ื–ืจื—", ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ืฉืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืงืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกื˜. ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืฉืจ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึทื‘ืึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึทืœืข ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืึท ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคืจืึทื ืงืึธ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. -- -- -- ืกืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืึท 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืžืืžืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืกืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’", ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš -- ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืกื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜. ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ื™ืคืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ืจืžืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืกืฐืขืœื˜. 
ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ื— ืจื™ืฉืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. -- ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึฟืจื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฆื• ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ. -- ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“"ืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ,, ืกืึทืœืึทืžืึทื ื“ืจืึท" ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ืฉืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืžืขืœ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ -- 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš ,, ืกืึทืœืึทืžืึทื ื“ืจืึท" ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึทืจืฑืก ื’ืขืœื˜. -- -- -- 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืคื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 

ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืฅ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš, ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš. ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ -- ืึทืžืขืจ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทืžืข, 
ืขืœื™ื”-ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื”. , ืฐืึทืจื˜, 
ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื“ื• ืขืกืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื”" -- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื—ืœืฉื˜! -- 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ (ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 100 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืกื‘ืึทื ืง -- ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ!), ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื ื—ืช. 
ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข-ื—ื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืงืขืก ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ! ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผืฆื™ึถืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืงืจืขื ืง. ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืึทื›ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข-ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื”ืึทืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท โ€ ื—ื•ื“ ืฉ 


275 


ืฆื‘ื”ื™ื—ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœืžื: ืขื”ื™ื›ื 


(ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ : ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™), ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ (ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜), ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก: ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง: ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ -- -- ---, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ! 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ื’ืข, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. -- -- -- ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ื“ืจืฉืŸ ื“ืจืฉืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฐืึธืก ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืœื™, 
ืžืข ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ: ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืงื ืขืœื•ื ื’! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื”ืœื•ืึทื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืึทื‘ืจ... ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜, ื“ื™ 
0 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ -- -- --, ืื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืฃ, ืกืึทืžืข ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืžืข ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ (ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืฆืขืคืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืขืก), ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœ. ื‘ืืฉืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜! ืื™ืš ืžืึทืš ืืฒึทืš ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง; ืื™ืš ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท 
ืฆื•ืคืึทืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ? -- -- -- ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™, ื™ื•ืœื™, ืืฑื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืึทื‘ืจ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืงื•ืงืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื– (ืจืืฉ-ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ), ื‘ื™ื– 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ! -- -- -- ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืŸ"ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืึทื’ืข ืกืึทืžืข ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘. ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, 
ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ 100 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง! 


4. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 10ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“! 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ -- ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข! ืึทื– ืžืข ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ? ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”. ื’ื“ื™ืข ื˜ืึธื ืงืึธ, ื˜ืึทื ืื™ ืจืฐื™ืึธื˜ืกื™ืึท. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ -- ืฉืึท, ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื•ื™ 
ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช-ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื“ (ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ,ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ", 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜). ื“ื™ 100 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืึธืกื•ื“ืึทืจืกื˜ืฐืขื ื ื™ ื‘ืึทื ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืจื™ืฐืึทื˜ื‘ืึทื ืง, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜. ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข-ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 
ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ืžืื” ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธื–ืขื˜ืŸ ืึท ืžืื”. ืจืึธื–ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืจืขื ื•- 


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ืคื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžืื™ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืขืจืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ืจื ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข:ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืฒื™ืกืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ (ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืžืกืชึผืžื)!!! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 13ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 
ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผ. ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ื“ืขืก: -- -- --. ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช; ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึทืœื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜. ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ, 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ึผืกื“ืจ ืคืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ. ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข: ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ (ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ) ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœืขืฆ ื˜ืข ืคึผืจืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืึทื—ืจ ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืึทื‘ืึทื˜, ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื•ื™ืš, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื  ืข ื˜ ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ. ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ื ืึท 
ืคืฒึทื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืคืขื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืึทื˜ืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืคืŸ 
ืฆื™ื ื’ืœ -- ืึท ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, 
ืื™ื ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข-ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš 50-30 ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื“ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืึทื—ื•ืฅ -- ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืคื™ืœ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ื™ ,ืกืคึผืจืึทืฐืึธื˜ืฉื ืึทื™ืึท ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืึท" 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ึทืขืฐืขืจ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืžืึทื ืึทื›ืŸ -- ืกืึท ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ! 
ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืœืึทื ืงืŸ, ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื˜ืœืขืš, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื’ืœืึทื˜ืข ืงืึทืจื˜ืœืขืš -- ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 14ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 

ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“"ืจ ืœื•ืจื™ืึท ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš 
ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ, -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืข ืฆ ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ื—ื‘ืจื” -- -- --, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืึธืŸ ื›ึผืขืก, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื˜, ื–ื™ืš 


37 


ืคื›ื™ื•ื•ื™ืคื ื–ื• ืฉืœื•ื ืคืฆืœื™ื™ื›'ื 


ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื‘ืข. ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื”ื ืื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท 
ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ; ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜, ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ื‘-ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ 
ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ. -- -- -- ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 50 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื. -- 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืจื™ื 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 14ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 


ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข (ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜) 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช-ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ 21 ,,ื™ื•ื“" ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ -- -- ---, ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ื ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜. ืขืก ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืคึผืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื‘ื˜ืŸ , ืขืกืงื™ื–ืŸ-ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ" 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ืคืึทืจืจืขื›ื ื˜ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
,,ื”ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื". ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืฉืžื™ืฅ 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืžื™ืกืขื ืขื: ;ืึทื ื•, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืขืกื˜ ื“ื• ืื•ื ื“ื• ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ"... ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ : 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืฒึท-ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขื™ึดืง ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืขืกืงื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืœืฅ, ืึท 
ืคึผืœืฑื“ืขืจื–ืึทืง ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื”. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœ ืขื•ื•ื™, ืึท ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ 
ืื™ื, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจืขื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜". ืื™ืš ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœ! -- -- -- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืึทื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคึผืึธืžืขื ื™ืฆืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืžืข ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืฉืžื•ืฅ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืขืจืŸ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ, 
ื–ืึทืžื™ืขืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืœื“ื™ืงืข 
ืฆื™ื’ืึทืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื–ืฐืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก ืฆืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืึทืœืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืึธื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืึทืคื™ืœื• 


28 


ื‘ืจื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื: ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒื™-ืœืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื -- -- -- ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ ืœืฆืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ืŸ ? ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืขืกืงื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ื–ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื™ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ -- ืขืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜! ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜! ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจืŸ ? ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืœืฒืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉืฒึทืžืคึผืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื–ืึทืš ? ืฆึดื™ 
ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืŸ-ื“ืขื- 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ืžืœืขืš ? ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ ื—ื“ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื”ืฉื‚ื’ื•ืช ? ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš" 
-- ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืง ืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืง ืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ื”ืฉื‚ื’ื•ืช ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš -- ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืคึผืึทืจื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข , ืžืึทื“ืึท- 
ืžืขืŸ" ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ , ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ", ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก , ื˜ื‘ื™ื”", 
ืื•ืŸ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื”" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก , ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ", ืื•ืŸ , ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขืคึผืœ" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ,, ื‘ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง", ืึธื“ืขืจ , ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืจื™ืฉื ืข ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜" ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ,,ืคึผืจื™ื–ื™ื•ื•", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ , ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขืคึผืœ", ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืœืฆื ื•ืช, ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื•ืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ืข ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื (ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืข- 


ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืจ -- -- --) ? ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจืฆื•ืงืขืจื˜, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืฐืฒึทื˜- 
ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื”ืขืจ -- -- --, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ , ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขื˜ 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข-,, ื ืึธืจ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง! ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ื’, ืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉ ื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ" 
ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ...). ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ืกืฒึท ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื ืจื•ืคื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ, ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ืจืขืจืฃ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ 
ื•ื™ ืœืฆื ื•ืช. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืจื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ,ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื—ื–ืจืŸ", ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ึผืคึผืจื•ืช. 

-- ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ืก? ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืœืึทื›ืŸ! 

-- ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืœืึทื›ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ.. 

ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,, ืฉ ื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’". ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆืึทืฆืงืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืจืŸ ืฉื‚ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืขืจื˜ืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทืœื˜, , ืึธืคึผื ืขืœืขื‘ื˜" (ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ). ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ, ืึทื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ,ื™ื•ื“" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื - ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ? ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืฐืขืจืกื˜ ื“ื• ืึทืœื˜, ืึทื– ืขืก ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ-ืฉืฐืึทื›ืงืฒื˜ ืืฒึทื ื ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืขื ืข ืื•ืžืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืึทืจืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื’ืึทื‘ื˜ืงืฒื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ื•ืŸ -- ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ืึธ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ! ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจื‘ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ !... ื™ืึธ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึท 
ืฐืฒึทืœืข, -- ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ" -- ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ื™ืฒื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ? ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฉืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ-ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคืฉืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜- 
ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืข, ืฐื™ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืžื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ! 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืžื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืง. 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื ืขื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข 
ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื ืฒึทืขื ืงื•ืจืก" (ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืœื™ื‘!), 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืœืขืคื˜: ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืœืฆืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ื– ? ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ 
ืื™ื! ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืขืกืงื™ื–ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืข, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื - 
ื’ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ -- -- --! ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ , ืฉืจืฆื™ืžืœืขืš" ืื•ืŸ , ืจืžืฉื™ืžืœืขืš", 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื•ืงืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึตืœ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืึท ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื—ื›ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื‘ืขื ืง! ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืงืจืฑื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื‘ืจืขืงืœืขืš ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืขื“ืขื›ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื™ ื“ืึธืก -- ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืข... 


ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืงืจืฑื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืžื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื? ื“ืึธืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™, ื”ืœื™ื ื•: 
ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืึทื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืฒึทื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืจืขื ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืจื™ื–. ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื–ืึท ืฉืฐืึทื›ื™ื ืงืขืจ ืœืฅ ื•ื™ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืกืฒึท ื•ื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื• ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ! ื™ืึธ, 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“" ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึท ืžื—ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ" (ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึทืœืข 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข) ื’ืขืงืœืขืงื˜ ืงื•ืจืึทื–ืฉ ืฆื• ื‘ื‘ ืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
(ืึทื–ืฑ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜?) ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. 
ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜, 
ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ-ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืคึผืกื— ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื’ืึทื‘ื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทืฐืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืœ (ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืกืงื™ื•" -- ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 


20 


ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื”ื. ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืข, ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ !) ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื’ืจื™ื ืก 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ 21! ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜. ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืงืฑืœืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ: ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืจ" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ? ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ?... 
ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืึทื– ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ , ื‘ืขืœื™ 'ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ' ') ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ื›ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืขื ืึธื ืคืึทืœ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื ืฆื ื ื•ืžืฆืจ 21 ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืš. ืึทื ื™ื˜ -- ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข, ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ 
ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืคืœืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื“ืขื 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ืขืกืงื™ื–ืŸ", ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ?... 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“". -- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜. 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 16ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 

ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื ืง ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. -- -- ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ. -- -- -- ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึท ืจื•ื—, ืึท ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ-ื™ืึธืจ, ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ... 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ื ื™ืฅ, ืฐื™ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืกื•ื›ึผื”-ืฉืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”: 
ืžื™ึทืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืขื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกื—, ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™, ืฆึดื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืžืขื’ ื“ืึธ ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึท , ืคึผืจืึทืฐืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืข" ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ? ืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™: ,ืึธื”ืึธ! ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ,ืคึผืจืึทืฐืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืข"! -- ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ืึธื˜ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท , ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ" 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขื˜ืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ืจื‘, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืขื’ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื• ืžืึทืŸื ื•ื— ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 
ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ ? ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 


281 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืขืœื™ื›ืื˜ 


ื‘ืึทืฉืฆืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ. ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ื™ ืžืึธืจื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืฃ ? --- ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ (ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฐื™ ืึท ืžืึธื ืึทืจืš) ืžื•ื– ืขืจ 
ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทื– 
ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืจื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื•ืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ: , ืฉืึท, ืฉืึท, ื ืึท ื“ื™ืึทื“ื™ืึท, ื ืึท !" ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’, 
ื‘ื™ื– ืžืข ืคืึทืจื“ื•ืœื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. -- -- -- ื’ื™ื™, ืžืึทืš 
ืขืคึผืขืก, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืข!.. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืงื™ืึธืกืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืจืขืฉื˜ืฉืึทื˜ื™ืง, ืคืึทืจ ืึท 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข. ืœืึธื– ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜! -- ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš --- ืฐื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? 


ืฉืœื•ื” ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


9, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงึดื™ืขื•ื•, 25ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 


ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื”. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ; ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐื™ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืึท ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขื’ืžืช-ื ืคืฉ. ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืืœ-ืจื—ื•ื ื•ื—ื ื•ืŸ ืืจืš ืืคึผื™ื, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืžืกืชึผืžื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉืœืึทืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜. ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื–... ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื 
ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ (ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ,, ืขืก ืคื™ื“ืœื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜"), ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ" ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทื ืขืŸ, 
ืึทื–... ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื’ 
ืขืก ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฐื•ืฒึทื‘ ื‘ื™ื– 120 ื™ืึธืจ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข 
ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืชืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืœืžืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜? ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, 
ืžืกืชึผืžื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืขืกื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืœื˜ืŸ.. 
ืึท ื’ืจื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืœื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื—ื™ื•ืช ! ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืขืก 
ืืฒึทืš ? ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืึทื– ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืฐื™ืœ ืžื™ืš 
, ืึธื ืœืึธื“ืŸ" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ื– ืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื“ืขื ื“"ืจ ืกืงืึทืžืึทืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืึทืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืึทื– ืžืข ื–ืึทืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืึทื‘ื™ ืกื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึท 
ืงืึทืœื˜ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืฉ, ืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืœืึธื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, ืึท ื“ืื’ื” ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ืึทื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืคืœืขืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึท ืจืึธืกืœืคืœืฒื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืงื ืึธื‘ืœ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืงื ืึธื‘ืœ ? ืื™ืš ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ! ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื•, ืึทื– ืก'ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึท ืžื™ืื•ืกืขืจ ืจื™ื—, ื ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ืœื, ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ืงื ืึธื‘ืœ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื ืึธื‘ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืžืข 
ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงืœืขืจืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืžืึทืจืึธื–ืฉืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ึผืคึผืจื•ืช! ืฐืึธืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืฐื™ , 
ื˜ืคื• ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื” ื“ืขื 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง !... ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืึทื–... ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืืžืช ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“", ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืžืช, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื–... ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ? ืฐืึธืก? ืฆื• 
ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ืขื’ืžืช-ื ืคืฉ ? ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•? ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ืงืจืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื˜ืฉืขืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืฒืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ึถื•ืขืœืŸ ืžืขืจ ื’ืึทืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ืฒื™ื -- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ : 
ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ? ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ! ื™ืึธ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืœื”, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš, ืึท ื’ืœื™ืง, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืคืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืฒึทื›ืก, ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ืจืฒึทื›ืก, ืึท 
ืกื‘ืจื” ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืึทื– ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืžืชึผื ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื•ื•ืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ืึทื ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜! ื“ืขืจ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ืื™ื– ืึท , ื–ื™", ืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื—ืžืช ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึท , ื–ื™", ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ,ืขืจ". ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื: ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึท , ื–ื™" -- ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ,ืขืจ", ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึทืŸ 
,ืขืจ" -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึท , ื–ื™ื™ื™. ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื! ื ืึธืจ ืฉืึท, ื˜ืคื• ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึทืคึผืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื– ืื•ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืžืช ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ, 
ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜!! 
ืžืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฆืจื•ืช. ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ -- ืึธืžืŸ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0 ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 26ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 


ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื™. ื—. ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื•ื—. ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ื "ื™, 

ืฐืึธืก ืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ? ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืŸ -- ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืงืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืข ! ืฐื•ึผ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ? ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืึท ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ? ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜! ืึท ,, ืคื™ื“ืœ" ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ ืงืึทืจื’ -- ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท , ืคื™ื“ืœ" ืžื™ื˜ ืึท , ืžืขืกืขืจืœ"! ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ? -- 


283 


ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข -- ื“ืึธืก , ืžืขืกืขืจืœ" ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืึธื ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ, ืืฑื™ืกืคึผื•ืฆืŸ, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืœืึทื ืฆืŸ! ื™ืขื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ืžืึทืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืก'ื ืฒึท -- ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”! ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ , ืžืขืกืขืจืœืขืš". ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืฉื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžื™ืจ -- ื ืึท ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงืึทืจื’! ื ืึท ื“ื™ืจ ืึท , ืžื•ืจื™ื”"! 
ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืงืจืึทืฆื˜ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ,,ืœ"ื’-ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ -- ื ืึทื˜, 
ืฐืึทืจื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืก, --- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ื™ื ืขื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ืขืก ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืึท ืคึผื•ืฅ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ ื’ื•ืคื ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืžื—ืžืช ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 250 ื™ืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืึทืœื˜ืข 
ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืœื˜ -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท 
ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข. 


1 ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึทืจ 


ื ื•ืžืขืจ 1 
ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 


ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 

ื”ื•ืจืจืจืจืจืจืจืจืจืจืจืึท!!!! 

ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
-- ื‘ืจืึทืฐืึธ! ื‘ืจืึทืฐื•ืึธ! ืืžืช, ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทื“ืข-ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ , ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข" 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘ (ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ 
ืึทืจื•ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึทืœื‘ ?!), ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืฐื™ืฐื•ืึทื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ! 
ืฐื™ืฐืึทื˜ ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”"! ืฐื™ืฐืึทื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! --- ืื•ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™, 
ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื -- -- --, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืฒึทืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ , ืคืึธืœืงืกืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’", ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข -- -- --. ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜; ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืŸ ืขื•ืœื-ื•ืžืœื•ืื•, ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ,ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ,, ืจื‘ ื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ืœืขืŸ", ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ... -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึทืจื˜ 
ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ! ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทืคึผืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ืฉืจ- ื›ึผื•ื— ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ื, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


268 


ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ --- ืึทื ื™ื˜.. ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜! -- ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืข. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ื‘ืจืึทื•ื•ืึท! 


2 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื ื•ืžืขืจ 2 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 31ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืคื™ืจ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืจืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขื•ื• -- 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข -- ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, 


ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! -- 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื ื•ืžืขืจ 3 
ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 31ืก0ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 


ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ!... 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš 
ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข : 

,ืคืึธืœืงืกืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’": 1) ืœืฒื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื’ื•ื˜, ืฉืึทืจืฃ, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืœืึทื ื’ืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 2) , ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™-ืžืœืึธื›ื•ืช" --- ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜, ืœืฒึทื›ื˜, ืขืจื ืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ืขื•ืœื. 3) ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง --- ืงื•ืจืฅ, ืึธืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข 
ื—ื›ืžื”ืจืฒึทืขืŸ -- -- --. 4) ืฐืขืœื˜ื ืฒึทืขืก -- ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ื’ื•ื˜, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜, 
5) ,ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜" -- ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ-ืื•ืŸ ื’ืžืจื-ืื•ืŸ ืžื“ืจืฉ-ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. -- ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, 
ื–ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง. ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ ืข ื ืกื•ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข... 6) ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื ืฒึทืขืก ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ, 7) ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื -- ืงื•ืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึธืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืฆืขืคืึธืœื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืึทืœืฅ. 8) ืœื™ืคึผืžืึทืŸ 
ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. 9) , ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ 


285 


ื‘ืจ "ื•ื•ืฆืคื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื•ื -- ืขืœื™ืœื›ื›ื 


ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ" -- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ื™ืขื ืข! ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ 
-- ืžื—ื™ื” ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืคึผืขืจืœ, ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ. 11) , ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช" -- ืึธื˜ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ! ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ 1 ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš -- ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช! --- ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืงืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข. ื‘ื›ืœืœ -- ื‘ืจืึทืฐืึธ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 31ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1902 


ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื™ืจ 
ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคืจื•ื™ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ื™ 


{) ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข -- ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”. 2) ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ -- ืึท ืกืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". 2) ืœืฒื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ -- ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฐืึทืจืขื, ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืึทื ื’ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, 4) ื ืฒึทืขืก -- ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื ืฒึทืขืก ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคืึทืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ? 5) ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืฒึทืขืก -- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข. 
6 ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ -- ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš. 7) ืคืึทืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก -- ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกืึทื ื˜. 8) ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ -- ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜, ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 9) ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข 
--- ืคืฒึทืŸ, ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ. 10) ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ -- ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ -- ื“ืœื™ืึท ืจืึทื–ื ืึธืึธื‘ืจืึทื–ื™ืึท. --- ื ืึธืš 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ: ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ , ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข" ืื™ื– ืฆืขื”ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ! ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจ ; 
ื‘ืึธื“ืฒึท ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ (ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœื•ืกื˜ 
ื‘ืฒึทื ื ื•ืžืขืจ 1, ืึทืœืก ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข-ื ื•ืžืขืจ). ื‘ื›ืœืœ -- ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื™ืฐืึทื˜ ,ืชื•ืฉื™ื”" ! ืฐื™ืฐื•ืึทื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ! ืฐื™ืฐืึทื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! -- ืึทื“ื™ืขื•, 


ืฉืœื•ื ืคืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ืึทื™ืึทืจืงืข, 11ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ 2 ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื ืฒึทืขืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช: 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ-ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ 
ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ 19023. ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 


286 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืจืฅ, ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืžื‘ืขืจื’, ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื™ืก ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’. -- 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื”' 
ืœื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ. -- ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืงืกื™ืžื™ืœืขืก 
(ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช) ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’. --- ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ื•ืš ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื“ืงื”-ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืกืš ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. -- ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 

ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 2 ื“ื™ , ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ", 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, 15ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื™ 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 


ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืึทืคึผืจื™ื–ืŸ, 
-- ืฉืœื•ื, 

ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช -- ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฉื™ืฐืึธื˜ื ืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื–, 
ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ; ื’ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก --- ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–, ืœืžืึทื™ ืื™ืš 
ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืคึผืขืœื™ืฉ. ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฆืขืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืขืœื™ื•ืฉ, ืึทื– ืกืข ืงืึธืกื˜ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผืขืœื™ื•ืฉ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ? 
ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ: 


ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืขืœื™ืฉ: 


ืึท ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข ืงืึทืจืึธื‘ืงืข == - -- 150 
ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืงื™ืขื•ื• ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืจืึธื‘ืงืข -- -- -- 5 
ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืคึผืึธื“ืึธืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜ = -- -- 0. 
ืœืฒึทืฐื’ื˜ = == == 5. 
ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืขื•ื• -- -- == 1.5 
ืฉืึทื˜ืึธ ื“ืข ืคืœืึธืจ (ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทื– ืžืข ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 

ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึทื˜ืึธ) -- -- -- 250 

ืึท ื ืึธื“ืœ-ืคืึธื“ืขื == == == 10. 

ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”, ื–ืขืœืฆืขืจ-ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืจ == -- -- 5 

ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื™ืœืงืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ -- - -- 0 

ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึธ -- -- -- 8. 
8 ืจื•"ื› 


ื ื•, ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขืกืง ? ืื•ืŸ ืึทื’ื‘, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ? 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


287 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7 ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 18ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1902 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื! 

ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜: 
ืื™ืš ืœื™ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืœื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืงืจืึทื ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, 

ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข" ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,ืžืขืกืขืจืœ" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ื˜ืขื: ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ; ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง: ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ , ืžืขืกืขืจืœืขืš". 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžืึธื“ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ , ืคึผืขืจืขื’ืึธืฐืึธืจืŸ" ? ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ืฆื•ื•ืื”, ืึทื– ,,ืคืึธื ื™" ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืœื ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ืคึผืงื“? 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8 ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


4 7, 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธืŸ! 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจื™ื™ืฆื‘ืขื ื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื ื™-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืก ? -- ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืคืึทืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ? 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9 ืฆื• ืคืจื•ื™ ื™. ืจืึธื–ืขื ืฆืฐืฒึทื’, ืึทื“ืขืก 


ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, 7ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1902 

ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ืžืึทื“ืึทื ืจื•ื™ื–ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ ! 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืฐืึทืจื˜ื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื ืขืœืฆื•ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฐื™ ืึท ื’ืึทืกื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ ืงืœืึทืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท 
ืื™ืจ ืจืขื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืงืึธื˜ืœืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ื’ ; ื‘ื•ืœืงืขืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืก -- ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ืข ืžืึทืกืœื™ื ืขืก. 


268 


ื‘ืจื™ืฐื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ืืžืฆืœื™ืคื 


ืงื•ื’ืœืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™, ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืœื™ื•ื“ืžืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื’ืึทื–ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืงืึทืึธ ืฆืึทืคึผื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื™ืคืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ืขืœืฆืขืจ-ืฐืึทืกืขืจ. ืึทื™ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืœืฆืขืจ-ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ื–ื™ื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืงืึทืึธ 
ื–ื™ื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜? ืึท ื“ืื’ื”, ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืฉื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืกื˜ืŸ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ืึทื‘ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ -- ืึทืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜... ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ืึท ืกืš 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš. ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคึผื•ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืœ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜! 
ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0, ืฆื• ื”ืขื ืขืš ืขื™ื‘ืจื™ 


ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’" 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœืงืกืฆืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื’" 
ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" 
6 ืคื 1832 ืคืืงื”ืกื 
ื‘ืึทื™ืึทืจืงืข, 10ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1902 


ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืจื‘ ื”ืขื ืขืš ืขื™ื‘ืจื™! 

ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ? ืื™ืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื•ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื•ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ? ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ! ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ 
ืžื™ืš, ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ึผื•ืžืจ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขื ื—ื›ื, ืฐืขืงื˜ ืื™ื, 
ื˜ืึธืจืขื˜ ืื™ื, ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื, ืจื•ืคื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขื ืžื—ื•ืชึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืจืึทืฉื˜ืฉืข, ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขืฐื•, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช, ืึทื– ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ึผืœ- 
ืกื•ืฃ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ึผื•ืžืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืกืง ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ == =- -- 
ื”ืœื•ืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ! ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆืฒื™ื›ื ื˜ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ื‘ืึทื™ืึทืจืงืข, 14ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึทืŸ! 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ : , ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜..." ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื“"ื” ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืฉื˜, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜. 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 


289 


ื‘ืจื™ื˜; ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืœืึธื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? --- ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืœืขืฉืœ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื•ืฃ, 
ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื‘ืจื•ื›ืŸ" ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื 
-- ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ. ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ-ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 15ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1902 
ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืขืžื ื• ื”' ืฉ. ืคืจื•ื’, ื "ื™, 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืฑื™ึทืฉ, ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, 
ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืกื’ื•ืœื” ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื“ , ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื•ื—", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,,ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ 
ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืก ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืก 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจืจ; ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ืขืจื‘. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


100.5 


ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธืŸ! 

ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ -- ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืึท ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขื›ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ- 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ? ื“ืขืจ ื ืคืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื, ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืฉ, ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืื•ืกืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืข! -- ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜! ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืขื ืฅ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืœื•ืขื ืฆื™ืข. ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืžืืก ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 


290 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืž: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื– ืจื™ื ื˜.. ืึท ืงืจืขื ืง, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืข. ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ -- -- -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืจื•ื™ื ืžื•ื– ื—ืจื•ื‘ ืฐืขืจืŸ -- ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธื’ ืขืก, ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืึธืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื”... ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท ืขืก ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ืฆื• ืงืขื ืขืŸ! ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืึธื ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืขืคื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืขื•ื“ ื™ื“ื• ื ื˜ื•ื™ื” --- ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
--- ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืขื•. ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜; 00067 ืืกืขืื•ื ืืฆืž ืืก:6ื—16 1100 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืงืขืœื‘ืœ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื ื’, ืœืึทื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทื ื•, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ? ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“, 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจืฒึท -- ืื•ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš ! ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื‘ื™ืช-ืžื“ืจืฉ-ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ! ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื‘ืื™, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ -- 
ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช. 


4, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงืจืขืžืขื ื˜ืฉื•ื’, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืฑื’ื•ืกื˜ 1902 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 21ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธ ืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคึผื•ื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ. ืžืข ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื•ื, ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืœื˜ืึทืฐืข, ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืœื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ืื™ืš ืจืฒึทืก ืžื™ืš ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงืึทื˜ืขืจื™ื ืึธืกืœืึทืฐื•, ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜! ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ --- ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ ืึท ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ. ื™ืึธ -- ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื•ื–ืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜, ืงื•ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื“ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึท 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื›ืึทืœื™ืึทืกื˜ืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืข- 
ืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,,ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜" ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
-- ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก 
ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- -- -- ืื•ืŸ ื•ืึทื—ืจื™ ื›ึผื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ึผืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ 
ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืœืึทื’ืข -- 


291 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ! 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ: ืื™ืš 
ืคืœืขื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื—ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ -- ืึท ืคืœืขื›ื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืž ืชืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง, ืึท ืœืึท 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. -- ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืข; ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ื™ืœื•ืง: ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข... ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื“ืจืขืก , ืฉืœืขื–, ืงืจืขืžืขื ืฆื•ื’", ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ืจืขืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทืจืึทื ื–ืฉื™ืจื˜, 

9. --- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ืกืš ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ; 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ; ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืึธืก ืฆืขืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 
ื’ื™ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. 


5 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 29ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1902 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜, ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื. ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืฆื• ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ? -- ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืงืฉื™ืึท: 
ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ? ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง (ืึท ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ) ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ: 
ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜? 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš? ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, ื›ึผืœ-ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ 
ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืš. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


-- ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืึทื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืฉืœืึทืฃ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก , ื–ืฉื™ืฐืึธื˜ื ืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ" -- ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืคืึทืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืงื™ื ื“! ืฐืขืจ ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืคืึทืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืœื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืจื™ื‘ื ืข ื˜ืจืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืœืขืš, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืจื ื“ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 


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ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžื ืขืœื™ื›ื” 


ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืฅ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒื™; ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื˜ื ืงืฒื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืคืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘. ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ืก'ืื™ื– ืขื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืึทืชึนึผื”! ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืึทื– ืžืข 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜; ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, 
ืคืึทืจื’ื ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืข, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท 
ื–ื™ืคืฆืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึธื’ , ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท" ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื–ื™ืก ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข, ืึทื– ืขืก ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืึท 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึทืจืฅ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืฆื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ืึทื–... ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก. --- ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืก'ืื™ื–, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืึท ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื–ืึทืš! ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ! ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืขืกืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืึทืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื–, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ื“ื™ืึทื“ื™ืึท" -- ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทืŸ.. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 4ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1902 

ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืœื’ืึท ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฉืœืึทืฃ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึทืฃ; ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ 
ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข -- -- --, ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ืฆื• ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืฒึทื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™, ืึทืœืก ืึทืจืฆื˜, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 


ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. -- ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ? ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžื™ื ืข. -- -- -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 


ื’ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธื˜, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืึทืจื•ื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื•ื ื•-ืฉืœ"ืขื•ืœื ? ืคืึทืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื ื“?? -- 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืขื ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืึธืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืงืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื—ืช. 


ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืกื™ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ", 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ 


203 


ืฉืคืจื™ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื™ื•ื“ืŸ" ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื“-ืกื•ื“ื•ืช. == 
ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜! ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื -- ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜. 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข. --- ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืœืขืจืŸืŸ ? ? -- ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜! 


7, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื‘ืึธืœื ื™ืฆืึท ื ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืข, 6ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1902, 
2 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜. 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ -- 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืฆืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืฉื•ืœื“! 
ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืฉืขื”. ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืขืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข ืคืึทืจืŸ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื’ืขื–ื™ืคืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืึทื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– 
ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึทืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืขืคึผืœ, ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜: ื™ืึธ.. 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืขื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืฆืจื•ืช. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึทื–ืึท ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืจืฒึท ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ืกืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืฆืจื•ืช, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื—ืช, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธืžืŸ! 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜" 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืึธืš, ื ืขืžื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืœ, ื”ื’ื ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื•ืกืคึผืขื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš 10, 11, 12, 13. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื—ื•ืจื”. ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ? ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ ืฆื• ืจืขื›ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืœื“, ื•ื•ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืข, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืข- 
ื ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืึทื“ื™ืขื•! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
9. -- ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืขืžืขืฆื ืก (ืืคืฉืจ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืก) ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”-ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ : , ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 


ืึท ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคึนึผืึธืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืฒึทืก. ื“ื™ ืจ ืขื“." 


294 


ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-"ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื“ืขื 10ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1902 

ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ. ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืจืขื ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ! ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ? ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜. ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฐืึธืš 
ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืฒื™ื, ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืงื•ืงืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืข. ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทื– ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื›ืึทืคึผ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืึทื”ืฒื (ืก'ืื™ื– ืฐืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš) ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืึท ืงื•ืง 
ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืึธื ืงื•ืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ , ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท !* ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืœืขื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื— ืฆืขื“ื•ืœื˜, ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ -- ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืึทื‘ื™ ืึธืœื’ืึท 
ืœืขื‘ื˜! -- 

ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ? ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื”ืช, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐืกืงื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืึธ ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืŸ. 

5 -- ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืฆื•ืงืึธืคึผื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ! ืคื™ืจ ืฐืขื ื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืŸ, ืงืœืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ, ืจื•ืคืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ! 

ืคึผืก. --- ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื‘, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข-ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข, 
ืžืข ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืงืŸ. ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจืก ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืขืก 
ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื ื™ื˜ -- ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ?... 


9, ืฆื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืจืขืžืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืฆืงื™ 


ืงึดื™ึดืขื•ื•, 10/2. 9. 1902 


ืฆื•ื ื”' ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืจืขืžืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืฆืงื™, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื™ื˜ืข! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“.. 


295 


ื›ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื” ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 

ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืึทืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ืจื‘ ื”ืขื ืขืš 

ืขื™ื‘ืจื™, ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฒึทืš ืงืœืึธืจืข ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 

ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ื ืึธืš ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘. ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื™ืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 

ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืึทืฉืฐืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ 

ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš.. 

ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ 

ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8.ื ื‘ืกื•ื“-ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทื ืจืฑืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื•ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื—ื•ืฅ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืชึผืงื™ืขืช- ื›ึผืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทื ืง ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื-ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ! -- -- -- ืื•ืŸ ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ื ืึธืš ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืชึผืงื™ืขืช-ื›ึผืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจืข ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื! ื–ืขื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืŸ, ืขืก 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืขืจ ืกื•ื“! ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงืœื•ื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ {ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ืงืŸ. 

,2 ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืึท ื‘ืึทื’ืœืฒื‘ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื•ื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, 
ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื, ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ื›ืœื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืงืœื•ื’ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืจื™ื™ื“, 


0, ืฆื• ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงืœืขื•ื•, 10ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1902 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื ืืžื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“! ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ. ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืœื’ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ ืงืจืึทื ืง. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืึทื›ื˜ืึธื’ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’ 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข, -- -- -- ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜! ืึธื ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื” ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื›ืœืึธืจืึธืคึผืึธืจื. 
ืึธื ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื” ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืึท (ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืžื–ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืึท ืื™ื–; ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืฒึทืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื“ืขืก ืื™ืจ 19-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืขื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ), ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื”ื™ึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืจื•ื™ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ! ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ ืึท 
ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ --- ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. -- ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ื ื™-ื‘ื™ืช ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ื“ืขื 
ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข, ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืคืจืขื’ 
ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืจื‘ื•ื ื•-ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื : ,,ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ? ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜- 
ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื ืึธื“ ? ?" ...ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ, ืฆื•ืฐื™ืฉืŸ 


296 


ืจื™ื˜ ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืงื-ืงืฆืœื™ืคื 


ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธืงื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืจืขืงืœื˜ืข, ืฆืขืงืึทืจืึทื“ืึทืฉืขื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸืงืึธืŸืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ (ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื–ืœืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ,ื•ื•ืขืจื“ืข" ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืœืึธืงืฉื ื‘ืจืขื˜, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืขืฆืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืึทืžืึธืฐืึทืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื“ื ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืกืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืžืฐืฒึท!). ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก, ืฆื• ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ืึท ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก 5 ืึธื“ืขืจ 10, ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื” ืึทืœืข 
ื˜ืึธื’, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ืึท ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ: ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืœืึธืฃ (ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ!) -- ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืจื‘ 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืœืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื•, ืคื•ื ืขื ,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช -- 
ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืข, ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง (ืขืก ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ), ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™"ืœ ืคึผืจืฅ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“", 
, ื‘ื•ื“ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื ืึธืกื˜", ืึธื“ืขืจ ,,ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”", ,,ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืกื— ื‘ื™ื– ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜. 
ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืข, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ื ืฆืœื˜, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 
--- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื•ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ืึท ื™ื™ึดืฉืจ-ื›ึผื•ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื›ึผืคื•ืœ-ืฉืžื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ื™ = ืืœื ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ืฉืœืึทืคืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ.. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืึทื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขื“ืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ื˜ืจื•ื™ื‘ืŸ", ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืžืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืจื•ื–ืขื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœืึทื–ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ! 


1, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 11ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1902 


ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ! 
ืขืง ืฐืขืœื˜!! 

ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืก: ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทื ืง. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืึทืจื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ --- ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– -- ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 

ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ! ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข (ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข) ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงื•ืจืฅ. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืกืขื™ื˜ ืื™ื– 


297 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื• ืคื•ื– ืฉืœื•ื•ื ื“ืข ืœื•ื™ื›ื•ื 


ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืžื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื–. ืื•ืŸ, ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืจื™ืก ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ -- 
ืฉื ืฒึทื“ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•. ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ? ืžืข ื˜ืจืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•, 12ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืงืœืึธืคึผืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื“ื™ื ืขืŸ. 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ. ื’ืึธื˜ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ! 

ืงื•ื“ื ืื™ื– ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜: ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจืืฉ-ื”ืฉื ื” ื–ืึธืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข. ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• (ืฐื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื‘ืข ืื™ื–) ?.. 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘-ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืื™ื– ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจื”ืจื’ืขื˜, ื–ืขืฅ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš 
ืึธืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื", ืึธื“ืขืจ , ืึทืŸ ืืชืจื•ื’", ืื•ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื•ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ ื ื™ื˜; ืึทื– ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ -- ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ! 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ืจ -- ืื™ื– ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข. ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ -- ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ื—ืช ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื! ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ืึทืจื˜. ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜, ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื•ืึทืจ!!! 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืขื ื˜; ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืข, 

ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš. ืึทื“ื™ืขืŸ. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


298 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


3 ืฆื• ืึท. ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืŸ 


}19102 ,9 ,5 


ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื ืึธืœื“ ื™ืึทืงืึธืฐืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก. 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืฑืคื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”' ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืึทื™ึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื•ื•ื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืŸ, 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข, 

ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืจืึทื˜ืงืฒื˜ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ืš. 


ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฉ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
(ืฉืœื•ื: ืฆืขืœื™ื›ื) 


4 ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 9ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1902 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ืึทืŸ ืขืง --- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ! ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ ? 

ื“ืึธืก , ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช-ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืื™ื– ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ื–ื™ืก. ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ, ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ืฅ : ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ืช-ืชึผื•ืจื” ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ -- ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ. ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืฑื˜ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ืงืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืึธืœืขื˜- 
ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ืงืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ืขื˜ืงืข! -- ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘-ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“" ? ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜! 

ื“ื™ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืกืฆืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื’" ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ืจื™ ืึทื ืึธื ืกืŸ: 1) , ืงืึธืกืึธื“ืึธ, 2) , ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื - 
ื–ืึธื”ืŸ", 2) , ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœื ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜" -- ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืจืง ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ -- ื ื•, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ? 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ,ืคึผืขืงืœ" ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 
-- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงื™ ื™ืขื–ืฉืขื’ืึธื“ื ื™ืง" ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืจื™ื (ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’) ? 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ" ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืึท ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 
,ืคืจืฑื™ืขื ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืก ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ, ืึท ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื˜". ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืจื•ื™ืขื - 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜". ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช, 

ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืก'ืื™ื– ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื-ืจื‘ื”. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


299 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื. ืœืขืฆ ืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืก. -- ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ , ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ", ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืข 
ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื™ืึธืจื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืœื•ืจื™ื, ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’ (ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึธืœืงืกืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’"), 


5, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงืœืขื•ื•, 2ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1902 

ืœื–ื•ื’ืชื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื” ืžืจืช ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฉืชื—". 

ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื’ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืจืึธื–ืฉืขื˜, ืฆื• ืึทืœ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจ! -- -- -- 

ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื•ื’ืชื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ืึทืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ? ืœืžืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ? ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจ! ืึทื“ืจื‘ื, ืœืึธื– ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืฆึทืฐื™ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื‘ืœื ื—ื•ืคึผื”-ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ืจืื•ืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš, ืึท ืฉื˜ืฒื’ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืœืึทื ื’ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“! ืึทืš, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ! ืžื™-ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืจืึธืœืข 
ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง! ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธื– ื“ื™ , ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข" ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืœืขืช-ืขืชื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืก. -- ื–ื•ื’ืชื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื”! ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื, ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืชื”-ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืคืึทืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ื—ืช. ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ! ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ,,ืฐืึธืœื™ืŸ" ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ-ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืึทืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ื’ืชื™ (,,ืฐืึธืœื™ืŸ", ื ื•ืžืขืจ 242). ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื–ืข ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- 
ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ! ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื• ื ืึทื›ื˜ืก ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืึท ื‘ืึทื ืงืขื˜ -- ื ื•ื™ื’ื•! -- -- -- ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึท ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”. --- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึทืฉืงืขื˜ืœ -- ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื™ื ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ื• 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืคึผืจื”! -- 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื ืึธื›ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ื’ืชื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 


ื›ืึทืœื™ืึทืกื˜ืจืข. 
ืžืžื ื™ ื‘ืขืœืš โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ืงืœืขื•ื•, 3ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1902 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ !ึผ 
ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉืขื” ืคืจื™ืขืจ 


200 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื”ื ?ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,, ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืคืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜! ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืฅ ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, 
-- ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ื“ื- ื›ึผืœ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ: 

1) ืคืจื™ื“ืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,,ื”ืฆื•ืคื”" ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ืคึนึผืึธื”. 

2) ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,,ืฐื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ?" ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืึทืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืึทืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืคื™ืจ-ืคื™ื ืฃ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš , ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ" -- 
ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ืึทื™ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. 

3) ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“". ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฒึทืš, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, , ืžื™ื˜ ืžื–ืœ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ?, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึท ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš! ,ื”ื•ืจืจืจืจืึท!!!" ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืงื™ืžื ื• 
ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื ื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื”! - - -- 

4) ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1903, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก! (ืœืึธื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืžืช !) 

5 ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜: ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 
ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืฐืึธืจืŸ! ืื™ืš ื˜ื• 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜! 

6) ืฆื• ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืฐืฆื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืึธื ืงืœืึทืคึผืŸ 
ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ... ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื˜ื•ืŸ? ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: 
ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜; ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจืŸ !"... 

06)-- - -- ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึทื– ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ 
ืงื ืœืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ", ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช, ืฆืขืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื ืฆื™! -- -- -- ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’, ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ,ืึธืคืŸ". -- -- -- 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผืžื™ื“ 
ืฉื‚ืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


7. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื•ึทืงื™ึดืขื•ื•ืŸ 12ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1902 

ืœื–ื•ื’ืชื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื” ืžืจืช ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฉืชื—". 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืฒึทืœื™ื’ื ื“ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ (ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข). ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ: , ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื˜, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืึทืžืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜". ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึธืฃ ืึทื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื™ื– ืึท ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืœืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. -- ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ื–ื•ื’ืชื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื”, ื–ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื—ืชื•ื ื”! 


201 


ื‘ืจื™ื”ื•ื•ืคื˜ื” ืฉืœื•ื ื’ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“-ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ 100 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืคืึทืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืชึผื ืึธื™ื, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืคึผืœ! 
ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ! ืžื™ืœื, ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ืŸ" ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ 
ืื™ืš; ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื•ื•ืœื”, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ ื“ืึธ ืื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ืœืึทื˜ -- ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ? ืฐืึธืึธื‘ืฉื˜ืฉืข, ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื ืึทื™, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ื–ื•ื’ืชื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื”, ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœื ื™ื˜ -- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื‘ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืชึผื ืึทื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉื™ื, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ, {ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื•ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ! ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืฐืขืœื˜! ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžื•ื™ื“, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜, ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืง"ื . ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืคึผืœ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•, ื–ื•ื’ืชื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื”, ืฐืขืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืงื•ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ 
ื”ื™ืงืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืจืฒึท, ื“"ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื 
ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืคึผืœื™ืฉืชึผื™. ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข, ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื•ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืึทืจื˜ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœื™ืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื˜. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืข! ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืš, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืคืจืฒึท ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ, ืงืึธืŸ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคืœื™ึทืขืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืขื•ืœื ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืขืจืŸ --- ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข 
ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธืจื›ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ --- ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ 
ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืจื›ืŸ, ื”ืึธืจื›ืŸ, ื”ืึธืจื›ืŸ !... ื™ืึธ, ื–ื•ื’ืชื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื”, ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ !... ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึทื—ื•ืฅ, ืึทื– ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืข ืžื•ื– ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ; ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืึทื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื–ื•ื’ืชื™, 
ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืชึผื ืึทื™ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื–: ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ืชึผื•ืกืคืช- ื›ึผืชื•ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜! ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง 
ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืช ืึทืคื™ืœื•. ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ? ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืื™ื ืขื , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื‘ื™ื– 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
, ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“". ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื’, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขืงืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืจืึทืฐืขืก. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ, ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœื•ื ื™ืช ืžืจืช ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฉืชึผื—ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืจ, ื–ื•ื’ืชื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื”, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” 
ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข, ืึท ืงืœืึธื’ ืฆื• ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผื ื™ื, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ!? ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื–ื•ื’ืชื™, ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, 


202 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื—ืŸ) ืฉืœ ื•ื˜ ื™ ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ !... ื“ื• ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ื“ื• ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข, ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืš ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ (ืฆื• ื“ื™ 40, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ) ? !... ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ื’ืชื™ืก 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ? ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžืขื•ื‘ึผืจืช, 
ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืกื˜ื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ืžืคึผื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ืžืึทืŸ-ืงืึทืœื‘, ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึท ืคืึทืจื–ืขืขื ื™ืฉ, ืกื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื” 
ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืš.. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ื”ื- ืคืฉืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 4ืกืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1902 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธืŸ? 
ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืžืฆืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืื™ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืžื’ื™ืœื”" 
(ืžื’ื™ืœืช-ืืกืชึผืจ) ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืขืžื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžืŸ-ื˜ืึทืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ, 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืงืจืึทื ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ? ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืึทื– ืื•ืžื—ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœ. ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื”. ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื›ืึทืœื™ืึทืกื˜ืจืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืข, ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืฅ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ!.. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš 
ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืฆืขืœืขืš ื’ืขืคึผืขืจืœื˜ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืช-ื—ื›ืžื”: 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืŸ ืขื ื™ื•! ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืขื ื™ื•ื•ืช ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื“ืœื•ืช! ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, 
ืืžืชืข ืงืึธืœืขื’ืขืก, ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘. ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ 
ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ? ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ื’ืจื™ื–ืึธื˜ืข, ืขื’ืžืช-ื ืคืฉ, ื“ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืคึผืึทืœ ืึธืŸ ืึท 
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ื”ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฉืฐืึทื›ืข ื ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืจื•ืงืŸ, ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืกืš ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื•ืœื-ื”ื‘ื... ื ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื“ืึธืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ืฐืขืจ ื“ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฉืข ? ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ -- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื”, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืึทืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ื’ืขืžืœืึธื›ื”ื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“! ืึทื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ: ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื–ืึธื˜ืข, ืขื’ืžืช-ื ืคืฉ, ื“ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืขื•ืœื-ื”ื‘ื ื•ื›ื•, 


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ื‘ื‘ื™ื—ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื•ื -ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื-ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธืงืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ืœ ืžืขืจื˜ื™ืœ" ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืขืจื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืคึผืฒึทืขืจื™ืงืข ืงืขืคึผืกืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ... ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ? ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื›ืฆื™ืง ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ื™ืึธืจ -- 
ื˜ืึธ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื-ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ืึธืจื‘ืข-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ! ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš 
ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืกืชึผืžื 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ื. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืกื–ืึธืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ! -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœื–ืึธ ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืชึผื•ืž"ื™ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืชึผื ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ 
ืชึผื•ืž"ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืฐืึทื ืก ืขืœ-ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœืก, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฆื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง. ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื– ื™ื™, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ; 
ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ. ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ืึทืฐืขืงืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™"ื”. 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืืจื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืขืก 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ, ืึท ืคืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐื•, ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื˜ื™ืจื—ื” ืืฒึทืขืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื—ืœื™ืœื” 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ; ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฒึท ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืž ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ื›ึผื”. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื“ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžืกืชึผืžื. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืฐืึทื ื™ืข ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9 ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1903 


ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง! 

ืงื•ื“ื- ื›ึผืœ -- ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืฒึทืš, ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจืึธื! ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืฒึทืš, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ"! --- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ" (ืื™ืŸ , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“"). ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ืงื•ื•ืขืœ ืึทื–ืฑ -- ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื’ื•ื˜-ื’ื•ื˜, ืžื—ื™ื”-ื ืคืฉื•ืช, 
ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš. ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ? ื’ื•ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’! -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜! ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืึทื– ืกืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜! ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜? ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš, ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜! ื’ื•ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืฒื™ืกื˜! ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜!... ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ื•ื˜... ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜! 


04 








ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ื•ื• ื•ืคื•ื•ื•. ืฉืœื•ื ืืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ 


ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืฆื•ื , ืžืขืกืขืจืœ". ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืกืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš! ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึธืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ 
,ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ" --- ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœื‘ื™ื, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ, ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, ื–ื™ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ; ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš !... ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ? ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ" (ืื™ืŸ , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“"). ืึทื™, ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ! ื ื•, 
ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ! ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ! ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ! ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ืึทืคื™ืœื•! ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ --- ืึธ. ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ! ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ -- ืกืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ! 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ (ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื“ื‘ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ!), ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– 
,ืชื•ืฉื™ื”" ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• , ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ื". ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ), ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ืคื™ืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื. -- ื ื• -- ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง! ื ื• -- ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ! -- ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืึทื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ 
ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื ืงืจื•ื‘ -- ืžืžืœื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ืžืขืกื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฆื• ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ; ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ? ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ? ืึท ืจื•ื— ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ 
ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ื ื“ืœ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง! ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึท 
ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืš. ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜... ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš... ืึท ื’ืึธืจ... ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืึท ื’ืึธ.. ืึท ื’... ืึท... 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0 ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ื—ื•ืœ-ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืคึผืกื— ืชึผืจืก"ื’. ืงื™ืขื•ื• (1ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1902) 


ื’ื•ื˜-ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ! 

ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžืชึผื ื” ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ืจ, -- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜! ืึท 
ื ืฒึทืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืึท ืœืึท ,,ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™", ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืกืš ืงื™ืจืฆืขืจ, ืฆืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 18 ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืžืึธืฉืงืขืœืข ื’ื ื‘". ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ืช 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึทื›ื˜ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืžืฆื”, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข 10 ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื. ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืžื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐื™ ื ืฒึท-ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืข, ืฉืคึผืึธื’ืœ ื ืฒึทืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช. ื›ึผืžืขื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ, 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืงื•ื ื“ืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ืžื•ืจื, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ.. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืึธืจ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืึท 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื–ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ืงืขืจื‘ืœ! ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื–ืข! ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืจื‘ืœ! ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ืึทื– ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฒึท ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืึท ืงืขืจื‘ืœ! ืžืข ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึทืœืข 
ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ? ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืŸ! ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš, 
ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืœื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืง, ื•ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืฒึท ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื‘ื™ื ืขื˜, ืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืžืฐืฒึท, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืข ื“ื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฐืึทืœื“, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื“, ืึทืŸ ืื™ืžืขื ื™ืข ืึท 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืึท ื–ืึทืฐืึธื“ืœ -- ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจื’ืข ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, --- ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ! ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜! ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”-ื’ืขืœื˜, ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืฉื‚ื›ืจ-ืœื™ืžื•ื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื– ืึท ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืœืžืขืŸ. -- ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขืžืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืš -- ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืฐืึธืงืึทื˜ ืกื˜ืจืึทืฉืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขื ืงืœืขืš (ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉ! ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืฑืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ.), ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœ -- ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขื ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืขืจ -- 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ , ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท, ื“ืขื ื’ื™!" -- ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทืš, ืžืกืชึผืžื ืึท ืคืขืจื“ืœ -- ื’ืฒ ื–ืฒึท ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜! ืื•ืŸ 
ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜: ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ! ืื•ืŸ โ€ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืŸ: ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ! ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ-ืื—ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืžื•ื– ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ , ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึทืฐื“ืึทื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง... ืฉืึท, ืžืข ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜. 
ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท , ืก ื˜ืฉ ืึธ ื˜" ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืขืงืœืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ , ืึธืคึผื™ืก" 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ืžืขื ื™ืข -- ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ืึทืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื, ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ืœืžืึทื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ? 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื. ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 11ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1903 
ื–ื•ื’ืชื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืงื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืจื•ืช ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืช! ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึทื›ื˜-ื ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช, ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, 
ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ -- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขื ืกื•ืฃ -- ื“ื™ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜. 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง (ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—) ืึท ื–ืึทืš -- ืึท ืžื™ืŸ , ื‘ื•ื’", ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœ, 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท , ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช-ื ื•ืžืขืจ". -- ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ื•ื’" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืžืจืขื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ , ืžืึธืฉืงืขืœืข ื’ื ื‘" ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื•" 
ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืขื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ ืœื”ื "ื˜ ืœื™ื•ื›ื 


ืึท ืกืš ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”ืก" ืงืขืฉืขื ืข; ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืกืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืกืขืจื“ื™ืง. -- 

ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ืจ , ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ"? -- ื“ื™ ,ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš" ืฉื™ืง; ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš ืขืก, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ึตื™ื™ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ; ืœืžืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื ืึธื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืกืŸ! -- 

ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ื“ืขืจืฆึทื™ื™- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ , ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ", ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. -= -- -- 

-- -- -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืขืก ื˜ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ 

ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ืค. ืžืขืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ 


ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช (18ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ) 1902 
ื‘ืึทื ืงื™ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ! 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื 
ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ื˜ืข. ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื– ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืกืงืขื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ : ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืึท ืกืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ื•ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืงืœืขื ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ื‘ื™ื– 19 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืฐืึทื ืก 20 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื– ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืึธืš 11 
ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 2 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืค"ืฆ (,,ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’") ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง 
3 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ืื™ื– ืึธื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ื•ื‘ -- ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ ืึทืœืก ืึท 
ื’ืžื™ืœืช-ื—ืกื“ ืฆื™ ืึทืœืก ืึทืฐืึทื ืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ (ืฆื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืฒึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš 12 
ื˜ืขื’), ืึทื– ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›"ื– ื ืึธืš 37 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ืงืึธื ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ึผืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผ"ื‘ (ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’), ืคื•ื ืขื ,ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" 
ืคึผืึทืจืŸ , ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช-ื ื•ืžืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง. ืึทืœื ืคืึทืœืก, ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ื›ืœื•ื ื’ ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื 
ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืจื•ืช! 
ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ. 


ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 50 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. 
ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›"ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘-ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. 


207 


ื‘ืžื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-. ืœื™ื›ื 
2 ืฆื• ื•ื•. ื’. ืงืึธืจืึทืœืขื ืงืึท 


ืงื™ืขื•ื• (ื™ื•ื ื™ 1903} 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ืœืึทื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึทืœืึทืงื˜ื™ืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ , ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ 
,ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’", ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืืฑื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทืืฑืคื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืกื˜ืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜. ื“ื™ืจืข ืงื˜ ืจื•ืฃ ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ; ืื•ืžื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜, ืื‘ ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ื•ืขืจืง. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื’ืจืึทืฃ ืœ. ื . ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ , ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืึทื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ". ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงืฒื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืงืึทื ื˜?, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ,, ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืึทืžืข ืคืจื™ึทืข ืงื™ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ 
ืงื™ื ื“, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ". 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื ื˜ื ืก, ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ, 2ื˜ื ืก, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืขืคึผืœ. ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืึทื–ืฑ: ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทื ื˜" ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•.ื’. ืงืึธืจืึธ- 
ืœืขื ืงืึธ ? ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืงื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ? 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื) 


4 ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 7ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1903 

ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! -- - -- 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ื ืฒึทืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”". ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืึทื– 
ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืžื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจื‘ื•ื ื•"ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื, ืœื›ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืžื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ 


ืืฑื™ืกืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืœืึธื– ืงืึทืœื˜ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืก : ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, 


208 











ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ (ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ) ืึทืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ,,ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜". -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ื˜ืขื ื”ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืึทื– ืžืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข (ืœื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืข- 
ืœื™) ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ื“ื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืจืขื“ื˜. ืžืึทื˜ืฐืฒ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ, ื“ื•ื“ืงืข -- ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึทืœื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื™ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืกืฆืขื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ืคืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขืš (ื ืึทืจืึธื“ื ืึธ), 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืจืึทื˜ืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš, ืื™ื– ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜! -- ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ืกื˜ 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทืŸ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื”: ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ --. ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, 
ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข, ืึทื– ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ืึธ --- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืœืžืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆืึทืคึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ? ื˜ื•ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜! ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืกื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืึทืœืขื’ืึธืœืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืงืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืกื˜! 
ื“ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท 
ืคึผื ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ? ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ,ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜"/(!?6) ืคื™ืฉื–ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ 
ื–ื™ ,,ืฉื‚ืจื”-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ". ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉืฒึทื ื˜, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท 
ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ -- ืฉื‚ืจื”-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ, ื—ื™ื”-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ ?! -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ืžืื™-ื˜ืขืžื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืึทืก- 
ืงื•ื“ืกื˜ื•ื•ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ (ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข), ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜! ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธื›ื‘ืขืจื’, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขืงืึธ- 
ืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืขื˜ืฉืึทื˜ืขืง, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื• ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื -- ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ! -- 
ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืฐืขืกื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. ืฆื• ืงืึธืจืึธืœืขื ืงืึธืŸ, ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธืฐื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ -- ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. -- ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ , ื”ื™ืœืฃ" ืึท ื’ื•ื–ืžื -- ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ! -- -- -- 


5, ืฆื• ืž. ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžืึทืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื’ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1902 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืž. ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐื•! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ , ื™ืึทืจืžืขืœื™ื ืขืฅ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ืึทืจื™ื“" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ (ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™- 


209 


ืคืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื“ืค ืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืขื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืึท ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœ-ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืึทื˜ืงืข, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืจ ื—ืชืŸ, 
ืึท ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœ-ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืึทื˜, ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ื˜ืึทื ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืก...), ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืึทื– 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ืฆื•ืจืขื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ,,ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ". ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง 
ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื•ื™ , ืคื™ืœืึธืงืกืขืจืข" ? ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื ื•ืงื-ื•ื ื•ื˜ืจ -- 
ืึธืกื•ืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืึทืคื™ืœื•, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ! ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ 
ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึท ืฐื•ื™ืœืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ืึท ืงืœื•ื’ืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•... ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ,,ืžืึทืจืฉืึทืœืขืง", ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“" ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ , ื˜ืขืคึผืœ", , ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื™ื“ืœ", ,, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš", ,ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง", ,ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”-ื’ืขืœื˜", ,ืึท 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึธืŸ" ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“" ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื–, ืœื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึทืจืฉืึท- 
ืœืขืง. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื”, ืึทื– ืคื™ืœืึธืงืกืขืจืข ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื•ืงืกื™ืจื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ื– ืžื—ื™ื”-ื ืคืฉื•ืช -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ.. 

ืื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœื–ื” ืื™ื– ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืจื“ืจืึธืกื™ืงืข ื–ืึทืš, ื”ืœืžืึทื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœืขื–ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข! ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืขืก ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ, ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, -- ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง ! ื‘ืขืจืœ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฑื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืขื ืขืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉืœื™ืžื–ืœ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ --- ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ 
ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš-ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง! ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ (ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ, ืจื™ืงืขืก, ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ!) ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจื’ืึธืกืŸ, 
ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื™ื‘ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึทื™ืฐื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ? 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืœืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื—ืœืึทืช, ืจื—ืžื ื-ืœืฆืœืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐื•ืฒื™ืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ? ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจืึธื“ืขื•ื•ืงืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธื–, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฑื™ืกืฆื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืžืข 
ืฆื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึท ืคึผื™ืคึผืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืžื™ืœืึทืกื˜ื™ืง. ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืจื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืก ืคึผื ื™ื, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ืจ ืึท ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข, ื“ื™ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึท ืฐืฒึทืกืข. ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, --- ืึตื™ืึธ ? ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ 
ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึทืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืก ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ, -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜! 

ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืขืจ -- ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ื ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ืึท 
ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ื ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืขื›ืขืจ- 
ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ.,. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืจื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ืžืœ , ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืึทืœืึธ" 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืก, 
ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืฆืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื”ืึธืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทืžืขืŸ ืึท ื ื“ื‘ื” (ืคึผื•ืจื™ื 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ), ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื ืขืŸ-ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืžืžื–ืจื™ืฉ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื'ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื•ื™ืœ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜, ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ืฉืขืช-ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ื ืข, ืึทื– ืึทืŸ 
ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ืงืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข 
ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืœื™ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ืžืœ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืึทืœืึธ 
(ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ !) ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืงืจื•ื ืคึผื ื™ื, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ... 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฐืึธืš, ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืชืŸ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืึธื‘ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื ืฉื”ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืคืจื™ืžืขืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ืื›ืœืชื” 
ื•ืฉื‚ื‘ืขืชื” ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื•ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืœืึทืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขื›ึผื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืœืึทื›ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืจึผืขื ืก'ืื™ื– ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ , ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“", ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืœื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืชึผื™ืฉืขื”-ื‘ืึธื‘, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš -- -- -- {ืคืขืœื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืงืฐื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืš ืึทืœืึท ื“ื™ื ืขื•ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื—ืจื˜ื”, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜. ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทืฐืขืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ื“ื™ , ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืฉืžื”" ื”ืึธื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜. ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื™ืฐืึทืงืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื—ืชืžืขื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื›ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื—ืœืฉื•ืช! ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืŸ ืึธืŸ ,ื”ื™ืœืฃ" ืึท 
ืกืงื™ืฆืœ, ืžื™ืจ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก , ืฉืงื™ืฆืข", ,ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืก"; ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, ืคึผืฒึทืŸ, ืงื’ืขื›ื˜, 
ืžื•ืกืจื™ื, ืคึผืึทืจื›ืขืก -- ื ืึธืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข, ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข, ื›ึผืคื™ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6 ืฆื• ืฐ. ื’. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธืฐื• 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 924 (10.9), 1903 


ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•ื• ! 

ืœ. ื’. ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืก ,,ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืขื ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื• ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜, ืึทืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก-ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจืก: ื‘ื•ืœืึทื ื–ืฉืข (ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข) 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•ื• (ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“). ื‘ื•ืœืึทื ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืืฒื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืคืจืึทื’ืข ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจ 


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ื‘ื™ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึธื’ 00861:0800:4 84080 1626 ,9 ,242206 ื–06ืช/(4/ ื–-ื’ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืจื—ื” ืกืฒึท ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ืกื™ื™ ื–ื™ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืจื™ื•ื•ื— (ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ) ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช 
ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื•ืœืึทื ื–ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœืึทื ื–ืฉืข ืึท ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื”ืขืจ ืžืึธืึธื“ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜, ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•! ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื–, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืง 
ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. ืœืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืึท ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืกื™ื›ืกื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื™ื–. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืขื ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึถืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืจืฒึทืกื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืš (ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ (ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ) ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข) 
-- ืฆื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืจ 244206 :16( ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืึทื–ืฑ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”' ืžืึธืึธื“, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ, ืึทื’ื‘, ื ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืฃ ืกื ืง 1ื˜ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ืก- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืึทืš. ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืขื•ื•ืœื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื–, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืžืขืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ึดืขืœ 
ืฆื•ึน ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ืงื™ืฆื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“, 
ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืžืœืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”' ืžืึธืึธื“ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืึทืœืก ืึทืฐืึทื ืก. 


ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, 
ื•ื•ืขื˜, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทืจื•ื ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ืึธืš ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ืกืฒึท ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ , ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืึทื– 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ (ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ) 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐื•ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ืฐื•ืฆื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ 
ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืจืขื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขืžืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ, 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืข ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ 


59 ืจืื‘ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืฉืœื•ื‘ืจืขืœ;ื›ื 


212 





ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ื•-ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


1902 ,10/9 ,123/60 

ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•ื• ! 
ืึทืœืก ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืจ 212266 61ื’ื—1(ื’/ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 100 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
,ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื–, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืก. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ (ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ) ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืจื•ื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคืึทืจืฆ;ืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฆื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืขืจืŸ. 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ืžืึธืึธื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื– ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 2 ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืคืจืœืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื. 

ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ 

ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


8, ืฆื• ืืฑื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืึธืœืฅ 


1903 .10 .1 

ื’ื ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืืฑื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืึธืœืฅ! 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ , ืชื•ืฉื™ื”" (ืฐืึทืจืฉืข) ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื 9,25/12 ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
(ืœืขื•ื• ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืก) , ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“. ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" 
ื’ื•ืคื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœ.ื . ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• (ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ), ืกืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืึท ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื•ืฑื’ืึธื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืžืœืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืชื“ื™ืง ื‘ืึทืขืฐืœื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืจืžืข ืก. ืคื™ืฉืขืจ-ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ (ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื•ืœืึธืฐื•-ืฉื˜ืจืึทืกืข, 91/90), ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ, 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ , ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืกืึธืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก, ื•ื™ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึท 
ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ืง ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืึท ืงืึธื ืฐืขื ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก 
(ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ), 


13 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืื™ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทื– ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื›ึผื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 
(ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ 2--2 ื˜ืขื’ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ). ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืจื•ื, ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืื™ื• ื“ืึธืก ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืึทืš. ืจืขื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจ. 


ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ -- ืฆื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืžื›ึผื•ื— 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”' ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื—ืฉืง ืึทืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ื˜ื™ืจื—ื” ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜, ื›ึผื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืื“ื™ื’ืœ, 


ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง, ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืกืื™ื• ืึท ืกืคืง, ืฆึดื™ 
ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 


ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


2.5 ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืงืœืึทืžืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืข. ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš", ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคืึธืจืขื ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืจ. 


.ื ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื›ืœ , ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืขืŸ, ืึท 4--5 ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึทืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• 
ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืจืคืข ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’. 
ืฆื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก, ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžืึธืก ? 


9, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 14/1. 10. 1903 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืงืึทืจืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš 4 ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืกืคืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืฒึท. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ -- ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืŸ ืกืฒึท ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืกืฒึท ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉ. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ -- ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืžื™ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ื™ื‘, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 


ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


.2,5 ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, 


0, ืฆื• ื•ื•. ื’. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธืฐื• 


3 10, 1903 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”' ืฐื•. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•ื• ! 


ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš, ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธืึธื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืœืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธืึธื“ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืฒืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขื ืคืึทืœ 
ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืึทืœืข ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืš ืงืึธืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ (ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“) ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ืžืึธืึธื“, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. ืึทืœื ืคืึทืœืก, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ-ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื”ืœืฐื•ืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืึท ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 1ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืกืฒึท ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, ืกืฒึท ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข (,,ืคึผืึธืกืจืขื“ื ื™ืง" ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ื•ืœืึทื ื–ืฉืข), ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืง, 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืœืึทื ืง, ืื™ืš ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืžืขืœ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš 
ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืงืœืขื•ื•, ืžืึทืœ-ื‘ืœืึทื’ืึธื•ืฐื•ืขืฉื˜ืฉืขื ืกืงืึทื™ืึท, 27, ืก. ื’. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


15 


ื‘ืจึผื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


. (ื–4162461-ื–111026) 1ื™ืขืž202110 1 ื ื™ืชืช0:ืฅ118 ืขืกื ื ืกืฆืก0 
.27 818102610080888,3 ,ืžืกื—:ืŸ 


781 ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ (ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ืœ) 1903ืŸ 


ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืฆืจ ื—ื›ื‘ืจ. ืจืื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื”ืขืจ! 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ืจื, ืฆื™ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ืึทืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืžืฒึทื ืข? ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ ? --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื—ืฉืง ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ -- ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืกืคืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก -- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœื ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืกืง, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืึทืจ ื•ื™ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“. ืฆื™ ื’ื•ื˜, ืฆื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ืก'ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืกืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืึธื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืฐืขืจื“!.. ืึท ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื›ืžืึทืจื ืข, ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื– ืกืข ืœืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืœืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึทืฉื˜ืฉืขืจืงืขืก... ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ื•ื™ื™ื: --- ื’ืจืึทืฃ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™, ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™, ืงืึธืจืึธืœืขื ืงืึธ, ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš -- ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื•ืžื ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉืขื” (ืจื•ืฆื—!) ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื ื™ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜? ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืœืึธื– ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 

ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึทืŸ , ืืœื“ื“", 


ืฉืœื•ื ื ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื—ื•ื”"ืž ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช ืชืจืก"ื“ 
ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™! ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ืกืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืฉื•ืŸ- ืงื•ื“ืฉ. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


-- -- -- ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืึธื•ื•, ืฐื™ ืึท ื˜ืœ-ื•ืžื˜ืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคึผืขืจืขื™ืึทืกืœืึทื•ื• (ื•ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 1859 ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ) -- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื’ื™ืœื“ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ืก, ื“ืขืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื‘ืื™-ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ,ืจื‘ ื ื—ื•ื ื•ื•ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืก" ! ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืจื‘ ื ื—ื•ื ืฐืขื•ื•ื™ืงืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜! ืึทืœืข ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื• ื ืึทื›ื˜ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ืžืœื•ื•ื”-ืžืœื›ึผื” 
ืคึผืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. ืึทืœืข ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืึทืœืข 
ื ืฒึทืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืึท ื’ืœืขื–ืœ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืคื•ื ืขื ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– -- ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื ื—ื•ื ื•ื•ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื•ื- ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื”ื™ืฉืจ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืžืœืžื“, ืฆื• ืจื‘ ื–ืึธืจืขื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืžืช. 

ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ืึธืš ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึธืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืก ืžื•ืกืจ. ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืœืขื’ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืจื‘ ื–ืึธืจืขืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื•ืกืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื‘ืฒึทื ื“ืึทืฐื ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึธืฉืžื ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื–ื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืขืœ- 
ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช: ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจืก, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขื”ื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืึทืฐื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื’ื ื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื“ืงื”-ืคึผื•ืฉืงืข (ื–ืข , ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืกืขืจืœ"), ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช, ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ !... 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ื—ื‘ืจ, ืึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ, ืขืœื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืึท ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ 
ืึท ื—ืชืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช, ื’ืขืฐืขืงื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขื ื™ืฆืจ-ื”ืจืข, ืคืึทืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืึทืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื•ืกืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทืฐื•ื ื˜ ืขืจืœืขืš, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ืคึผื˜, ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืฉืžื ื• 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื• ืึธืŸ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื”ื™ืฆื˜. ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ -- ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ -- ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื’ืจืึธื• -- 
ื—ื™ึทืœ, ืฉื˜ืขื›ืœืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืึธืคึผืขืฐืข -- ืคึผืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ื, ืึธื“ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืึธื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืœื—ืžื” (ื–ืข , ื’ืจื™ื ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช"). 

ืืฑืคื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื›ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึท 
ื—ืœืึทืช. ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง, ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ. ืคื•ื ืขื ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื–ืึธืจืขืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืึทื˜ืข-ืžืึทืžืข ื‘ื™ื– ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืึธื ื™ืกืงืึธ ื“ืขื 
ืกื˜ืึธืจืึธื–ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื™ืก --- ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ 
ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ ื•ื™ ื”ืึธืœืฅ. ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืงืขืจ, ืึทืœืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืžื™ืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฑืกืงืึธืจืขื ื™ึดืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืชึผื ื•ืขื•ืช. 

ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, 
, ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ", ื–ื™ืš ,, ื’ืจื™ืžื™ืจืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช-ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืื™ืจืœ ื“ืขื ืจื‘ื™ื ืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืื™ืจืœ ืžืขื“ื•ื•ืขื“ื™ืขื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืจื™ืž- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขื“ื•ื•ืขื“ื™ืขื•ื•. ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ืคืึทืจ ืึท 
ื’ืจืึธืฉืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืœ. ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ,ื’ื–ืœืŸ", ืึท ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข, ืžืขื“ื•ื•ืขื“ื™ืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื–ืœืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึตื“, ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืœื“ (ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืึทืœื“ ื›ึผื™ ืื“ื ืขืฅ ื”ืฉื‚ื“ื”). ืื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“, ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืึทืŸ (ื“ืขืจ , ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“"), 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื (ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ื–ืœืŸ) ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ืขืก, ื’ืขื˜ืขื ื”ื˜: ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืึทืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ! ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ื–ืœืŸ (ืžืขื“ื•ื•ืขื“ื™ืขื•ื•), ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึธืœืึท- 
ื“ืึทื˜ืฉ-ืžืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืœ: ืึทื– ืขืจ ืžื•ื–, ืžื•ื– ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ!.. ืึธ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืขืจ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื‚ื›ืœ! ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ; ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืงื ื™ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ื–ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื–ืœืŸ, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื“ืœ: ืึทื– ืขืจ ืžื•ื–, ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ!?.. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจ-ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืง ืคืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืงืจืขื ืงื˜ 
(ื–ืข , ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—"), ืึท ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขื ืคื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ 
ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ (ื–ืข , ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง") ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท ืงืึทืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื˜ืžื, ืึท ืฉืจืฅ, ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงืข ืึธืจืขืžืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ (ื–ืข , ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ"). 

ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ืžืขืจืงืฐืขืจื“ื™ืง! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื–ืึธืจืขื›ืก ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜ืœ.. ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉืฒื ืขื ื›ึผืชื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข 
ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืึท ื’ืจืึธืฉืŸ (, ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ") ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื›ึนึผืชื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ (, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜") ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื "ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ืงื“ื•ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืชืคึผืขืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
;,ื•ื•ืขืจืง" ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื’, ืœืึทื ื’ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข, ื‘ืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ (ืึทืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืฆืขืŸ), 
ื•ื™ ืงืœืึธืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืชึผื "ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ืงื“ื•ืง. ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืฉื›ืŸ, ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืึท ื—ืกื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆืึธืคึผืŸ-ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ -- ืจื‘ ืืฒึทื–ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช 
ื“ืึทืฐื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ืงืขืฆืœ: ื“ื™ืงื“ื•ืง ืฉืžื™ื ื“ื™ืง ืคึผื™ื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืœืข"ื–: ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจืฉื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืขื ื˜ืœ! ืึท ื’ื™ืœื“ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜ืœ! (ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ,ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืึท"!). 

ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ื™ื ื” 
(ื–ืข , ื™ืึธืกืขืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธื•ื™ื™"), ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ (ื–ืข , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•"), ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื’ื ื‘ื” ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคื™ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืกืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ (ื–ืข , ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื™ื“ืœ"). 

ืคืึทืจืึธืจืขืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืึธื•ื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืข- 
ื™ืึทืกืœืึทื•ื•. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืงืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืงืขืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– 
ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืœืขืจืข), ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืงืึธืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขืคืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืึทืฐื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืš 
ื‘ืจื™ื”ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• 15 
ื™ืึธืจ, , ืจืึธื‘ื™ื ื–ืึธืŸ ืงืจื•ื–ืึธ", ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ,,ืจืึธื‘ื™ื ื–ืึธืŸ ืงืจื•ื–ืึธ" 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: , ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธื‘ื™ื ื–ืึธืŸ", ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื (ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื›ืกื ื™ื”), ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœื™ื! 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืื‘ืŸ-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื™ืš 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžืึทืžืขืก ืจืฉื•ืช, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึทืงืŸ ืจืึธื–ืฉื™ื ืงืขืก ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ 
(ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืฐืฒึทื ืงืขืœืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 0626 162264216) ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผื•ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึทืžืึธืฐืึทืจ, ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ื’, 
ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื” ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืœืึธื›ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ 17 ื‘ื™ื– 21 ื™ืึธืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ืกืš, ืึท ืกืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜: ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก, ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ื“ืจืึทืžืขืก ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ 
ืžืืžืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ! ืžืฒึทื ืข ,,ื•ื•ืขืจืง" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื•ื™ึทืฉืข ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืขืก (ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ), ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ื ื‘ืœ ืœืœื™ืคื 


ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืขืก, ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื”ืึธืœืฅ... ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ,,ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข , ืžืืžืจื™ื" ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื”ืขืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืชืœืขืš : ืฉืคืชืš ืึนืชึผืš (ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ) ืฉืœื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื›ึผื‘ื“ื ื•ื (ืฉื™ืง ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืฆื•ืงืขืจืŸ) -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉื“ื™ืงืข ,,ืžืืžืจื™ื" ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผื•ื“, ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฐืึทื’ืึธื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ 
,ืžืืžืจื™ื", ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ , ืคืึทืจืฆื•ืงืขืจืŸ", ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก!.. 
ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื -- ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ (1882) ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื™ืœึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ (, ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื“ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื), ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ึทื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข , ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข , ื“ืจืึทืžืขืŸ" ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉื“ื™ืงืข ,,ืžืืžืจื™ื" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฆื•ืงืขืจื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฆื™ืงืึทืฐืขืก ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื–ืึทืš ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ืจืขื“ื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึทื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ (ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ? ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ!), ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš -- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ,, ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื‘ืœืึทื˜", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืก, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึท ืกืš ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขื›ืœ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื , ืžืขืกืขืจืœ", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทืจื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื™ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื—ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื–ืข, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื” ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืืคืฉืจ ืึทืฐืขืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ --- ืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ? 
-- -- -- ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืขืกืงื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžื™ื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืš, ืึท ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื—ื“ืจ-ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืึธืก ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ,, ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืกืขืจืœ" ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, 

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“", ื˜ืจืขืฃ ืื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ , ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืก" (ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•) ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืก ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืžืขืกืขืจืœ". ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ื”ืึทืจืฆืงืœืึทืคึผืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืก", ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืก , ืžืขืกืขืจืœ" ืžืฒึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ืžืขืกืขืจืœ" ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจืงืฒื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืŸ , ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืก" ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื™-ืขืœื™ืคื 


ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข, ื’ื•ื˜ืข, ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืžืึธืœ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ื–ืึทืš, ืคืึทืจื’ืขืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ืŸ : ,,ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ,ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืกื™ ?" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜. ืฆื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง, 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ , ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืก" (ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•), ืฆื™ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ ?... -- ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืš 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ืœืึทืช (ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืœื™) ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“, ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืึท.. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ื•ื•. ื’. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•ื• 


3 (27/26). 10, 1902 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•! 

ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึทืกื ืึทื™ืึท ืคึผืึธืœื™ืึทื ืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ืžืึธืึธื“ ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื– 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื›ืข ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข. ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ื•ื˜. ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืžืึธืึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืข ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ: 

) ืื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœ|ืขื•ื•} ื ืฑื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืฃืŸ 

2) ืฆื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 472 ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึธ- 
ืœืฒึทืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืึทืœืก ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆืœึธื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ? 

3) ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 13/1 
ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ. 

4 ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกืฆืึธืœืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 100 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืžืึธืึธื“ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึทืœืก ืึทืฐืึทื ืก ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ 300--400 ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื‚ื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื’ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืžืœืขืจ, ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ,ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ-ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ื‘ืึทื ืง" ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืงื™ึทืขืฐืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 

5) ืฆื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืึธืึธื“ืŸ, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, 

6) ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ืœืขื•ื•ืขื ืคืขืœื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง. ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 

7) ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, -- ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜- 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš (ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ). 


ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


220 





ื‘ื•ืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื• ื•ืค ื”ื• ืฉืœื•ื•ื ื“ืข ืœ ื™ื›ื• 


ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฉืึทื˜ืŸ. ืื•ื‘ ื“ ืขืจ ื  ืึธ ืš, ืื™ื–, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง.. 


3, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


2 ,/ืฉืก1ื’ืŸ 


ืœืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืžืืช ืฉืœื•ื"ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืื•ื’ืจืึทืคื™ืชื™, 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 

ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืคึผื–ื•ื ื“ื™ืง, ื“ืึธืš ืคืึธืœื’ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก 
ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜: ืฉืœืฒึทืคืŸ, ืฉืœืฒึทืคืŸ ! ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืฐืขืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืงืข. ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื’ืฒื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ืขืงืก-ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,, ื“ืจื•ืงืึทืฆื™ืข". ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืœืขืฉืขืœืข 
ื’ื•ืžืขืจืึทื‘ื™ืงืข-ืงืœื™ื™ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจืึธืœืข. ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืึท ืœืึทื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ืœืึทื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืœืึทื˜ืข ืึท ื ืฒึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืงืขืœืข. 

ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ื“ืึธืก ื—ื™ื•ืช ! ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึท ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืึท ืคืจืฒึทืข, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš, ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืš, ื–ืขืฅ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. 

ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ: ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 
ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•, ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจืึทื ื–ืฉืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. 

ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืœืขื‘ืข- 
ื“ื™ืงืข (ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœ-) ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš -- ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ื ืึทืจ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืฃ 

ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื‚ื›ึผืœื”, ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”- ื” ืฉื. ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืขืก, 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืขืจื ืกื˜! 


4. ืฆื• ื•ื•. ื’. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึทืฐื• 
27/4, 10. 1903 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•ื• ! 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื—ื–ืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, 


221 


ื‘ื•ืจื•ื™ ื•ื• ืฆืค/ื’ืŸื– ืฉืœ ื•ืื•?ืข ืœื™ื™ื›ื™ื 


ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™, 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜, 

ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึทืกื ืึทื™ืึท ืคึผืึธืœื™ืึทื ืึท. 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“. ืฆื™ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท- 
ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ? ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก 
ืœืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืึทืŸ ืึทืฐืึทื ืก. ื“ื™ ืกื•ืžืข 100 ืจ' ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืึธื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืฆืขืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึท ื’ื™ื›ืข ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœืžืขื’ืœืขืš 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขื, | 

ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• (ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ), ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข 
ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ืคืข, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืœืขื•ื•ืขื ืคืขืœื“ืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืข 4 ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืขืก (ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข -- ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
-- ื‘ื•ืœืึทื ื–ืฉืขืก, ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข -- ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข --- ืœืขื•ื•ืขื ืคืขืœื“ืก) ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื, 
ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืึทืฉืฒื“ื ืงืฒื˜, ืึทืงื•ืจืึทื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืขืจ 
ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข. ืฆื•ื 1ื˜ืŸ (12) ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ (ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืข, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš 
ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, -- ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ). ืขืก ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืœื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืคืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืงื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ืžืขืจืขืจ! 


ืฉ{ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง| ื|ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ} 
9 ืจืืœื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


.0.5 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืงืœื”ืึทืคื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืขืงืœื”ืึทืคื˜ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš", ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžืœืขื’ืึทืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืงืึธืŸ ืคึผื˜ืจืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ื ืึธืš ืงืึธืœืึธืกืึทืœืข ื’ืขืœื˜-ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช. ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข 
ื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ืงืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืก ืœืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, , ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืจื•ื™ืง". ื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธื ืขืจ 


222 





ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื“ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ-ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ื‘ืึทื ืง, ืงื™ืขืฐืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ 500, 


ืฉ. ืข. 


5, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


31 11/10, 1903 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•ืฐื•! 


ืคื•ื ืขื 8.27/14, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื”' ืžืึธืึธื“, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ? ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš 

ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ืขื ืคืขืœื“ืŸ (ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“) ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, 


6, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


2. 10, 1903 
ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื 2ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš! ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืจืึทื’ืขืก: 

1) ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ? -- ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืฒึท 
3 ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื“ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ (, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ", ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’) ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš 
ืฐืึทืจืฃ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ืกืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง. ืื™ื‘ืขืจืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ืœืืช! -- 

2) ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ (ืื™ืŸ ,,ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”"), ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš 
ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. -- 

3) ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœ, ื”ืฒึทื ืข, 
ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜, ื˜ืขืงืขืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืจืฐืึทื ื˜ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืŸ ืงื™ืฉืึธื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš 


23 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื›ืกื ื™ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ. --- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื’ื–ื™ื! -- 

4 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ: ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" -- 
,ืชึผืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฆืœืœื™ื" (ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื) 1889; ืื™ืŸ , ื‘ื™ืช-ืขืงื“" ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืืกื™ืฃ" ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ืฐื• (ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 1888 ื‘ื™ื– 1890), ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ 
, ืคึผืจื“ืก" ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ืขื , ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื" (ืืœื“ื“ 
ื•ืžื™ื“ื“) ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ , ื”ื“ื•ืจ" (ื—ื‘ืจื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฆืจื•ื ื™ -- ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง, 1901), ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืฆื•ืคื”" 
3 ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื. -- 

5) ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ืึธ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจ. -- 

6) ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ 
,, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข" ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“". -- 

) ื“ื™ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 1887--1888, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ. -- 


ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


.ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ 
ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ --- ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฆื‘, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืฑื™ึทืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืง ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืข ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 


7, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 8ื˜ืŸ ื ืึทืฐื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1903 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืœืึทื˜ืœืงืขืก ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” 
ืึท ื’ืขืฉืึทื ืง ื“ื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื•ื˜-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ 
,ืืžืช"ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืžืชึผื ื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืœืขืš ื‘ืึทืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ? ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ืžืฉืœืฒึทืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜. ื•ื™ ืขืก 


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ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ื•ื• ื–ืคื ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ื•ื ื™ืข ืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื“ื™ืจ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ --- ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒื“ืึท, ืžืึทืจืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข! 
ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื“ื™ืจ! 


ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. --- ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ (ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ ?). ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื”ืึทืœื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ -- ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ. -- 


8. ืฆื• ืืฑื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืึธืœืฅ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 27/14 ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1903 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ! 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. 
ื”ืฒึทื™ืึธืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจืึทืฃ ืœืขื•ื• ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืจืฒึท ื ืฒึทืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ืข ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืžืขืœ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข , ื“ืจืฒึท ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก" ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืขืก, ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ 
ืืฑื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืึธืœืฅ, ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœื™ื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ื ืขืžืœืขืš 
ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื. ืฉืึธืœืฅ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื™ืขื˜ืฐื™ื“ืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, 
ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืึธืœืฅ, ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ืžืขืกื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•, 27/14 ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1903. 


9, ืฆื• ื•ื•. ื’. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•ื• 


1903 .11 .28/5 

ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”' ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธืฐ! 
ืขืก ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš". ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ (ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ). ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 28/15 ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข. ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 


225 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื– ืคื•ื– ืฉืœื•ื ืืค ืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข (ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข), ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ืž'ืื™ื– ืึทืฐืขืง- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ึดืš ืžืฉืชึผื“ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 


ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืึท ืจื•ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, 
ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš -- ืจืขืงืœืึทืžื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ? 


0. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ - 


5/2. 12/11. 1903 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•! 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืœ. ื . ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืก ,, ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš": ื“ืขื 28 ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืง (ื“"ื” 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื 15ื˜ืŸ. 

ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 28 ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ, 

ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืฆื•, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ ื”ืœืขืš. ืืฑื‘ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืขืก ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืŸ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืจืึทื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืก ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 


ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ 
9 ืจืื›ื‘ื™ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื•ืฉ ? 
.28 ืฆื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื”' ืžืึธืึธื“, ื”ื’ื ืื™ืš 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื, 


1. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


1902 .12/11 .7 

ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•,. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธืฐื• ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืืฒึทืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืฆื•ื 14/1 
ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ -- ืื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™! -- ืžื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ "ืกื’ื–ืกื“,, ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืข (ืึทืœื ืคืึทืœืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก 


226 





ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœ ื›ื 


-- ,ืึทืกืึทืจื›ืึทื“ืึธืŸ"). ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื—ืœืฉื˜, 
ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข (ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข), ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื•ืืฒึทืœืŸ ืฆื•ื 14/1. ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ, 
ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ 
ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ. ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืจื’ืขื˜, ืคืึทืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜! ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ? ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืึทื›ื˜ืข ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ 1 ืขืงื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


9 ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ (12 ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ) 1903 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธืฐื•! 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืกืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืขืœืข- 
ื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–,. ืื•ื™ ื•ื™ื™! ื“ืึทื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœ 
ืžืฆื“ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ. ื‘ืฒึท ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
"ืงื’ื—ืก1,, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ (ื“ืึธืก 1ื˜ืข) ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฐื•. ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธืง (ืคืึทืจืŸ 5ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ). ื›ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื”, ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ "ืงืžืชืก1, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืงืœื”ืึทืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ื‘ืœื™ 
ื‘ื•ืœืึทื ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื 28/15 ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื ื“ืข ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืขืก, ืื™ื– ืึท ืกืคืง, ืฆื™ ืžืข ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข , ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš" ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ. 
ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ! ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ {ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ! ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื”ื™ื–ืง ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจ! ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ (ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ืœ). ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืขืœืข- 
ื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืฆื•ื 15/1 ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืชึผื›ืœื™ืช, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืขื ืฉืžื™ืจืขืจืก ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉ -- ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืจืึธืฉื ืก ืคึผื˜ืจืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ --- ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 


227 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืœืขื’ืขืจ. ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืฒื™ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ื™ืง? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ 
ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


21(8), 12, 1903 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธืฐื•! 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ,ืึทืกืึทืจื›ืึทื“ืึธืŸ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ "0ื’:16,, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืกืึทืจื›ืึทื“ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื™ึทืœื™ึดืข, ืื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืžื’ื•ืœื’ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืœ! ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ื•ืคื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ. ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ืžืจ-ื•ืžืฆื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึธืก. 
ื“ืขืจื ืึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ;,ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื˜ื™" ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ 2 ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 
*28601216 1' 86111861". ื“ื™ ,,ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื˜ื™" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ื–ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœ-ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื˜ื™" ืื™ื– ืžืฆื“ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื: ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืข? ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื 
, ืคึผืึธืกืจืขื“ื ื™ืง" ,ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืขื ืง". ืžืึธืึธื“ืก ืื•ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืืฒึทืขืจืข 

ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 
ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


4, ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 17ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1902 

ืึท ื’ื•ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข-ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 
ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ -- , ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’"! ืœืึธื– ืื™ื ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื›ืช-ื™ืžื™ื, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™-ืŸ-ืึทื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืึทื ืงืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืœื™ืข 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืคืึทืจื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืึธื“ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื, ืฆื•"ืŸ-ืึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ื™ืึธืจ... ืึท ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืื™ื–, 
ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขื ,, ื˜ืึธื’" ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืฒึทืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 
ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ,,ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“". ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึท ืžื ื” ื™ืคื” 
ืคืึทืจืŸ , ื˜ืึธื’?. ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ื ืึท ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื”' ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ (ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“), ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืึทืคึผืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ื” ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžืืคืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉื˜ืึทืœ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ื™ื™ -- ืฐืฒึทื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื•ื“'ืœ... ,,ืงื ืืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืชึผืจื‘ื” ื—ื›ืžื”" ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื”ืœืฐื•ืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืึทืœืข ื™ืึธืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืึท ื˜ืึธื’, ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื–ืœื˜ื™ืจ, ืึท ืคึผื™ืคึผืขืจื ืึธื˜ืขืจ --- ืึทื‘ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ-ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืึทื‘ื™ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

ื“ื™ , ืคืึธืœืงืกืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ืคื˜ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’. ืชื ืฆื‘"ื”. ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ,, ื˜ืึธื’", ืœืขืึธืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืึทื ืขืฐืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืจื‘ื ื‘ืฅ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ 
ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ --- ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™.. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืœืฒื™ื ืฐืึทืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืงืœ ืกืึทืฉืงืข. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืข ื’ื•ื˜ 
ื’ืขืคึผืึทืงื˜, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืื™ื– ืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืขืจ -- ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื‘ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื• ื ื— ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึทืฐืกืงื™ 


7 1, 1904 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื . ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธืฐืกืงื™! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื™. ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืืก? 2656 ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื˜ืึทืฐืข ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืง', ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืœืžืึทื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื˜ืึทืฐืข ? ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึทื“ืจืขืกืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื™ืขืจ ืžื›ืจื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืึทื“ืจืขืก, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืœืคื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ื˜ืึธื’" ื ื•ืžืขืจ 1 ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜. ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผ"ื‘ ?! 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ,, ื˜ืึธื’" ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ --- ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ 
ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘!!! 
ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ"ื’. 
ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืข(!) ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ , ื˜ืึธื’" 
ืึท ื ืฒึทืก, ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผ"ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื›ื ื“ื•"ืฉ 
ืฉืœื•ื ืœืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ืฉืข, ืคึผืึทื ื™ืข. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืกื•ื“ --- 


ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื˜ืฑืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืก. 


229 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœืฐืงืืคืงืขืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆื• ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 2ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1904 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืœื›ึผืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, 
ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืคืึทืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื ืฃ-ื–ืขืงืก ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ื›ึผืกื“ืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืึทืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ. 


4 ื™ื™ = 


2) ืึท ืฐื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืขืจ, ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ืึท ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืึท ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ืžืก ืงืขืคึผ! ืื™ืš ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึท- 
ื’ืขื“ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ืขื ,, ื˜ืึธื’"! ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ืœืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืจื™ื™ื“ ื’ืึธืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืจื ืกื˜: 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืžื™ื˜ -- -- -- ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคึผื ื™ื --- 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืขื ืขื ืงืึธืœืคึผืึทืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื•ืจื™ื-ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ, 
ื•ื™ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื“ืจื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœืขืงืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืึทืจืฑืคื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื“ืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึทืกืจื™ืœืขืฐื•ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ -- -- -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ื ืฅ, ืึท ืžื™ืŸ 
ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืงืข -- ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ! ืื™ืš ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ: 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืœืขืง ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ, ื“"ื” ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืคืึทืจ ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ! ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื , ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ", ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื–ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื–ืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื™, ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ืึทืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื—ืชื•ื ื”" (ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ืฆื™ืžืขืกืœ !) -- ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืึทืœืขืคึผื•ืฆืขื˜ 
ืึทื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงืฐื•ืึทืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ-ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืฆื ืงื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืฉืขื›ืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืš -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ! ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข! ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžืกื˜ื• ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื“ื• 
ื‘ื”ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืขืจื“!? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืก! ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ืึท -- ืก! ืฐืขืŸ ืกืข ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ,,ืืžืช"ื™, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืึธื’" ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฆื™ืžื‘ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,, ื˜ืึธื’" ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, 
ืึท ื ืฒึทืขื ืžืึทืจืฉืขืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืข ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ, ืึทืŸ 
ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื—ืœืฉืŸ! ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ืžืึธืœ! ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืงืœืขืคึผืงืข, ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข 
ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืึทื–ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื”ืŸ-ืฆื“ืง, 
ืึทื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ืื™ ืขืœืžื. ืึธื ืจื™ืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ. ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืฐืึทืจืฆื˜, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขื•ื• ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ,ืืžืช", ื ืึธืจ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืึทืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืฒึทื ื™ืงืข, ื ืขื ื–ืฉืข, ื–ืฒึท ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืฆื™ ืึทืจืฑืฃ ื“ื™ ืชึผื—ืชื•ื ื™ืžืœืขืš, ื˜ื• ืึท ืงื•ืฉ 
ื“ื™ ืจื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’: , ืื•ื™, ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•! ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•! ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ!" -- ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึท 
ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘-ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื›ื˜ืข ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืข ืžืึธืœืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื•, -- ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ. ืึทื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ (ื—ืœื™ืœื”) ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืง ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ, 

ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


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ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 
7, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 4ื˜ืŸ--ื›5ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1904 

ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ื ื•, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ื ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ,ื˜ืึธื’", ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข ? ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืกืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ- ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืงืึธื›ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื›ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืึทืจืฑืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื , ื˜ืึธื’", ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืึทืงืŸ (ืคึผื•ื›ืงืข ื‘ืึทืงืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ -- ืกืึทืžืข ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉืŸ !) ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ : ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืžื™ืŸ , ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข --- ืขืก ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ , ื˜ืึธื’" --- ื ื•, ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, 
ืึทืŸ ืขืง -- ืื•ื™ืก ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจืก, 

ื–ืข, ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื•, ืฐื™ ื“ื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ -- ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืึทืง, ืึท ืœืขื–ืฉื ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ื ื•ืžืขืจ 27 -- ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืงื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืกืš, ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜: ืื•ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืžืข ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืงื™ืจืฆืŸ; ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ , ื˜ืึธื’". ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืจ 
ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ,ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš" ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉ. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื™ืŸ 
ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ,ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš", ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืงื•ืจืฆืงื™ื™ื˜! ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ?! ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืึท ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ (ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜ ;ืึท ื‘ืขืœ-ืžืœืึธื›ื”"), 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ืฒึทื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผื•ืคื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืึธืš -- ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ ื˜ื• ื–ื™ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก! ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ืจ, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ึทืขืŸ, ื’ืขืงืึทืฐื™ื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื•ื™ ืึท ื“ื‘ืจ-ืื—ืจ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื“ื• ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ 
, ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ื™ --- ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื–ืขืŸ. -- 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืึธื’" --- ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื ืฆื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื•ื™ ืึท ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ื”ืึธืฅ-ื”ืึธืฅ --- ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ืฐืึธืก! ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื–, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืกืข 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• --- ืื™ื– ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืŸ! ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืึทืœ! ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš! ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืงืขืก, ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึทืคึผืึทื ืขืจ! ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ,,ื‘ื™ื“ื ืขื" ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ! --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึท , ืฆืฒึทื˜" 
-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ -- ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื•, ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืึทืง 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืฐืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืกื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ,, ืฆืฒึทื˜" ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก! -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจ: ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœื˜ 


231 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืขืคึผื™ืฉ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืฉ, ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœืขืคืขืจื™ืง. ืื™ืš, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ื“ื• ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืื™ื– ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื’ืขืœื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืจื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืฃ, ื ื•! 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ืฐื•. ื’. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธืฐื• 


0 ืข2. 1904 

ืคื™ืœื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื• ! 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ,ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš" (ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ) 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ื ืขื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ืจืึทืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืฃ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก. 

ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื–, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึท ืกืš ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข. ื ื•, ืึทืฐื“ืื™, ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ? ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ? 

ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ 440 ืคืจืึทื ืง, 
ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ? 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 


ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


9, ืฆื• ืืฑื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืึธืœืฅ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 4.,15, 1904 
ืคื™ืœื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืฑื’ื•ืกื˜ ืงืึทืจืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืึทื“ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข. ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข, 
ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ืงื•ืžื ืจื•ื. ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ (ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข) ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’180408210 06::4, ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ. ืึทืฐื“ืื™, 
ืฆื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื’ืขืจืžืึทื ืฆืขืก ? ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ืฐืขืœื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจื”ืึทืคื˜ืŸ. 
ืฆื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืคื™ืœื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจื—ื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 


232 








ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก-ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ (ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืฆื•) ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื™ื ืขื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ (ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ). ืขืคึผืขืก-ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง --- ืื™ืŸ (4 2689556 11/3 ,30168) "018501266ืฉ 015065ื˜1,, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 14, 15 ืื•ืŸ 16 ืคื•ืŸ 1, 8 ืื•ืŸ 15 ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 4, 

ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื’ืข, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ 1122661 011026ืฉืคื˜ื’/ ื–ื•} 8280 3915006ืช (ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœ-ื‘ืึทื ืง, ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’), ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ. 


ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ -- 
ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


.2,5 ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœืฒื™ื’ื˜ืข ื ื•ืžื™ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 5 ื–ืึทื›ืขืœืขืš. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืฒืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜. 


0, ืฆื• ื ื— ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ 


119104 .5 4 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™! 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ืึธืš 4 ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš , ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข". ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ? ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืขืก ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ืฐืึธืš ื‘ืœื™ ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ (ืฐื™ ,ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“") 
ืึท ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข, 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 4 ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜- 
ืœืขืš ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืขื™ืฉื˜ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืข 
ืึธื ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข! 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืงืึธืœื ื™ืง ? ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืจื›ืŸ. 

ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืฉืขืžื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•. ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ -- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืข ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืงืœื•ื’ืข, ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื, 
ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืงืึทืœื™ืงืขืก, ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืึทืงืขืก, ืคึผืึทืจื›ืขืก, 
ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืคึผืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืงื ืึทืงืขืจืก, ืคืฒึทืคืขืจืก, ืžืœืžื“ื™ื, ื‘ื˜ืœื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
-- ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ --- ืื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง --- ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ! 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ืื™ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


33 


ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืขื ,, ื˜ืึธื’" ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื”ืœ ื•ื ืฉืชึผื•ืžื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ! 1 ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 
ืื™ืŸ 4 ืฐืึธื›ืŸ?! ืึทืœืข ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข, ืฐื™ืกื˜ืข, ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ืžืก ืงืขืคึผ! 

ืœืžืข"ื”: ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ , ื“ื™ ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข" ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ 2 
ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš! ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“" ื’ื™ื˜ ,ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืœื”" 2 ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• 2 ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ื“"ื” ืฆื• 4 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืึท ืฐืึธืš. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 1 ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ 4 ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก 4044--16 
ื—ืœืงื™ื!! ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง (53) ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? 


1 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


4 5. 19104ืŸ 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™! 

ืคืข-ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข! ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืื•ืก! 

1) ืคื•ื ืขื , ื˜ืึธื’" ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 1/2 ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื•. 

2) ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ (ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš, 4 ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ 5 -- ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึท!. 

2) ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืขืจื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขืคึผืขืฉื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 

4 ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ืึท ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ: ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท 
ืคึผื•ืจื™ื-ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ (ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืข) 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ! 

5) ื“ืขื , ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื˜" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜. 

6 ื™ืขื ืข ืฐืึธืš ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื”' ืฆื™ื˜ืจืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
, ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื˜" ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืจืึทืกื˜ืึธื•ื•, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, 

7) ืึทืœืข ืฐืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจืŸ ืกืงืึทื ื“ืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ --- ืคืข, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ื ืข! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


0. 5. 19104ืŸ 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ !ึผ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜ -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืžืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, 


134 








ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข -- ืึท ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ -- 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• --- ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืจื˜! 
ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืง -- ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืข! ื—ืœืฉื•ืช! 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


3 ืฆื• ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืึธืœืฅ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 21. 5. 1904 


ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 299, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื 29/16.ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ-ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืžื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก-:ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืขืจ 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข. ืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ (ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ) ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžืึทื˜ืข- 
ืจื™ืึทืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื. ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ื ืื•ื™ืคื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 25--20 ื™ืึธืจ. 

ืึทืœืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจ 
-- ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜, ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ ืฉ. ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื“ืขื ืืฑื˜ืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืข ื•ืขืจืง, 
ื•ื™ ,ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ืึทื˜ืฉืข", ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ -- , ืคื™ืฉืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืžืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขื›ืข 
ืฉืึทืคึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ืคืึท ื”ืึทืœื˜ 
ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ (ื–ืฒึทื ืขื) ืึท ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ (ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื’ืึธืŸ), ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื‘ืึทืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื™, ืึทื–ืึท ืฐื™ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ. ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืืฒื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืฐืึทืœ... 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื–ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ 20--21 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืึทืจืฑืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฐืฒึทืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืกืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ -- ,, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืก", 
ืฐืฒึทืœ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืจื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ืŸ (ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืึทื’ื‘, ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื–ืœื“ื™ืง). 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึทื›ื˜ ืืฑื™ืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆื™ืงืข 
ื–ืึทื›ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืกื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜. 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึท ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" (ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืข- 


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ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื˜ืข ืœื™ ื›ื•ื 


ื‘ืขืจ -- ืฆืขื“ืขืจื‘ืื•ื, ืกืึทื ืงื˜-ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’), ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ (ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ) ืึท ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ,, ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจืŸ, ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 2 ื™ืึธืจ. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉืจืจื ืึทืœืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ,ื”ืฑื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ,ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ", ,ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืœ" ื“ื™ (ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข. ืคืึธืœืงืกื–ืฆืฒื˜ื•ื ื’", โ€ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื ื”"  ;4903(โ€ /ื—ืฉืจ โ€ ื˜ืื " 
(1904), ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธื ืขืจ ,ืขื ื“ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืก", ื ื™-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ , ื˜ืึทื’ืข-ื‘ืœืึทื˜", 
,ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜", ,ืคื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืึทื˜-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. (ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืœืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜). ืึท ืกืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ-ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื› ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ (ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืคึผื•ืฑืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ) =- , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•", , ื™ืึธืกืข- 
ืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธืฐืฒ", ,, ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ", ,,ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ", ,ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš" ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ื™, 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ-ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทื– ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื‘ืฆื ื™ื, ืึท ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš-ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืก. ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง (ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผื•ื˜ืจื•ืคึผืกื•ืช-ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ), 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜, ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื ื–ื™ืš ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฉืœืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš- 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ... ืึทื–ืึท ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฒึท ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ืึทืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’, ืœืžืฉืœ ,,ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขืคึผืœ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืžืึทื ืก ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ื–ืฉื™ื–ืŸ" ืคืึทืจืŸ 1904, 
ื‘ื•ืš 1. (ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœ). 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืจื™, ืื™ืŸ 20-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ 2 ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึท ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืึทืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ -- ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืคึผืจืฅ, ืกืคึผืขืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ, ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™, ื ืึธืžื‘ืขืจื’, ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืงืึธื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื™ืก ืจืึธื–ื ืคืขืœื“ (ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข). ื“ื™ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 


ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืึธืœืขื’ืŸ. 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ. ืคึผืจืฅ ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฆื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืึท ืค ืึธืœืงื™ืฉืขืจ. ืคื™ื ืกืงื™, ื ืึธืžื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืฐืขืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืงืึทื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜. ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื–ื• ืคื•ืŸืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืข ืžืึทืกืŸ. ืžืึธืจื™ืก ืจืึธื–ื ืคืขืœื“, ืึท ืคึผืึธืขื˜-ืขืžื™ื’ืจืึทื ื˜, ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ, 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืกืึทืžืึธืจืึธื“ื ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”' 
ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืžื™ืœื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื ืกืฐืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ -- ืึท 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืจืึทื“ื™ืงืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืช-ื–ื•ื›ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื‘ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฉ. 

ืึทืœืก ืงืึธืœืึธืกืึทืœืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืžื•ื–ืข, 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ืข ืžืึทืงื•ืœืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื™ื ืฆืœื˜ืข, 
ื”ืขืกืœืขื›ืข ื’ืึธืกืŸ-ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืจืึทื“ื™ืงืึทืœืข ืžืœื—ืžื” ืกืฒึท ื“ืึธ, ืกืฒึท ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึทืจืึทื–ื™ื˜ืŸ ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ, 
ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื˜ืขื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜, 

ืึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข! 


ืก. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


.8,ืช ืฆื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ? 


4, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืขืจื‘ ืจืึธืฉื™ื”ืฉื ื” ื”'ืชืจืก"ื” (29ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1904} 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืึทืจื‘ืึทืจื™ืฉ ืขื’ืึธื™ึทืกื˜ืœ! 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื‘ืึทื ื“ืขืจืึธืœ (ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืึธื™ืข) ื“ืขื ,ืจื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ืฆื™ืŸ". 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืขืจื‘ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืขืจื‘ ืจืึธืฉ-ื”ืฉื ื”. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืึท ืคืจืฒึทืข, ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก: ืึท ,ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื›ึผืคึผืจื”" 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื- ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ (, ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ื™) ืื•ืŸ , ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช (,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ,, ืขืงืก- 
ืคึผืจืขืก", , ื˜ืึธื’-ื‘ืœืึทื˜") ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืึทืจืŸ ,,ื”ืฆื•ืคื”" (,,ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ืช-ืชึผื•ืจื”"). ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืคึผื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ: ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขื’ืึธื™ึทืกื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืœื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘, ื“"ื” ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• (ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ 
ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืึทื–ืึทืœืฆืŸ, ื‘ืึทืคืขืคืขืจืŸ -- ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”- 


237 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืฉื, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ืึธืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึธืœื™ืŸ, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืึธื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืึธื›ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข. -- -- -- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ื”ืึธื“ืœ 
ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืกื™ื™ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจืŸ ? -- ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ื–ืึทืš, ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ! 
ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืœืฉื ื”-ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท 
ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ! | 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืœื“ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืกื˜. ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 10ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1904 
ืขืจื‘ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช ืชึผืจืก"ื” 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื“ื“! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข", ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื–ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึทืคึผื˜, ื•ื™ 
ืึท ืฉืฐื•ืึธื, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช -- ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. -- ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ื“ื™ , ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ื ื•ืžืขืจ 207 (, ื“ืขืจ 
{ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืก"). ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื , ืฆื™ืžืขืก". ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืก ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ; ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’: ,ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘-ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช! ืึทื ื•, 
ืคึผืึทื ื™ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืคืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืœ, ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื•ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื”ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉืขื” 
ืฆืฒึทื˜". -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืœ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืึท ืฉืขื” 
-- ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท , ืฆื™ืžืขืก". ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืฉืขื”. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืฉืขื”, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืขืžื˜ืขืจ -- 

ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืื—ืฉืชึผืจื ื™ื" ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ! 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืงื“ื—ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ; ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ ื‘ืกื•ื“, ืฐื™ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ,, ื“ ืึธ ืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ" ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, 
ื–ืึธืœ ืžืืจื™ืš-ื™ืžื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืจื™ื–ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข -- ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜. ื ื•, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืžื—ื™ืœื” 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“"ืจ ืœื•ืจื™ืึทืŸ, ื“"ืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฆืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื“ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ืžืก ,ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ", ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
,ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”" ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื’ื•ืžืœ. -- -- -- ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืคืจื•ื’ืŸ. ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ื : ืึท ื’ื•ื™, ืึท ื’ื•ื™ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืฑื™ืข... -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื‘ืึทืจื’ ืื™ื– ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ 


238 











ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืึธืจ ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ, ืึท ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ! ืืฒึท, ืžืึธืฐื•ืขืจืŸ! ืืฒึท, ืึท ื˜ื•ืžืœ! 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ื‘ืฒึทื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ. ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื˜, ืึทืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช ืึท ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืึท ืคึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื‘ืึทืจื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ: 


ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 
ืžืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทื™ืขืŸ. 
ืึทืœื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื“ื™ืŸ. 
ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืขื•ืœื, ืกืฒึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืงืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืก ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ,, ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช". 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืœื“ื“, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
- -- -- ื•ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ? 


6 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืกื˜. ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 1ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1904 

ืึธื—ื™ ืžื™ื“ื“ ! 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืงื•ื, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ : ืคืข, ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ื ืงื˜! ืก'ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืงืจ. ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึทืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื ื™ืคื” ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉื•ืช. ื“ื™ , ื›ืึทืœื™ืึทืกื˜ืจืข" ืื™ื– ืึท ื›ืึทืœื™ืึทืกื˜ืจืข. ืœืžืฉืœ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื”ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ืจื—, ืื™ื– ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉ, ืึท ืฉืงืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืงืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื˜ืœืŸ. ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืกืคืขืจืข ืื™ื– ืขืก. ืึทืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืงื•ืœืึทืง, ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืึท ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืช, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืžืœืžื“, ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืžืฉืจืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืžื™ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืงืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื‘ืจืึธืง 
ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ื˜ -- -- -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืงืจื ื™ื, ื—ื ื™ืคื™ื, ื‘ื˜ืœื ื™ื, ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข, ืงืึทืœื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, 
ืึธืŸ ืึท ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืฅ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจื’ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึทืš 
ื”ืขื ื’ื˜. ืืœื”ื™ื ื™ืจื—ื! ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜!.. 

-- -- -- ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืขืงืขืœืข -- ืงื”ืœ, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืœื“ื“, ืึธื“ืขืจ : ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืึธืœื™ืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’"ืค. 


39 


ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ื•ื• ืืค ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืืฉ ืœื™ื›ื 


7. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืกื˜. ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 5ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1904 

ืึธื—ื™ ืžื™ื“ื“! ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™! 
ื“ืจืฒึท ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืคืึทืจืฉืจืคืขื˜ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืŸ! ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืก. ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ื‘ืฒึทื ,,ืื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ,, ื˜ืึธื’" ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึธืž- 
ืคึผืึทื ื™ืข) ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœืขื•ื•ื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜- 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืžืข ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืึท ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึทื ื“ื™ื“ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื•. ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš, ื‘ืชึผื ืื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, 200 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืจืึทื™ืขืœ, ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืื™ืฉ 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขื” ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื: ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจืง, 
ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœืึทื˜.. ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ! -- ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, 
ืฐื™ ืฆื• ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ-ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก, ืึทื– ืงื•ื™ื ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ -- ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื ื™ื˜. ืœื›ืŸ, ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ: ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, 
ืขืœื™ื›ื -- ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืกืชึผื ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข 
ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื”, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื‘ื–ื”'ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืกืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืจื•ืžืœ. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ โ€ ืœื‘ืฉื‚ืจ 
ืื—ื“!" ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœ-ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ืึท- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืคืจืขื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืกื•ื•. ืžื™ืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคืŸ- 
ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš-ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง. ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื• ื ืึทื›ื˜ืก ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข (ืื-ื™ืฆืจื”-ื”ืฉื) ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื•ืกืจื•ืคืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื—ืฉืง ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื• -- ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœื. ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื. 

-- ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืก'ืžื•ื™ืœ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืกื˜. ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 7ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1904 

ืึธื—ื™ ืžื™ื“ื“! 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
, ื”ืฉืœื•ื—" ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


-- ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ? ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืžืขื’ ืื™ื ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ! ืฆื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืžืขืŸ: ,ื”ื—ื“ืœืชื™ ืืช ืžืชืงื™ ื•ืืช ืชื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ 
ื”ืขืฆื™ื ? !"... -- ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ื•ืขื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ืฆืฐื•ื”, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ;ืึธื˜ื“" ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืขืคืœืึทืงืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ: ,ืชืฆื ืืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ื“ ื•ืชืื›ืœ ืืช ืึทืจื–ื™ 
ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ !"... ืคืึทืจ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท 150 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ 50 ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื”ื–ืžืŸ" -- ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ. -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืก. --- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื—ื“ืจ, ืกื™ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืฃ !ึธ 


9, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก 


ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 6ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ (11905, 2.05 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 


ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืขืœื™-ื‘ืชึผื™ื! 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืžื—ื™ืœื”. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืฒึท ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื ืฒึทืก, ืึทื–ืŸ ื”ืœืฐืึทื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ! ื‘ืชึผื•ืš ื›ึผืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืฑืžื˜ ืึท ืกื•ื“, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืงืึธื›ื˜ ืจืขื˜ืฉืขื ืข 
ืฐืึทืจืขื ื™ืงืขืก -- ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ? ืจืขื˜ืฉืขื ืข!!! ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ, ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืขืจ, ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืคึผืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึท ืกืš ื ืฒึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื”ื–ืžืŸ" ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก. -- ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืฆืฒึทืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึตืœ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ืึธืžืŸ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0, ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 8ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1905 


ืฆื• ื“. ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”' ืžืึทืจืขืง, ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืœื™ื–ืขืื•ื-ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜", ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืจืขืงืฆื™ืข, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืžืึทืจืขืง ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื—ืฉืง ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•- 
ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ื™ืœ 
ืื™ืš, ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก, ืึทื– ื ื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฒึท ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื. 


41 


ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื•:ืค ื ื–. ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื ืงืข ืœื™ื™ื›ื•ื 


ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื”' ืžืึทืจืขืง (ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ), ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึท ืœืึธื–ืฉืข 
ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ (ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš. -- 


ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, 
ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืก. -- ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื , ื”ื–ืžืŸ" ื›ึผืฉืจ ืœืคึผืกื—, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื“ื™ , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืœื•ื›ื”" ืคื•ืŸ ื“. ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ. 


ื•ื•ืค. ืฆื•ื ื•ืขืงื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 11ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1905 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ! 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืขื”, ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืคืึทืจ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ื•ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื™ื” ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืฑื™ืฃ ื’ื•ื™ื™ืฉ 
ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ! 

ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 

ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ,,ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืœื•ื›ื”". ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? ืฐื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฉืžืฒึทืกื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฆืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื–ืึทืš. ื•ื™ 
ืœืึทื ื’ ืฉืžืฒึทืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืžืึทืจืš. ื–ืฒื™ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ , ืœืึธืงืฉืŸ" ืชึผืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข), ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ืกื˜ืฐืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืฉื™ืง 
ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืขื-ื”ืึธืจืฆื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฉื‚ื›ืœื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืึท ืกืš ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืฆืขืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึทืงืœ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื‘ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ- 


ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ? ืฉืึทื“ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜! -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš. ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ? 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ื•ื™, 26ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1905 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืžื ื™! 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืžื–ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 


82 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืช-ืฆื•-ื ืึทื›ื˜ืก, 20 ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ ืฐื•ื™ืึท ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืžื•ืจื ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ. ืึทื– ืžืข ื‘ืจื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ 
ืืคืฉืจ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜... 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืขืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 50 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื... -- ืื™ืš ืึทื’ื™ื˜ื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
,ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช", ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื•ื™. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืฐื•ื ืข. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑืกืœืึทื ื“. ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš. ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ, 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืคืึทืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืก! ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ 2100 ืจื•ื‘ืœ 
ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ื™ืจื”, ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื’, 5 ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ืึท ืจื•ืฒึทืงืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืœื‘ืขืจ, ืงื•ืจืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช, ืคืขืจื“, ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื! 


3. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 4ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1905 

ืึธื—ื™ ืžื™ื“ื“! 

ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒื™ึท 
ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง. -- 

ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ืง ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ,,ื•ื•ืขื’" ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื–, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขื“ืœื™ื’ ืึท 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ -- -- --. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ , ืื™ืคึผืคึผืึธ" 
(ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผ"ื!) ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืžืขืœื”: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜! ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืงืŸ, ืื™ ื“ืึธืก -- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืงืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืžืฉื›ึผื•ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ืขืœ-ื—ื•ื‘ -- ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜! -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึท ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข -- ื ื ื•! ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข: ืื™ืงืก- 
ืžื™ืงืก-ื“ืจื™ืงืก, ื’ืึธืœืข ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ, ืขืœ"ืคึผื™ ื›ึผืœืœื™ ื”ื“ืขืงืึทื“ืึทื ืก: ืžื™ืœื, , ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช" ืื™ื– 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ. ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ -- -- --, ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื›ึผืชึผื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึท ืงืจื™ืกื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฅ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ (ืึทื ื˜ืœืฑืคื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืขืจ ืคืขืคืขืจ ืฐืึทืงืกื˜!). ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’! -- -- --, ืื•ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืžืช, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืฅ ื›ึผืฅ -- ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฑืกืฉืคึผืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ -- -- -- ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ,,ืจื‘ื•ื ื•- 
ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื". -- ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜. ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื•ื•ืขื’" ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืžื–ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืข -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื 200, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืžื“, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, 


ืžืžื ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


43 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื– ืคื”ืŸื• ืฉืœื•ื ?9 ืœื™ื™ื›'ื 
4 ืฆื• ื“'ืจ ืžืึทืจื™ืก ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื” 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 13ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1905 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“"ืจ ืž. ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’! 
ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ... ? ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš ? ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื ืึธืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื‘ืฒึท ืžืจ. ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื• ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืจืึทืžืขืก ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืข, ืื™ืŸ 4 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 5 ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ -- -- --. ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืจ. ื˜ืึธืžืึทืฉืขืฐืกืงื™ 
(ืคึผื™ืคึผืœืก ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ) ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืจ. ืึทื“ืœืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉืึทืงืึธื‘? -- -- --. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื”ื™ื™ื". ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฉื ืขืœ. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื ืฒึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ; ื”ื™ื™ื": 

ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืฉื-ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื” ืฒึทื ื˜ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš. ืคืึทืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืึทืจืึทื - 
ื˜ื™ืจื˜. ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธ.. ื“ืึธ ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจ 
,ืฉืœื™ืฉื™" ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ , ืžืคื˜ื™ืจ" ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ -- ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื—ื–ืŸ. ืืคืฉืจ 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืคื•ื ื˜ ืงืขืจืึธืกื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ? ื’ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืฉ 
ืœื™ืคืขืจืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ. ืฉ ืึท ื“ ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื˜: ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช- 
ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืึธืฉ-ื”ืฉื ื” ืฆื• , ืฉื—ืจื™ืช"... 
,ืžื•ืกืฃ" ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ... ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื”ืžืœืš" ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ... ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืื™ื 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืก : ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืžืฉื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืขื–ืขืžืขืจ, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึท 
ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทื ื˜. ืึท ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืžืฉื™ื. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ 
ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื—ื–ืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ืึท ืงืจืขื ืง! ื’ื‘ืื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื•ืจื ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืฒืŸ: ืฉืงืฆื™ื ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคึผืœื™ืขืก. ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ! 
-- ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื”ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜. ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืึทื– ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ืึธืกื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 


ืฉืœื•ื” ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ , ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืึทืœ" 21ืกื˜ืŸ--25ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1905 


ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึท ืกืš ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืก, ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืฉื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืงืขืคึผ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ืœืคืœืึธื–, ื’ืขื ืฆืœืขืš ืคึผืึทืจืึทืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜. ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ -- ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืกืš ื ืขื›ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื ื” ืฉืœื•ื:ืฆืœื™ืคื” 


ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ,ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜" ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืคืึทืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, 
ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืก ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ืงืœืึทื ื’, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ! ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืคืขืœ, ืึทืŸ 
ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื•ื‘ืื ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก 
ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืกืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื—ืจื•ื‘ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืึทืก ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื–ืึทืงืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื—ื™ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ: ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžืกืชึผืžื ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–; ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืจืึทื‘ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ื’ื–ืœื ืขืŸ, 
ื’ื ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ. ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฆืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืฉืœืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก. ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืฒื™ ื’ืขื”ืจื’ืขื˜-ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ: ื’ืขืœื˜! ื’ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜! ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืกืข.. 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ -- ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ! ืื™ืš 
ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืึท ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜-ื—ืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš. ืฆื• ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜! ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“ 
ืฉืึทืจืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš, ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื˜ืฉื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคืึธื ื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ -- ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ! ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, 
ืจืขื˜ืขื˜! ืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืึทืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ืจืึทื’ืึทืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื”ื™ื™ื˜! ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื ื™ื˜. ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืฐืขืง 100 ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื ืคืฉื•ืช! ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœ, 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜. --- ืคืึทืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜, ืจื•ื™ึทื ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜! -- -- -- 


ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ , ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืึทืœ", 26ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1905 


ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒื™ื ื“ ื“"ืจ ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’! 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื 5ื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ ืฆื• , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™". ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืงื˜, ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคืจืœืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืœื•ื˜ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜. ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, 
ืกืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ? ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื“ืขื 
5ื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื”' ืึทื“ืœืขืจ. ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ืื•ื™ืคืคื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคึผื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐื•ืงืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื“ืขื˜ืึทืœืŸ --- ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–! 


45 


ื‘ึผื“ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ 
ืื™ื– ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึท ื”ืขืœืขืจ. ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืงืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืจืึทื’ื•ื ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธื–ืึทืง, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ืงืข ืคื•ื ืขื ,, ื›ื•ืœื™ื’ืึทืŸ". ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ 
ืึทืœืข: ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. -- 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ. ื˜ื•ื˜, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืขืœืคื˜, ืจืขื˜ืขื˜! ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. --- ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข: , ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’-ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ 

ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืึทืœืฑื ื•ื ื’." ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืจืฒึท ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 

ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืึธ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ 

ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. -- -- -- ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 

ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืœืึทื’ืข!.. ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ !... 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืจืขืคึผืจืขื ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืึทืœืก ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก, ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืข. ื˜ื•ื˜! ื”ืขืœืคื˜! ืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขื˜! 


7, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•, 23ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1905 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’! 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 880 ืื•ืŸ ื–ื˜ืื, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืึธื– ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ.. 

ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืงืึธื ืคื™ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืึธืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš -- ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”. 

ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ : ืคืึธื ื™ืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืจืึทื‘ืขืฐืขื˜ืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง --- ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข. ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜. ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ 
, ืคึผื™ื ื™" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ , ืžืขื ื“ืœ" ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš -- ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืึท ืคึผืขื ื™! 
ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื›ึผืœืขืจืœืฒ ืึทืคึผืขืจืขืก, ืื•ื ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื–ื•ืžื ืก, ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื‘ืจื (ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ืฉืจ), ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื 
ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ 
ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ, -- ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜! ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 


26 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึทืœื˜: ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ื™ืœื“ ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” -- 
ืื™ื– ืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืžืขืกืขืจ 6 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ (ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคืึทืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ! =- -- -- 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข -- ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื• 
ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื”! -- ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 223ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1905 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“"ืจ ืž. ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’! 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืžืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืžื‘ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื–ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคืขืœืงืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื–ื” ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืงื•ืœืขืก, ืึท ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, 
ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. 
ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื“ืจืึทืžืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืึทืžืข ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ: ,ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื‘ืŸ" ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’". 
ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข. ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึทืžืข ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืึทืงื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข. ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ, 
--- ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืจืึธืœืข ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืงืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื•ืฃ -- ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉืขืง 
ืึทื“ึตืœืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ืœ ืง ื˜ื•ื ืชื™, ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืจืึธืœืข 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข, ืึท ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืจื•ื™ ืึท ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– -- ืจืึธื–ืข ื–ื™ืกืขืจ- 
ืžืึทืŸ. ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืงืึทืจื“ื™ื ืึทืœืข ืจืึธืœืข --- ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืึทื˜ 
ื™ื•ืืœืขืง ื“ืจืึทื˜ื•ื•ืข -- ื–ืฒืขืจ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจืข ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืงืขืจ. ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐืึธืจื ื˜ (ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืกืึทืžืข ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ) ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ ืกืฆืข- 
ื ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข, ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื“ืขืงืึธืจืึท- 
ืฆื™ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืคื•ืจืึธืจ. ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืกืฆืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืฆืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื™ืคืขืกื˜ืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืจืขืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ? ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืึทืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืžื™ืขืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืฐื™ ืขืก ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืื™ืœื•ื–ื™ืข, ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจืก, ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, ื–ืึธืœ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: , ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื˜ืขื’". = == == 
ืื™ืš ื“ืจื™ืง ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜, 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


27 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ื™ืคื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื ืกืข ืœื™ื›ื•ื 


9, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 9ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1905 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“"ืจ ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’! 
ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•! -- -- --- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ื’ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื’ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ ืึธืจืขื ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืึทืฐืขืงืฆื•ึผืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืœืึทื’ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื•ืจื–ืึทื›ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜ืžืึทื ื’ืœ. ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืข 
ืึทื›ื˜ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ, ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืžื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืข-ื•ื ื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืึทืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืœื•ื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืœืึทื ื“ -- ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ !" ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืึทืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืข- 
ื ืขื ืœืึทื ื“. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ; ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ? ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ืจืŸ ?... ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืื•ื ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืŸ, ืึทืจืฑืกื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื‚ืจืคื” ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืข-ื”ืข, ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืึท ืกืš, ืึท ืกืš ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“!.. ืฐื™ 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฉืžืขืจืฆื ื“ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืขืžืขืฆื ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ -- ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง 
ืฆื• ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ืึธืจืขื. -- -- -- ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื 
ืคืึธืœืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื‘ืึทืœืฑื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ... -- -- -- ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืกืข ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืงืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืจืœื™!! -- = -- 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื” ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’, 4ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1906 


ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“"ืจ ืคึผื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’! 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ? 


48 





ื‘ืจื™ืฐื•-ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืงื”ื -ืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• -- ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืงืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, 


ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื‚ืจื”ื–ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ื‘ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืข ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ืขื‘ืŸ -- ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‚ืจื”ื–ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, --- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ? ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืคืึทืจ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ? ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ? ื–ืึธืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, {ืคื•ืŸ| ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ืฉืœืขืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ? ืฐืึธืก ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ? 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, 
ืึทื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ืœืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• --- ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ!! 


ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืึทื”ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ -- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืคื•ืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขื•ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขื•ื• ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืึทื– 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ -- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ? ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึธื ืคืจืึทื’ืขืก! ืื™ืš 
ืฐืึทืจื˜! ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜! ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’, 6ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1906 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’! 
ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื 3ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืึทืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื”' ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึทืจื“ืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืœืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ -- -- 
--- ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ. ืœื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš 1200 ืจื•ื‘ืœ (ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•). ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 200 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ. -= --- 


ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืฆืฒึทืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื“ื•ืœืขื ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ืกื•ืฃ- ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืึทื ืง. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


49 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื™ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’, 14ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1906 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’! 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‚ืจื”ื–ืึธืŸ. 
ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืึท ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
0 ื“ืึธืœืขืจ, 1200 ืจื•ื‘ืœ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ 3200 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ! 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื‚ืจื”ื–ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. -- -- --, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทืกื˜. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง 


ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’, ืงืึทื˜ืœืึธืจืกืงืึท 1, 7ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1906 

ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ื™ืงื™ืจื™! 
-- --- --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืจืฒึทืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื—ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืึทืฐืึธ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ื ? ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืึท ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ; ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™-ื—ื•ืฉืš ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ืขืก ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ : ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 

ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” !ึธ 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื• ื“"ืจ ืžืึธืจื™ืก ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’, 3ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1906 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“"ืจ ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื”' ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึทืจื“ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืš 
ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืฃ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื - 
ืœืขืš ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ื ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš. ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืœืขื– ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืขื”, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจืœืขื– ื ืึธืจ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืข ืœืง ืคื•ื 


ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืกืงื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกืจื™ืœืขืฐืงืข, ืžืึทื–ืขืคึผืขื•ื•ืงืข, 
ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื”, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจื˜ ืึธืคื˜ 
ืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื˜ืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ 
ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ, ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข 
ืืึทื–"ื•ื• -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขืจื˜, ืขืก ืžืขื’ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ืึธ ืึท ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื, ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื, ืขืก ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, 
ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ืœืึทื ื“, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืข ; ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ. ืžืข ืฆืขืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš. ืžืข ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึทืจืžืœืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜. -- -- -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื›ึผืœืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื•ืจื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื, 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื›ึผื•ื—, ืึทื– ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืึธื ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึทืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ืงื™ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืคึผืจื”! 


ื“ืขื ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึทืจื“ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• -- ืึธืกื•ืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒ: ืขืคึผืขืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ืกืคึผื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜". ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืกืคึผื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜"? ื ืึธืš 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ,,ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืŸ ื—ื–ื ืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ" 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ. ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื—ื–ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธื ื™ืขืŸ ื™ืžื—-ืฉืžื•-ื•ื–ื›ืจื•, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ?! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 

ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ื•! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื• ื. ืœ. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง 


ื•ื˜ืึทืจื ืึธื•ื•ืŸ 0ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1906 
ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•'. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืึธืงืข. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืจื ืึธื•ื•, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืข-ื•ื ื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’", ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื” -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ! ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•! (ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืกื— ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึทืžื–ืขืœ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ). ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื”, ื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ื”, ื™ื•ื ื“ื™ืฆื”, ื™ื•ื ื—ื“ื•ื” --- ื’ื™ืœื” ืจื™ื ื” ื“ื™ืฆื” 
ื—ื“ื•ื” ื”ืึธืคืข-ื ื•ื ื’! 


ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ืึธืš ืึทืจื•ื, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืจื— ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก; ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื—, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข -- ืื•-ืฐื•ืึท! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 

ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง 


ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’, 8ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1906 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืจืึทื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง! 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ (ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ื™ื™) ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืข ืึทื”ืฒื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกื— ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืžื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ื™ืงืข. ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ื ืึธืš ืคึผืกื— ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ. ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื’ื•ืœื’ืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืกื—- 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,, ืฆืฒึทื˜" (ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘). ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข, 
ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ื‘ืงื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืกื•ืฃ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ืจ? ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
,ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’" ? ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ื˜ืขื ื”, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช -- 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ,, ืžื”-ื ืฉืชึผื ื”". ื) ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื -- -- -- ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ 
ืฉื‘ืฐืึทืจืฉืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ืžืฉื‚ื ื ืขืžื™ืจืึธืฐ" ? ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ? ื‘) ืœืžืื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืฉ" 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ! ื’) ืœืžืื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ? ื“) ืœืžืื™... ื“ืึธืก ืœืึธื– 
ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืึธืš ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘. --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉ" 
ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“". --- ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ? ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ? 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžืึธื ื™ืฉ ? ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜? ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื™ืข? ืจืขื“ื˜ ? ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข 1 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ" (,ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜") ? ืึท ื›ึผืฉืจืŸ 

ืคึผืกื— ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ! 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’, 6ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1906 

ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืฉืœื•ื ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื-ื›ึผืชื‘ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš-ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธื’ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื ื™ ื“ื™ื•ืžื. 


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ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื• ืคืฐื–ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื–ืฆืœื™ืคื 


ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ื“ื™ , ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’" ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ,,ื‘ืขื“ ืฉืœืฉื” ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื"... ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ, 
ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื“ืขื” ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ ืจ ืฒึท ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ. ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื—ืœื•ื ? ืขืคึผืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื•ืงืฉื”ื“ื™ืง, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืฐืึธืก 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื›ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื ืœืขื•ืŸ, ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึทืœืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืข- 
ื˜ืึธื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ. ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ: ,ื”ืขืจืฉืœ- 
ืงืึทื“ืขื˜" (ื”ืขืจืฉืœ -- ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ื”ื™ืจืฉืœ). ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ื•ื”ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขื ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ,,ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง" ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืจืขื“ืึทื’ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ืึท. ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื—ื•ื” ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื“ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื–ื™ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืึทื™, ืฉืœื™ืžื–ืœืขืŸ, ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืึทืงืขืก ! ืฐืึธืก ืงืจืึทืฆื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ,ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’" ? ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืก! ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข (ืœื•ืจื™ื) ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ, ืื™ื– ,,ื—ื•ื”" ื–ืฒึทื ืข. ืึทื ื™ื˜, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืจืฒึท. ืื•ืŸ , ื›ึผืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืชึผื”ืœืœ ื™ื” -- ืขืจ ืก'ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก", 
ืฐื™ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืกื•ืง ืขืœ ื“ืจืš-ื”ืคึผืฉื˜. -- ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืงื ื™ืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. ืึท ืฐื•ื•ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืœ! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 


ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, 4ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1906 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, ืคึผืึทื™ืข, ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœืฒื™ื’ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืขื ืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืจืขืกืขืคึผืฉืึธืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืคื™ืœ ื ื—ืช, ืึทื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื”ืึธืคึผื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช. ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืข ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


- -- -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืœื’ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ืึทืœื‘ืข ื“ืจื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• (ืคื•ืŸ! ืฉื” ื•ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื™ ื›ื›ื 
9, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื—. 1. ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง 


ื ื™ื•ื™ื™ืึธืจืง, 12ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1906 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง! 
ื•ื™ื”ื™... ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข... 
ืฐื•ึผ ืึท ,ื•ื™ื”ื™" ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆืจื”, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืึท ,,ืžื—ื‘ืจ" ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉืœื™ืžื–ืœ! ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคึผืึทืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจื•ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืึธืจื™ืก ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“ (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธ). ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื• ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืจ. ืกืึทืคึผื™ืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืคืœืคึผืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคึผืง, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ --- ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš. ืื•ื™, ืฉืœื™ืžื–ืœืขืŸ, ืฉืœื™ืžื–ืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜! ืึทื– ื“ืขื 4-3ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 
(ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–) ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ื•ื --- ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ!! ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฐืขืจื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื™ืฅ! ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืขืœืข: ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื“ื•, 
ืจืึทื‘ื ื™ืฆืงืขืœืข! ืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืข ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืžื“ืœ, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžืขื–ืึทืœื ื™ืงืœ! ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื“ื•, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืœ, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ืžืฉื•ืจืจืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื™ื ืงืขืจ ืžืฉื•ืจืจืœ, ืึท ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืคืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืฉืข 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืžื“ืขืœืข, ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ! ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืœืขืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึทืžืขืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ืึท ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืกืœืึทื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืœืขืจืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืึท ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ!... ื ื•, ืึท 
ืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜! -- -- 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื’ื–ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ! -- -- -- ืึท ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืืฒึทืš ! ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฉืžื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ !.. 
ื ื•, ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ -- 
ื˜ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. 
ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื‘ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืกืชึผืจ-ื˜ื™ืกื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื›ืึทืœื™ืึทืกื˜ืจืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก: = -- --, 

ืžืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืคึผืึทื™ืขืŸ, ืึธืœื™ืŸ, ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึทืจืฆืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืึธืœื’ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื–ืงื•ื ื™ืžืœ, 


0, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 

ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืึธืจืง, 15ื˜ืŸ--16ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1906 

ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง! โ€ ื• 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื’ืขืฆื˜. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื ืฒึทืก (ืึท ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ืฉืžืฒึทืกื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช). ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืจ' ืกืึทืคึผื™ืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข 
ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืข (ืึถืšึฐ!...) ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืŸ, ืจืขื“ืึทืง- 
ื˜ืขืจืข ืืึทื–"ื•ื•, ืืึทื–"ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธืœ (ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืึท 600 ื“ืึธืœืขืจ, 
0 ืจื•ื‘ืœ), ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืคื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื•ื 
(ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ื“ืึธ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–), ืึท ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ื•ื-ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ-ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ: ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืžืึทืกืœื™ืึทื ืกืงื™, ื›ึผื”ืŸ, ืžื™ืœืขืจ, ื‘ืึท- 
ืจืึธื ื“ืขืก, ื‘ืจื•ื ืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš -- ืึท ื’ืึทืœืึทื™ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, ืึท 2000 ื“ืึธืœืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™. ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจื™. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื“ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืœืขืš ! ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื --- ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ! -- -- -- 


1, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 


ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืึธืจืง, 19ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1906 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ! 
ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ. ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื ืึธืจืŸ!. 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ? -- 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, -ืฆืŸ ื™.. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


,ืึทืœื™ืึทื ืก ื ื™ื•-ื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ืจืกื™", 18ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1907 

ืึธื—ื™ ืžื™ื“ื“, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืจืขื™ ื™. ื—. ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืึทื–ืึท ื–ืึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ื‘ืฒึท ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืงืขื’ื ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข, ืืžืช-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืขืจื“ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก ื‘ืืžืช, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืœืึธื›ื”ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืžืžืฉ, ื•ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืฉื™ืงืขืก -- 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. -- ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืœื‘ืึธื. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. ื ื•, ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 


55 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸื• ืฉืœื•ื ื™ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฑื™ื‘ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ื™ืžื—-ืฉืžื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ึผื... ื ืึธืจ ืžืŸ-ื”ืกืชึผื ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืžื–ืจ, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื™ืึธืกืœ ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ,ืจื‘ ื™ืึธืกืขืœืข? ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜, 
ืžืฆื“ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช... ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ" 


ื ื™ื•"ื™ืึธืจืง, 30ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1907 
ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื›ื‘ืขืจื’! 
ืื•ื™ื‘ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• (ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ืžื‘ื•ืœ") ื“ืึธืš ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืข 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช: 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ืฆืข 


ืึท ืฉืคึผืึธื’ืœ ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขึนืฉึนื‚ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขื ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืŸ (ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช), ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. 


ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืึธื˜, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ ืข ืฉ ื˜ ืึธืจ ื‘ืŸ. , ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ืฆืข" 
-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื–ืขืง ืก ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืข ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ืึทืœืข ื™ืึธืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื˜ืขื› ื˜ ืขืจ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืž ืขืฉ ื™ื•ืช. ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืจ, ื“"ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ? ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืฐืขืœื˜ืึธื ืฉืฑื™ื•ื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฆืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
9. -- ืึทื ื•, ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืœืžืขื ืก, ื•ื™ ืืฒึทืขืจ 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜-ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ,ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ืฆืข" ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืคื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. -- 


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ื‘ื˜ืจื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืฆืœื™:ื›ื 
4, ืฆื• ื“. ืงืึทืกืกืขืœ 


8 6. 19107} 
ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืงืึทืกืกืขืœ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื ืจืขืกืขืคึผืฉืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืžืึทื’ื ื•ืก ื‘ืขืคืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืœืขื–ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืข ืฆืฒึทืœืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ,,ื ื™ืฐืึธืจืง", ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืžืฃ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทื˜ืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขืจ. ืœืึธื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขืžืคืŸ. ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ 
ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืึธืŸ ืฐืึทื ื˜, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืขื 10 ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืœืึธื– ืฐืฒึทืŸ 
(ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืŸ-ื ืกืš...) ืœื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžืึทื’ื ื•ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืจืฒึทื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืœื™ืง ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืกืข ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืึธื‘ื•ืช ืึท ื– ืึท ืžืึทืŸ ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžืึทื’ื ื•ืก. ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืืœ'ืข ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืข ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืฉ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื™ื ืคืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืก-ืฐืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžืึทื’ื ื•ืก. -- ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื˜ืข ื‘ืฒึทื 
ืจืขืกืขืคึผืฉืึธืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงืœื•ื’ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืจื™ืคึผืœืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ... ืึทื– ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึทืจื•ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜... ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืคึผืฒึทื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžืึทื’ื ื•ืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ? ืฐืึทืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืขืก ืึทืจืฑืก ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขืš... ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžืึทื’ื ื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืฐืึทืœื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ... ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื ืึท ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข 
ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ืึท ืกืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข , ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ-ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ" ื•ื™ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžืึทื’ื ื•ืก.., 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื•ื ืก ื’ืจื•ืก 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ 


ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, 29ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1907 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื -- ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ื•ืœืขืฐื•ื™ื ืกืงื™! 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืจื•ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ืขืŸ ื”ืฒื™ืกื˜! ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึธื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก: ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทื”ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 


97 


ื‘ืจ ื•ื• ืคื˜ื– ืฉืงื•ื ื–ืฉืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ , ื˜ืึทื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื’ืขืงืึธืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืŸ , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง; ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข , ื”ื•ืžืึธืจืขืกืงืขืก" ืคืึทืจืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ" 
(ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืคึผื™ื™ืกื™ ื“ืขื ื—ื–ื ืก ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช), ื’ืขืงืึธืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ , ื“ื–ืฉื•ืื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจืœื“" ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ,,ื™ื•ื“' ืคืึธืœืง" ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื’ืกื™ืกื”) ; 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ื•ืฅ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึท ืฉืžืขืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. -- ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. --- ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืœืึธืจืขืจ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ? (ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืช ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ -- ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ืชื‘ืจื ืžืฉืชื‘ืจื...). ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ? ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ? ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ื, ืึทื– ืขืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ! ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ? -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜: ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ , ืื”ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืฃ" 
ืžืืช ืžืึทืคึผื•, ืฉืจืฒึทื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืกื˜, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืœื˜. ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทื ืข 
, ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ" ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง -- ืึทืœืฅ ืคืึทืจ ืžืขื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื. ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ 
ืคึผืึทื™ืขืŸ, ืžืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข. 

ื .ื‘. -- ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” : ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืœ 
ืคึผื™ื™ืกื™ ื“ืขื ื—ื–ื ืก ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ื ืึธืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜. ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 7. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขื˜ 12 ืึธื“ืขืจ 15, ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืง, ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ื ืื”. ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืชื”-ืžืฉื•ื ื”. ืึทืš, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ! 


6 ืฆื• ื“. ืงืึทืกืกืขืœ 


119107 ,7 .2 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืงืึทืกืกืขืœ! 

ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื’ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื—ืžื“, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ืžื“ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทืจื’. --- ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš -- ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ืœืึธืžื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ! -- ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืขืก: 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืš ืึท ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข, ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
0ื˜ืงืกืช ื’ืฆื’ืฉืกืŸ ื–ืฆื ื’} 6ืž1, , ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืข". 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืึทืš ืฐืึธืก ื’ืึธื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฉื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื’ ืกื™ื ื™: ื“ื‘ึนึผืจ ืืœ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื"ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืžืจืชึผ ืืœื™ื”ื -- ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื–ืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ื ืก 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืŸ! ื“ื™ ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 8 ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช, 8 ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก , ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜". ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึดืขืŸ. ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืจื™ืจ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ื™ืคื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึทืœืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜. ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 8 ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืงื•ื“ื ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืจ' ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึทืจื“ (ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ), ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง" ืื™ืŸ , ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืž ืฒึท ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืจ' ื”ืึทืจืคึผืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืจ' ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึทืจื“ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึทืจืคึผืขืจืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื–ืึทืš, ื“ืึทืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข 8 ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทื’ืึทื–ื™ืŸ. 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ืื™ื– ื™ื—ืœื•ืงื• -- 5050 ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ 
5056 ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื˜ืฒืœืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 2590, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ 
ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ -- 
ื ืขื•ื•ืขืจืžื™ื™ืŸ! ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 5090 ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ. ืึท ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึทืจ- 
ืœืขื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜ ืœื™ืึธื ืข" ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขืฐืึท. --- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืึท ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทืš. ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ. 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื’ืข ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, 16ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1907 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 
ื’ื–ืœืŸ ! ืจื•ืฆื— ! ,,ืื”ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืคึผื• ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ื‘. ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืœ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ื™ืึธืจ! ืžืึทืคึผื•ืก ืฉื™ืง ืžื™ืจ! , ืื”ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ", ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท. ืžืึทืคึผื•. ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
,ืื”ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ", ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืึทื˜ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึทืงืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทื˜ืฉืงืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ื–ืจื’ื•ืŸ" 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทื˜ืฉืงืขื˜ ืžืึทืคึผื•ืŸ.. -- -- -- 


8, ืฆื• ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง 
(ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ืึทืœื™ืง ื™ืงื™ืจื™ ! 
ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืึธื ื‘ืœืึทืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืคืฉืจ ืึธื ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืึท ื—ืฉืง 


59 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืฆื• , ืื•ื ื“ื–" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ? ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฉื™ื—ืŸ, ืึทืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืึธื ื‘ืœืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืš. ืงื•ืžื˜, 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจืึทืคึผืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
(ื) 
ืคืŸื™ ืขืžื˜ 
-- ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืฒึทืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืึทื ื‘ืœืึทืŸ ืึท ืชึผืงื™ืขื”"ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ? ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืžืขื ื˜ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืกืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง !... ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื•} ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื! ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืงื•ืง ืฆื•ืจื™ืง !.. ืกืื™ื– 
ืขืจ, ื˜ืคื• ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฒึทืจ -= ืกืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ! ื–ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ ! ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ? ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืš ืœืขื! 


(ื‘) 
ืžื ื“ืœื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืคืจื™ื 
== ืžื™ืœื ื ื•, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ! ืขืจืฉื˜ื ื, ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื•ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ -- ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜: ืึตืœ ืชึผื‘ื™ื˜ 


ืึทื—ืจื™ืš... ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ึนึผื ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš... ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ. ืึทืŸ 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืึทื ื‘ืœืึทืŸ ! 


(ื’) 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


-= ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜; ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืœ !... ืื•ื™ ! 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ! ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ! ืกื•ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื™ืง ืกื›ึผื ืช-ื ืคืฉื•ืช! ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 


ื ืžืึธืœ. 

(ื“) 
ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง 
-- ืจื‘ ืžื ื“ืœื™! ื‘ืŸ-"ืขืžื™! ื•ืฉืœื•ื"ืขืœื™ื›ื! ,ื”ืฉืœื—ื™ ื‘ืฆืœื—ืชื™, ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืงื™ ื›ืืžืชื—ืชื™ืŸ. . 
ืื ื™ ืฉื‚ื•ื—ืง ืขืœ ืžืฉื‘ืชื™ื›ื! ื•ืžื›ึผืŸ-ืึทื›ื™ื ื“ื•ืจ ืื ืจืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ืžืจืช : 
ื”ื ื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืจื ืœื™ื, ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ึผื ืคื™ื ! ืœื›ืฉื™ืจื—ื™ื‘ื ืืช ื ื›ื‘ื•ืœื•, ื™ืฉืœื ืœื™ ืืช ืชื ืžื•ืœื•, 
ื›ึผื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ื›ึผืœ, ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ืžืงืœ, ื›ื”ื ื” ื•ื›ื”ื ื”. ืกืžืฆื”ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•" 


9, ืฆื• ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง 


ื•ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื™ื•ื- ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ 1907} 

ืื•ื™, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ! 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ -- ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึท 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก. ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ? ืคื•ืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ื™ืคื•ื—ืฅ ืฉืœื”ื?ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉื™ืš, ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขืงืฉื™ืš. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืจื™ ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ, ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืฑื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ืึท ืงื•ืง -- ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื™ืš, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืฉื™ืš, ืงืขืกื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืงืฉื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื“ืขืจื ืข ื ืขื–ืœืขืš. ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš -- ื ืึธืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฉื™ืš, ื ืฒึทืข 
ืฉื™ืš ! ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืš ? ืขืจืฉื˜ ืขืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”: ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืก ืฉื™ืš ! 
ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืก ืฉื™ืš ? ืžืกืชึผืžื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ? ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึท ืžืชึผื ื” ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ืš ? ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึทืจืขืจืึทื ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘: ืฉื™ืš-ืฉื™ืš, ืฉื™ืš-ืฉื™ืš !... ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขื ื”, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฉื™ืš. ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš, ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืœื™ืึทืœื™, ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ- 
ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ: ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™, ืื™ืจืข ืฉื™ืš. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ? 
ืึทื–ืฑ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืฉื™ืš. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™, ืœืึทื ื’ ื—ืฉืง ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืš. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืขืžืึท, ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ืžืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฉื™ืš, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืš ! ื˜ืขื ื”ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข, ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธื˜ืฉืข, 
ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš. ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืึทื– ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืš, ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืขืจ 
ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืฉื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš : ืžืึทืžืข, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฉื™ืš ! ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ 
ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืฉืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื: ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ืš, ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ,,ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขืกื˜". ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื‚ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš, --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืจืึธืฉ-ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืคืึทืจืคืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื. ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืคึผืึธื˜ืึทืงืขืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื‚ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ; ืคืึทืœืŸ ืžื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคึผืฉืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ : ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก ? ืœืึธื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืฉื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ืš. ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืึท 
ืฉืืœื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ? ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืคึผืกืงื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข: ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืขื ืข ืฉื™ืš, ื”ืคืงืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืึทืœืข 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš, ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื”ื•. ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืกื•ืง ,ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ"... ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคึผืขืงืœืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ; ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ; 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ ื ืึธืš ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกื—, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืš. -- ืื•ืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืจ ืงืขืจื˜ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ 
ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš 
ื“ืึธ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืฉื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืš, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš, ืชึผืžื™ื“, ืึทืœืข ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื™ืš, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš 


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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื:ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืงืข, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืš, ื•ื•ื™ ืึธืŸ ืฉื™ืš, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืš, ืฐื•ื™ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฉื™ืš. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืžื—ืจืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืชึผืจืก"ื—. 


0. ืฆื• ื™ืึธื”ืึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืฒ 


6 11. 1907 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื™! 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก , ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง" 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืขืœืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืขืฆืขืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ื™ ื“ื™ , ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ื–ืขืฆืขืจืก" ! ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืš ! ื’ื™ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืกืŸ ืคืœืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืึท ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง", -- ืึท ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฐืขืจืง! -- ื ืžืช, ื‘ื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืฐื™ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืœืขืš. 
ืึท ืกืš ืœืขื–ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืœืึทื ื’ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง", ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืึท ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืจืก, 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคืขืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืœื™ืงืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1 ืฆื• ืฉ. ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉ. ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“ 


ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, , ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ-ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ" 196, 21. 12. 19107ืŸ 


ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืฉืื•ืœ ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉ. ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“, 

ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืขื” ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”' ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืขืกื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ืืฒึทื ืœืึทื“ื•ื ื’ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื‘ืขื–ื™ื". ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”' ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“ 3 ืชึผื ืื™ื: 
{) ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืคืจื ื“ืฉื•ืคืจื, 2) ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 100 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ 2) ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ 
ืคืึทืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ืคืจื ื“ืฉื•ืคืจื -- ื–ืขืงืก ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ! ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื“ืขื ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ-ืฉื•ืžืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทื™ืึธืจ. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื’ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜. ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ, ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ-ืฉืจืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ 


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ืฆื‘ื”ื™ื”ื•ื• ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื ืค"ืข ืœื™ื•ืคื•ื 


ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•: , ืคื•ืŸ 
,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜", ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืก.ืž., ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืึทื‘ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ, -- ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึทืœืขื ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ืื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืœืึทื“ื•ื ื’. ืื™ื– 
ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืงื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืก? ืึธื˜ ื•ื™, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜. ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืŸ 1ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ,,ื‘ืขื–ืขื" ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ื“ืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื›'ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื 100 
ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฒึท ืž. ืงืจื™ื ืกืงื™, ืึท ืงื‘ืฆืŸ ืฉื‘ืงื‘ืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธืžื‘ืึทืจื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืฐื™ ,ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืคึผื™ื ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ืจื™ื™ื–ื™" ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืจื™ื ืกืงื™ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ. (ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžื’ื–ื™ื.) ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœืŸ, ,,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ื™ื" ื–ืึธืœ ืžืจืขื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ืึทื’ื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ), ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท 
ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื–, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”' ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ื˜ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืคืกืงืึทืกืข ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืึทื“ืขืจืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 
ื›'ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฉืขื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืึทืฐืขืง ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ. ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ื“ืœ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ,, ื‘ืขื–ืขื" ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ืจืขืงืœืึทืžืขืก ืืึทื–"ื•ื•, ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืกืง ืžื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก, ืึท ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– (ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–), ื“ืจื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš. 
ืฉ.-- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1908 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ! 
ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื“ื• ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืกื˜. 
-- -- --, ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื–ื™ื™". ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ืžื‘ื•ืœ", ืื™ื– ืฉืงืจ ื•ื›ื–ื‘! ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื”-ื•ื‘ื™ื” ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืึท ืคึผืขืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืฆื• 5 ืงืึธืคึผื™ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืฑืœ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื’ ืขืœ ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜-ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš(!) 
ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก, ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืกื•ืžืข ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“- 
ืฉืึทืคื˜", ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึธื™ืคึผื˜ืึทืจืึธืžื•, ื“"ื” ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ืึท 
ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš, ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฆืŸ, ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืŸ, ืืึทื–"ืฐ, 
ืืึทื–"ืฐื•, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื•ืจ-ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ! ืึทื ื•, ื˜ืจืขืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืกื•ืžืข ื’ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ (ืื•ืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื โ€ ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 1 ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1909) ? ื ืึธืš ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ!!!!! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 

ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™: ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืง. 

1) ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ื“ืึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืงื ื ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื• 
ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ. ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจืขืจ -- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืึธื“ืœืขืฅ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ ืฒึท ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืœืึธืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜. ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ -- ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืกื˜ื• ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึทืจืฑืกื“ืึธืกืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืงืึธื ืกื˜ ื•ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ), 

2) ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข -- ื“ืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ , ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ", ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื“ื•ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื–ืึทืš, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื™ืจืฉืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ --- ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ? ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜! 

ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ืขื’. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ ืœื•ื. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืจืš 
ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜: 

ื) ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึธืœ, 
0 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ((,,ืžื‘ื•ืœ") ืคืึทืจ 150 ืจื•ื‘ืœ --- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื—ืœ. 

ื‘) ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš, ื•ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ - 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชึผืคื•ืฆื•ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆื• 5 ืงืึธืคึผ'ื™ -- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš (ื‘ื™ื– 31 ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1907) 
ืžื•ื—ืœ. 

ื’) ืื™ืฆื˜ ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ , ืžื‘ื•ืœ", 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืคืฑื•ื! ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ! 

ื“) ืึทืœืข ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฆืŸ, ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืŸ ืื“"ื’ืœ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš, ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ 
ื–ืึธืคืึธืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ (ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื•ื•ืฒึทื–ืŸื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ), 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ื‘ืึทืœืฑื ื•ื ื’ --- ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืงื ืก ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื–ื™ืœื” -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืœืขืก ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืฉืœื•ื 
ื•ืฉืœื•ื•ื” -- ืฉืึท! ื ืึธื˜ืึท โ€ ื‘ืขื ืข: ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืข ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ 
ื—ื•ืฉืš. ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ืžื‘ื•ืœ" ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ. -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“, 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™. ื–ืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืชึผืฉืจ"ืง) 


ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, 24ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1908 

ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข ืžืจ' ืชึผืฉืจ"ืง! 
ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ืฐืึทืงืฒืฉืึธืŸ", ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืจืขืงืœืขืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืขืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึท ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ , ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืง", ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืึท , ื‘ืขืœ-ืžืœืึธื›ื”" 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ, , ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก", ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื“ืึธืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ 
,ืฉื˜ืขืš" ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ , ืกื˜ืจื™ื’ืขืฐืึทื ื™ืข". ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึทื ื’ืข , ืคืึทืœื™- 
ื‘ืึธื ืขืก" ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ,ืคึผืึทื›ืฐืขืก". ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ , ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืก", ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ , ืคึผืจืึธืฉืฐืขืก", ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ,,ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืข?, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ. ื”ืึทืงื˜ ื“ืขื , ืกื˜ืึธืŸ", ื ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื˜ , ื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜" ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทื•ืŸ. ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื , ืคื™ื’- 
ื’ืขืจื”ื•ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ,, ืคืึทืจืฐืึทืจืคื˜? ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ -- ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืœืึทื ื’ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืึธืคื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทืก, ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืขืœ-ืžืœืึธื›ื”, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึทืคึผืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,ื™ืชื•ืจ", ืึท ืจื•ื— ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืงืขืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืจืึธืคึผ, ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืก'ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืฐืึทื™ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืข, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐืฐ? ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืึธื“ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš ืจืขื–ื ื™ืง ืขื ื“ ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทืŸ, 168 ื”ืขื ืจื™ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜, 
ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื“ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ืก, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ! ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ -- ืื™ืจ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึทืœืข ืฐืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ืจืขื–ื ื™ืง ืขื ื“ ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 168 ื”ืขื ืจื™ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,,ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐ" ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
, ืฉื˜ืขื˜", ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจื—ื” ื‘ืึทื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื, ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืก, 
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธืจื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืกื˜ืึทืง, 

ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื•ื 


4 ืฆื• ื•ื•. ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืœืึทื˜ 


ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, 12. 2. 1908 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืœืึทื˜! 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐื•. ื . 
ื“ืึทื’ืžืึทืจืึธืฐื•ืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“" ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืŸ ืคึผืจื˜: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก: ืึท ื“ืจืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข. ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืจืึทืžืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ. 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืขืก, 
ืึทื–ืฑื ืข, ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ 
ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ืขื ื˜) ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ,, ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ". ืึทื–ืึท ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 


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ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื˜ื•ื•ืคื ืŸืšืŸ ืฉืœื”ื -ืคืœื™"ื›ื” 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจืก, ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืก'ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. 
ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ. ืก'ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข 
ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืข --- ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืึทื’ืžืึทืจืึธืฐืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ 
ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข, ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข, ื“"ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข, ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ -- ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื“ืขืข ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ,ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืฆืจ, ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ 
ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". ืื™ืš ื•ืฐื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืง. ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง -- ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข --- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ. ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ืึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. --- 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5 ืฆื• ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื™ืŸ 


ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, 7ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1908 

ื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื™ืŸ! 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื• 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ (ืกืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืฒื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืฒื™ื“ื ืงืฒื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ: ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ?), ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš 
ื“ื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ? ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ- 
ืกืคืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ 2 ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืœื™ืฆื”: ื”ืึธื ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืกื˜ ืึท ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืฉ ืคึผ ืจ ืึท ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืึทื–ืฑ , ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ"! 
--- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึทื™ึทืฐื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืžืึธืœ -- ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช 
ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืึท ,ื•ื•ื™ืฅ"; ื“ืขืจ 
ืืžืชืขืจ ืงืฐืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉื•ืช -- ืคึผืฉื•ื˜! ืคึผืฉื•ื˜! 

ื’ืจื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
6 ืฆื• ื•ื•. ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืœืึทื˜ 
ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, 22, 2. 1908 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืœืึทื˜! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ื“. ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื–ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืงืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
, ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ"! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ืฆื•ืงืขืจ, ืึทืงืฆื™ืขืก, ื‘ืขื ืง, ืึธื ื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ืคืฒึทื’, ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“, ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง, 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืคึผืขืจืึทื ืก, ืขืงืึทืจื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื˜ืขืจื˜ืœ-ืžืขืจื˜ืœ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ 
--- ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, --- ืึทื– ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืขืจื–ืข-ืงืึธืœืขื’ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื" 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžืฉื•ืžื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืื•ืฆืจ" ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื•ื• --- ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ 
ื•ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืกื•ืงืกืขืก, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ 
,ืจืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืึธืจ" ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ื•ื•. ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืจืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืŸ, -- ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื™ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืึทื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฉืขืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜... ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžืžื–ืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“, ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืึทื›ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึทื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทืจืง ื˜ื•ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฆืขืจ ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœ... ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื–ื ืึทื ืกืงื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ 75 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ 
ืกืขื ืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ืขืœ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ,, ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ", ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ... ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื’ื•ื™ื™ื" ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื˜ืึทืจืึทืจืึทื, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ื’ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืจืš-ืืจืฅ... 


ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจ, ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ื‘ืึทืงืœืึธื’ ืžื™ืš, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืžืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช. ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจ ื ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื– ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช-ื”ืขื•ืœื. -- 


ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ,, ืื•ืฆืจ" ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ืื™ื ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืจืขื“ืึทื’ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ -- 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ. 


ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, 
-- ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš. ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืฒึทื ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
,ืกื‘ืึธืจื ื™ืง", ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขื ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืกืขืคึผื˜, ืึธืงื˜!, ื ืึธืฐื•', ื“ืขืฆ' ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืกืขืจื™ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช , ืขืžื™ื’ืจืึทื ื˜ืŸ". ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืก. ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


.2.5 ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืงืกื™ืžื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืกื‘ืึธืจื ื™ืง, ืึทืœืก ืึท ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• (ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง), 

ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ, 


ืฉืœื•ื” ืขืงื™ื›ื 


267 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
7, ืฆื• ืฉ. ืจืึทืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜ 


ื•ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 23,5 19108ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืจืึทื™ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ืืฒื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉืœื—-ืžื ื•ืช. 
(ืึท ืžืขืฉึนื‚ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืกืจื™ืœืขืฐืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. 


ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“" ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ,, ื‘ืขื–ืขื", ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ื‘ืขื–ืขื" ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ. 


ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื›'ืœื™ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ื›ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. ื›'ืžื•ื– ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ื”ื’ื ืœื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึทืจื•ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท 50 ืึธื“ืขืจ 60 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืœืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ื›ื™ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืึท ืฆืึธืœ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืขืœื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืจืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื”ืขืจ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 1/13 
ืžืึทืจื˜, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืฉ.- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ื™. ื–ืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืชึผืฉืจ"ืง) 


ื•ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 5. 2, 19108ืŸ 

ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืชึผืฉืจ"ืง! 
ืึธื˜-ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ 24 ืคืขื‘ืจ' ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ", ืฐื•ึผ 
ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,,ืื•ืฆืจ". -- -- -=. ื’ืจืึทื“ืข ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
,ืื•ืฆืจ" ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืคื•ืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื“ืœืขืจืŸ), ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืืžื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืœื˜ืจืึทื™ื‘ืขืœ-ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ -- 
ืึทืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื ื˜ื•ื. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“! ืœื•ื™ ืžืึธื–ื’ืึธืฐืึธื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื–ื’ืึธืฐืึธื™ืขืจืก. -- -- --. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธืงืก. ืžืข ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืงืก ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืข ืงื•ืงื˜, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ื—ืœื‘ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืก, ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜... ื’ืœื•ืช ! ื’ืœื•ืช !... ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ืจื•ืช... 
ืžื™ืจ, ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืึทืœืก ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจืฉืงืœืึทืคื˜ืข ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ื–ื... --- ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜. ื›ืึทื˜ืึท 


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ื‘ืจื™ื”ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืงื”ื -ื˜ ืœื™ื™ ื›ื 


ืคึผืึธืงืจื™ืฉืงืข. ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ื™ื– ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืงืขืœืข ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท 
ืฉืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืึธืกืงืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื... ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืึธืกืขืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืขื“ื–ืฉืขืจืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5 --- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜. 
ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ! ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ื ื“ืŸ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžื›ืชื‘. ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ 
ืื™ื. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืจื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš 
ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข... 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื›ื ื”ื•"ืœ 


9. ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


8 (66606ืŸ 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจ' ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข! 


ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ืื•ืฆืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ , ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ". ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืง --- ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜. ืึทื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกื—. ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข 
ื“ืึธ, ,ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื–ืฉืขื ืขืฐืึท" ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš. ืฉืึทื˜, ืื™ืš 
ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื” : ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘. ืข. ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘"ื” ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”ื“ื™ืง: ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜.. 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื•, ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ื”ืจืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื; ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข... ืžืฒึทื ืข ื—ื‘ืจื”-ืœืฒึทื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ึดืขืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื ื’ืข, ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ -- -- ืึทื‘ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžืืจื™ืš-ื™ืžื™ื 
ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ! --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืฐื•ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืืžืช ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“? -- ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธืŸ. 
-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงืขืŸ. ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜, -- ื ืึธืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ ? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ืึทื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืœื™ื‘ ื•ื™ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฉ-ืœื”ื‘ื” ืคืึทืจ ืคึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื‘ืึทืจื’ : ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ , ื–'ืจื’ื•ืŸ" ืคืึทืจ ืคึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืงืขืก --- ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ืงืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื“ื™ื ืกื˜", -- ืึทื™ืึทื™ื™ืึทื™, ืึท ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืžืฉื•ืžื“, ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืข 
ืคึผืึธืจืฆื™ืข ! 

ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึทืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืึทืœืข. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคึผื"ืคึผ. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


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ืคืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ื–ื– ืฉืœื•ื ื–ืข ืœื™ื›ื 
0, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื’ืขื ืฃ, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ื—ื•ืœ-ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืคึผืกื—, ื”'ืชึผืจืก"ื— (ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืชึผืจืž"ื—) 


ืื•ื™, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข! ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืฒึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื” --- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉืฒึทื˜ ืืฒื™ื ื™ืงืœ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืกื— ืึธื ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืึท 
ื›ืึทืœืึทื‘ื•ืจื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš -- ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™. ื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”: 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ, ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืกื•ื“: ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ! -- ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืึทื ื• ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ? -- ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืึทืจ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืง ืื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ"-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืขืจื™ื ืงืข 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜, ืงื•ืงื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื -- ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ --- ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš -- ืฉืึท!ึผ 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืึทืžืข: ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธืŸ. 

ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืฉืžื”, ืึทื– ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขื ืก, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืž'ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืึธืก. ืก'ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธื ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ : ,,ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ". 
-- ื•ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ? ,,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ" -- ื˜ืึทืงืข ? ืึทื ื•, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜!... ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื“"ื” ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืก 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธื ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ื‘ืฉืขืช-ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืคืึทืจืจืขื“ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ, ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื“ืึทื ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธืŸ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื” ,,ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืชึผื—ื™ื ื•ืช" ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžื•ืกืฃ, 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืœืฒึทื’! ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธืŸ. ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื, ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขืกืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ (ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืกื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืงืก). 

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ึผื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึถืŸ ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธืŸ : ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš. ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืฉืžื•ืขืก. ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืกื•ืง. ื ื•, ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืื™ื– ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข! ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ?... -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ -- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ? ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. --- ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ? ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ? -- 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ -- ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ! --- ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ -- ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืึท ืงืœืึธื’ ืฆื• ืื™ื: ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืึท 
ืคึผื ื™ื ! ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก ? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ! ื‘ืข-ืžืข 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ื– ืฉืœื•ื:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


-- ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜! ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ! ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก: ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™! ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ? 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื™-ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ! ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ?... 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ -- ืึท ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ! 

ื•ื‘ืŸื“ืขืžื™? ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืก (ืคื™ืฉ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืจ-ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื›ึผืฉืจ 
ืœืคึผืกื—, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ื›ึผืจืžืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื™ืžื–ืึธืŸ, ื–ืขืœื‘ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš), ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื- 
ื˜ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืข ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฉื‚ืจื”ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื‚ืจื”: ,ืฐื™ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ?" -- ,ืฐืึธืก 
ืจืขื“ืกื˜ื•, ืฉื‚ืจื” ? ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ?..." ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืžืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš : 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืจื™, ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, -- ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ! ืžืข 
ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืžืข ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธืŸ. , ืึท 
ื’ื•ื˜-ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืึท ื’ืึทืกื˜!" --- ,,ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ื’ืึทืกื˜ ? ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ?..." ,ื™ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ?" -- ,, ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืึธื“ื ืข, 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ -- ืึทื ื•, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ืึทื”ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ?" --- ืžื™ืœื, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืฆืจื” : 
ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฆื• ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธื ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื‘ืœ 
ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ -- ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ! ื“ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืชึผืžืขืฐืึทื˜ืข ? ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืฐืขืง. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธื ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ? -- ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืžืข 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื‘ืขืจืกืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ (ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜). 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืจืฒึทืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืฉ. 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1 ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ื•ืึทื“ืขืกืŸ 23ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1908 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ืกืื™ื– 
ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš! ื“ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜, ืฐืึทืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึทื“ืขืก. ื“ื™ ืึทืœืžื ื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 2000 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ. ืึทื—ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 1500 ืจื•ื‘ืœ -- ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ืคืึทืจ ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฒึทื 
ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืขืก ืขืจื ืกื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืข. ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ-ืฉืžื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ -- ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืขืงืก ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืง! 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


271 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-:ืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืชืจืก"ื˜ 


ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 

ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ? -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ? ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜! 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืœืึทืš-ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, 
ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—, ืฆื• ืจืขื›ื˜ 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก ืคืจื™ึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ , ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ" 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ (ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืคึผื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึทื™ึดืฐื•ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ 
ืึทืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐื•ื™ืฅ!), ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืœืขื, ืื™ื– ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืคึผืึทื ื™ ืžืœืึทืš-ื”ืžื•ื•ืช !... ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ื’ืึธื˜. ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก; ืžืข 
ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ... ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึทืจื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื›ึผืœื™ื, ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ! ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜! ืื•ืŸ ืึทื’ื‘ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผื•ื— ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ (ืฉืงืฆื™ื !). ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ (ืขื–ื•ืช-ืคึผื ื™ืžืขืจ !). ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš (ืึท ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืคืึทืœื ืึธืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผ!). ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ! -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ื™ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘. 


ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืชึผืžื™ื“, ืฐื™ ืึท ืžืึธืœ-ืึท ืžืึธืœ -- 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2 ืฆื•ื“"ืจ ื’. ืงืขื•ืœืŸ 


{|ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1908ืŸ 


ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืจื•ืช: ื”ืึทืœื‘-ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš! ืื™ืš 
ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ (ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ? ื—ืœื™ืœื”! ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงืึธืœืขื’ืขืก ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ...). ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ. ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ,,ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ" ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ.. ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึธืœืขืจืข ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ... ืฉืึทื“ืข! -- -- -- ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืงืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ืึทืฉื˜ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฆืŸ (ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜; ืคึผืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš, ืžื—ืžืช ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ..). ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื“ืึทื ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. ื–ื™ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฐืฒึทื‘ 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืœ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืœืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฉืขืง. ืึทืš, ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืœืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฉืขืง... ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ืกื˜ ?!... 


4, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข| ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื• ืกื™ื˜ืข, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1908 


ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! ื“ืึทืจืคืกื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, 
ืงืจืึทื ืง, ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. -- -- -- 
ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ. 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ 25 ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ื. ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ืขืจื‘ ืจืึธืฉ-ื”ืฉื ื” ืชืจืก"ื˜ (1908) 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ! ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ! ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ! 

ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ! 

ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜... ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. 

ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ? ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ! ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืึทืš : ืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ืึทื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ -- ืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš! -- -- -- 

ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืง ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฉืžื”! -- -- -- ืฉืึธื“ืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ , ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ", ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ = -- -- 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ! ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืขื ื™ืฆืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื–ื™ืคืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ!!! 

ืœืžืื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ , ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื , ืžื‘ื•ืœ" -- ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’! 
ื”ืœืฐืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืื•ืกืŸ ืขืกืง. ื”ืœื•ืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท 


273 


ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•/ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืคืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ืงืจืึทื ืงืŸ ืฐื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ?! ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ืก ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ,, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜"? 
(207) ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฐืึทืจืขื ื”ืึทืจืฅ! ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ" ? ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืž ืฒึท ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ! -- 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืจืคื•ืื” ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืึทืœืขืก! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


(ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ-ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908ืŸ 

ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืœืฒึทืคืขื“ืขืจ. ืึทื ื•, ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ: ืงืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึธืคึผืขื˜ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ืœืขืง, 

ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืžื›ืฉืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืขื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืขื 
ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ-ืฉืœื•ืžื”ืก ืคืขืจื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท! ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ: ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ืขืจ -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ื›ึผื ื”ื•ื’ ืืฆืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื... ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง, ืึธื“ืขืจ, ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ื ืก, 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื”, ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืง, ื˜ืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ, 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื”-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื˜, ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืคืฒึทื ืขืจ ื•ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ.. 

ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืกื— ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜ ,, ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš". ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึท ืงื ืึทืคึผืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก? ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึท ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืึทืœืฑื ื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฉื•ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื”ืŸ-ืฉืœื™, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ; ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืœืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื ื•ื’ืข ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื: 1) ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, 2) ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื”. 

ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึธื ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ื’ื˜, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจืŸ 
ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ืฒึทื ื‘ืจืขื’ ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืงืึธืกื˜ 
ื“ืึธ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 1500 ื‘ื™ื– 1800 ืคืจืขื ืงืœืขืš ืึท ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ (ื“ืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 600 ื‘ื™ื– 700 
ื”ื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืงืึทืจื‘ื•ืฆืŸ). ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืžื›ึผื”, ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื•ึดื•ื™ ื’ืึทืœ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ื ื”ื’ : ืงืœืึทืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืงืขืจื‘ืœ ืึท ืžืžื–ืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ืงืขืจื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืง, 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืก ืืฑืกื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข (ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ืก) ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš! ืื•ืŸ ืึทื’ื‘ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” -- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ 


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ื ืขื• 





ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-:ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ื•ื™ืœ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืงื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื ืึท 
ืงืจืขื ืง... ,,ื“ื™ื ืึทืจื™ืึท โ€ ื“ืขืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื˜ืฉืขื ื˜ืึธ ืจื•ื‘ืœืึท" -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึทื–ืฉ ืืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืชื”-ืžืฉื•ื ื”. ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœื–ืึธ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทื ืกื™ืึธืŸ ืึธืŸ 
ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ -- ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ. ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคืจืึทื’ืข, ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื”, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืžืก... ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ืขืš-ืขืš-ืขืš, ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืœืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืชึผื—ืชื•ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืชึผื ืื™: ืœื™ื›ื˜, ื–ื•ืŸ, ื’ื•ื˜ ืขืกืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜-ืื•ื™ื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขื’ืžืช-ื ืคืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ -- ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ: 
ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืคืึทืœืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื”ื ื™ืงืขืก, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื•ืจื, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืคึผื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ: ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืึท ื‘ืขืจืขื–ืขื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืฆืขืฐื•ื™ื™ืงื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ืึทืจืขืžื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืœืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ. ื“ืขืจืงืขื’ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš -- ื›ืึทื“ื›ืึทื™ื›ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™-ื›ื™-ื›ื™, ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ืคึผ, ืึท ืจื™ืก, ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธืš, ืึท ืงืฐื•ืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื–ื™ืคืฅ, ืึท ืงืจืขื›ืฅ, ืึท ื˜ืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ -- ื›ืึทื™ื›ืึทื™ื›ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ -- ื›ื™-ื›ื™-ื›ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืคื™ืœื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืึธืกื™ืง... ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืงืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: 
;ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืžื—-ืฉืžื•ื ื™ืง, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึท? ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™; ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ, ื–ืึธืœ ืึท ืจื•ื— 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜... ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ! 

ื ืึธืจ ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžืึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื ื˜? -- 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื”ื•ืกื˜? -- ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื˜ืŸ! ื–ืึธืœ ืงืจื•ืฉืขืฐืึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ? ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ? ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืžืขืจ, ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆึทื™- 
ืงืขืจ -- ืขืก ืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ: ืึท ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืจื™ื–ื ื™ืง, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ? -- ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”! ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 26 ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืฒึท 27. ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 27, ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ 28... ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ? ืขื˜! ืฐืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ! ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืงื•ืงืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง! 
ืžืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ, ื˜ืึธ ืžื™ืœืš, ื˜ืึธ ืงืึทืฉืข, ื˜ืึธ ืืฒื™ืขืจ! ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ? ื–ืขืงืก ืื™ื™ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ, ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ, ื ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ --- ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืžืœืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืจื•! ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ? ื’ื™ื™ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ื›ืœืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ 
ืžื™ืœืš, ืฉืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืคืจืขืกื˜ ืงืึทืฉืข, ืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉืงืข, ืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜, ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืขื ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 120 ื™ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขืกืŸ.. 


ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ืš? ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ืš -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื•ืจื™ืฉืงืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
-- ื•ื™ ืึท ืงืขืœื‘ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืฐื™ ืึท 
ื’ืขืคึผืขื ื˜ืขื˜ ืคืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืึท ืงืึทืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 


275 


ื‘ืกืคื™ื˜ื• ืคื•ื” ืฉืœื•ืื™ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืœืึธื–, ืฐื™ ืึท ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื ื™ 
ืึธื“ื, ืฐื™ ืึท ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก, -- ืึธื“ืขืจ -- 
ืฉืึทื˜! -- ืฐื™ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ 20 ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ืฒึทื ืขืžื•ื“, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ื•ืกื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืขื•ื- 
ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข -- ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื: , ืžืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืžืขืจ ื–ืึธื ืข!! ืžืขืจ ืขืกืŸ! ืขืกืŸ! ืขืกืŸ!" 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• ื™. ืจืึธื–ืขื˜ 


{(ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 8ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908 


ืžืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ ืคืจืขื ื“ ืจืึธื–ืขื˜! ืืฒึท ื˜ืฒึทื ืงื™ื• ืฐืขืจื™ ืžืึทื˜ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจืึทื˜ื•ืœื™ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืก-ืœื™ื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึธืœืจืฒึทื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืขืงืกืงื™ื•ื–ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืขื ื“ื–ืœ. ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ; ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืงื™ืฆืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™, 
ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ! ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึท ืฐืฒึทื‘, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื•ืœืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืงืกืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืจื•ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืึท ืกืš. ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ 
ื™ื, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ, ืจืึธื–ืขื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืœื˜ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืข ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ื›ึผืื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ืขืช-ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืขืžื˜, ื•ื™ ืึท ืžืึทืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธ, ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืจืึธื–ืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื 
ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื•ืคื˜ืขืœืข ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ืคึผืขื ื“ื–ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš (ืื™ื™ื ืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 
ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืฆื•ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 24 ืœืขืฉื ืึท -- ืขืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืžืขืœืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกืจื™ืœืขืฐื•ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืขื•ื"). ืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืึทืœืข, ืฐืึธืก 

ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึท ืœืขื˜ืขืจ. ื’ื•ื“ื‘ืœ. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ื“"ืจ ื’. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ 


2ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908 


-- -- -- ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื”ืฉื›ึผื™ื‘ื ื™! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืขืงื•ืจ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืฉื•ื˜: ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืคึผืึทื ื™ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข 


26 





ื”ื‘ ื™ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื™ 





ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืืœืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึท ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืึทืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืฉืคึผืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืžืึธืจืข ื›ืฐืึทืœื™ืขืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœืช ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื, , ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก". ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืžื•ื– ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื’ื ื–ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื•ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœืข 
ื‘ืฒึทื ื™ื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ- 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ... ืื•ื™, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข! 
ืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืš! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืจืฒึท ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘: ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืŸ, 
ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข, ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜. ืฉื™ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ? ื–ืขืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืึทืœืข ืงืจืึทื ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกืจื™ืœืขืฐืงืข. ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืขื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš. 


ืกืงื•ื˜ืฉื ืข ืึธืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ... ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ... ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ืขื•ืœื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ืช-ืขืœืžื™ืŸ. ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื‘ืจ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึทื–ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืึท ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ื’, --- ืฐื•ึผ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ? ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืงื‘ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ? ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš-ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืจืขื–ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœื•ื ืึทืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื”.. 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึธื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฆืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
,ืงื”ืœืช" ืื™ืŸ ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืึทืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ื’, ืึทื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช, 
ืึท ืžื™ืกืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืื•ืก! ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ื– 
ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืฉืœื•ื ืึทืฉ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืง. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžืชืงื ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืจืึทืคึผื˜ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืฉื•ื ื”-ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืœืฆื ื•ืช 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืœื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื–, ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืึท ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ! ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืขืจื ืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจืึทืฐืขื˜ ืœืฆื ื•ืช, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ! ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืก ? ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข ? ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืึทืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฐื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืกืจื™- 
ืœืขื•ื•ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื ื™ืฉืžืขืจ, ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืคืึทืจื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืึท ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืฉืขื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืžื™ืœื”. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืึทืฉืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืฉืŸ ืœื™ื‘. ืึทืฉ 
ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื -- ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ื•ื• ืžืข 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ !... 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืžืขืœืงืขืก, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ึผืชืจื™ืœืขื•ื•ืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื 
ื”ื ืื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ืื•ื™ืš, ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐื™ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ืœื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืฉืก ืจืขื–ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข -- 


877 


ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฐืืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐื™ืฆืขืจ ืจืขื–ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืฉืก ืžื™ืœื” -- ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืจื ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ? ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. 

ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœื™ื›ืืŸ 


9., ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 22, 11. 1908 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืขืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืขื”! ื ืึธืจ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก, ืขืกืง ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืœื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืึทืฐืขืงืœืฒื’ืŸ ืžืœื™ืฆื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืขืกืง. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื”ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 250 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ (ืฆื• 
ืคื•ืก) ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืš 5 ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜ืกืง 200 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื“ืึธืก ืึทื– ืžืข ื‘ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึท ืžื˜ืžื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜! --- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืงืึทืฐืงืึทื–ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ. ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื (ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜) ืึท ืžื–"ื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืขื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคืจืึทื ืง ืืฒึทื ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ --- ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึท 
ืžืœื™ืฆื”. ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ -- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ? -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืœื™ื–ื, ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื, ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื–ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื 
ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืึทืจืฒึทื - 
ื’ืขื›ึผื•ืชื‘ื˜ ืึท ืžื›ืชึผื‘, ืฐื™ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืงืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืฐืขืงืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฉืžืึธื›ื˜ืขืœื™ืึทืงืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ืกื˜ืฐืึธ, ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืคืึธื ื“ ืคืึทืจ ืฉ"ืขืก 
ื•ืขืจืง ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืžืขื•ืช, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื—ืชืžืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ื˜ืฉืขืงืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืคืจืขื ืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื ื“"ืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืœืขืฉื ืึธ 
4 -- ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืงืึทืฐืงืึทื–ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ? ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื” 
ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ 10,000 ืคืจืึทื ืง ืึทื”ืขืจ --- ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• 
ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ --- ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืกื•ืžืขืก. ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 19ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ (ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ืœ) ื“ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืข 
ืงื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœ ื˜ืึธืœืžืึทื˜ืฉืึธื•ื•. --- ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื–ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. -- ื“ืขื 
1ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ (ื–ืึทื ื’ืฐื™ืœ ืคึผืจืขื–ืขืก). 
ืึท ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ. -- ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™, 
ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืกืึธืกืฒืขื˜ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืกืึธืกืฒื™ืขื˜ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”, ืึทืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ -- ืื™ื ืขื 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ-ื”ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกื›ึผื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฉ ืึทื”ืขืจ. -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืึทื“ืขืก, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 


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ื—ื™ ื™ื—ื” 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืึทื“ืขืก ืืึทื–"ืฐื• -- -- ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขืฐ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื• ืึท ืงืœืึธืฅ-ืงืฉื™ื: 
ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืžืขื’ ืœืขื–ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึทื–ืึท ,, ื”ื–ืžื™ืจ" ืืึทื–"ื•ื• ?,., 
ื’ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ? ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืš: ืžืกืชึผืžื ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธึทื ื˜ ืึทืžืฉืขื ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืžื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข 
(ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜!). ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืกื˜ื;ืขืฆืงื ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืฐื•ื™ื ืฅ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”. ืžืŸ-ื”ืกืชึผื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ,,ื”ื–ืžืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, 
ืงื™ึธืขื•ื•. ,ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™" ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ,ืึทื“ืขืกืงื™ึทืข ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื˜ื™" ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ืคืึทื ืขืงืข? (ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ื•ื™ึทืฉ ืื™ื– , ืงื•ื›ืึทืจืงืึท ืงื•ืคืึทืจืงืึท" ืื•ืŸ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื” ,,ืคืึทื ืขืงืข"). -- ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืฐืขืง ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ 
(ืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื•ืช). ืื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ. 
ืืคืฉืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืœ? ืึธืŸ ืœืฆื ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท , ืคึผืจืึธืฉืขืง ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฉืœืึธืฃ". 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


.28 ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ-ืฉืžืขืœืงื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืกื›ึผื ื•ืช! 


0, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ืš 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ (ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข), ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ื‘ืจื™ืึทื ืึธ, 6ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908 


ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•', ื”ืืจื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืจื‘ ืžื ื“ืœื™ 
ื–ืงื ื ื•, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ --- ืฉืœื•ื! 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ-ื›ึผืชื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืœื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืึทืœืึท ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขื” ืฆื• ืฉืขื” ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืคื™ืจ ืงื™ืœืึธ, ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก. ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ , ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืข" 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืคืฒึทื’ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ.. ืฐื™ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืึท 
ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืขืกืง, ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืกืข ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทืœืึธื ื™ืข: 
ืฆืขืŸ-ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฐื™ 180 ืคื•ื ื˜. ืึท ืคื•ื ื˜ 150 ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืœืื•-ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืึท ืงืฒึทืžื-ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 220 ืคื•ื ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ 8 ืคึผื•ื“ ืžื™ื˜ 
0 ืคื•ื ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืฐืึธื’ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, 
ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 


279 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืขื•ืœื. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื•ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืจื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข -- 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืึทืจืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• 
ืึทื ืึธื ืกื™ืจืŸ : 


! ืฐื•ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜! 
! ืงื•ืžื˜! ื–ืขื˜! ืžืึทืกื ืฐืฒึทื–! ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜! 
{ ื“ืขืจ ื’ ืจ ืข ืก ื˜ ืข ืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜! 
ืฐื•ืขื’ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืจืฒึทืคื™ืง ืคื•ื ื˜! 
-- ืฉืœื•ื"ืขืœื™ื›ื -- 
...ืืฒึทื ื˜ืจื™ื˜ 1 ื“ืึธืœืขืจ.. 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ! ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืจืฒึทื ืจ! 





ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื›ืึทืคึผ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ? ืžืข 
ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืงื•ืงืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ,ื›ึผื ืกืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท 
ืžืึทื™ืึธื ื˜ืขืง. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึทื™ืึธื ื˜ืงืขืก. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึท- 
ื–ื™ืขืก, ืคึผื™ื™ืคึผื•-ืคึผืึท! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ืึท ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜, ืฐื™ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื‘ื•ืœื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ... ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืกืš, ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜! ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื™-ื‘ื™ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืึทืคึผืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื’ (ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืึทืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ !...), ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ืคึผืกื—ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ึผืœื™, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ 
ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืฉืขื” ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ืึธื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืกืŸ. ืื•ื™, ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืกืŸ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืš, 
ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ! ืกืข ืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜, 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืœืขืคืขืœืข, ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก: ืขืกืŸ! ืขืกืŸ! 
ืขืกืŸ! ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜? ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ 
ืžื›ึผื•ืช ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืก ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ืŸ, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 

ื”ื ืื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™: ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


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ื‘ื™ื™ื•ื• ื™ืคื”ื–ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ื•ื - ืฆื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ื 


ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ืฉืจ" ื›ึผื•ื— ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืฉืฑืŸ 
ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืฒึทืข ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ืก, ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื“ืจืฒื™ืกื™ื, 
ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ , ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืชึผืœื•ื™ื•ืช" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืงื“ืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื” ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื” ืขืกืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืงืขืก. ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืึทืจืขืจืึทื. ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืฒึทืคืขืจ. ืึทื‘ืจื”ื- 
ืขืœื™ืข, ืฐืฒึทื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจืœืกื‘ืึทื“, ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื-ืขืœื™ืข 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืึทื ื•, ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผื•ื— ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืคื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžืึทืจืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 


ืฉืœืจื” ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1 ืฆื• ืž. ื . ืกื™ืจืงื™ืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 6ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืกื™ืจืงื™ืŸ! 
-- -- --- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜. ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ 
ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ืจื™ืฉืงืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืขื’ืŸ ืขืก ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื˜'ืก ืืฒึทืš ? ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืงื™ึทืขืฐื•, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืš ืงืึธืกื˜ ืงื™ืขืฐ -- ืžืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ. ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขืฐื• -- ื“ืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืจืฑืขืจื™ืง! ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขื ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื’ื•ืคื ืึธื ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ื’ื˜ -- ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ื“ืขื ืืžืช ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื’ื•ืคื ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื”ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ื•ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืขืจ 
ืคืจืฒึทื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜! ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื‘ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžื™ืขื•ื•ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“"ืจ ืœื™ืึธืงื•ืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ-ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ ! ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืœ -- ืก'ื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืกืœ ืื•ื™ืš. -- -- -- ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืคืฒึทื ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜, ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืกื•ืง ,ื”ืจื™-ืืช", ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืึท ืงื ื™ืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืงืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉ -- -- -- ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜'ืก ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง ? ื“ืขื ื“"ืจ ืขืœื™ืึทืฉืขื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”, ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท, ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืขืก, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืœืงืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ืึทืจื‘ืข-ื›ึผื ืคื•ืช, ื”ืึทืงืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื• ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื 
2 ืฆื• ืคึผืœืชึผื™ืืœ ื–ืึทืžืึธึทืฉื˜ืฉืฒืŸ 


ื’ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 8ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908 

ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื–ืึทืžืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ืŸ! 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ! ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ! ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื , ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜" (ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ) ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื , ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึธืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ืžื–ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ื”ืึธืจ. ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ 
,ื”ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜", ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื“ืจืึทืงืขื˜ ืึท ืฐืึธื“ืขืฐื™ืœ-ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ืึท ื—ืชืŸ 
ืึท ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ". ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึทืจื•ื, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึท ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ,ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ!" ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขื ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ืึท ืจืขื˜ืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืžืข. ื ืึธืจ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ,ืึทืงื˜ืขื™ื™ืขืจืŸ" ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ,ื–ืึทื›ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ", ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืฒื™ืขืจืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ 
ืžืกืชึผืžื ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืžืฉื™ื— ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืึทืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธ: ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ,ื–ืึทื›ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ,ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก" ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ, ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ- 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืจ ืึท ื™ืึทืžืฉืึธืฐืข ืฉื˜ืขืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึธืจื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื–ืึทืœืฅ -- 
ืฆื“ื”-ืœื“ืจืš, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ,ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื—ืชืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ" ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ,ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืึท 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ! ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ,ื’ื-ื–ื”-ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”", ืฐืึธืจืขื ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ, 
ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ื“ื™ ืฉืขื” ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืคื•ื ืขื , ื—ืชืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ" ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ ืึท , ื›ึผืœื” 
ืึท ืžืึทืกืึทื–ืฉื™ืกื˜ืงืข", ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท , ืžื—ื•ืชึผื ืชื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืฒึทื›ืœ", ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ,ืึท ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ืกืคึผืึธื“ืขืง" ? ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึท ืงื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืงื—ื ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื•ื— ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—, ื–ืฉื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืžืขืจื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜! -- 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ื”ื ื ื™, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืจืฒื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืึธ ื›ึผื•ื— ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืฐืฒึทื‘ 

ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ื ื— ื–ืึฒื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธืฐื•ืกืงื™ 
18 +ื ื˜ื ืกืื• 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ืกืงื™! 

ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื”. ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืฉื™ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืœืฒึทืคืขื“ืขืจ ? ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš, ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืื™ื– 
ืงืจืึทื ืง, ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืŸ -- 
ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข! ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื”. ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื ืึธืš ืฐืฒึทืŸ, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื-ืขืœื›ื 


ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื ื™ื-ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืชึผื ืื™, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžืึท ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ื™ ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืึธืžืŸ, ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื” ? ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืจื•ื™ื ืึทื– ืจื•ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธืฐื•ืก- 
ืงื™ืก 533 ืคืจืึทื ืง ืžื™ื˜ 35 ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง ืฐื•ื™ืœ, ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜-ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ, ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึธืœื’ืึท, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 533 ืžื™ื˜ 35 ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ื ? ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ื ืข, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืœืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืงื™ืึธ (ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜) ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ (ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš): 

1) ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืžืขืœืงื™ืก -- ื˜ืคื•! 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ืึทืจ ; 

2) ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืึทืจืก ืคืจื•ื™ ืึธืœื’ืึท ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืŸ ืขื•ืคืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืข- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ; 

3) ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื•ื— ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•- 
ื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ื‘ื•ื–ืขืžืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืึธืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืึท ืœืฒึทื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ 
--- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ 523 ืคืจืึทื ืง ืžื™ื˜ 235 ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ื, ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจืึทื ืงืŸ 
ืฉืžื•ืืœ-ืฉืžืขืœืงื™ืก, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืจื•ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. 

ื•ื›ึผืš-ื”ื•ื”. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื“ืขื 24/11 ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ, 2 ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 14 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 5 ื—ืœืงื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ 533 ืคึผืจืึทื ืง ืžื™ื˜ 35 ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืจืฑื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืฉื™ื ืึธืฐื ื™ืง, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืึทื– ื–ื›ื•ืช-ืึธื‘ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ื–ื™ื™ ืžืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, 


ืึทื‘ื™ ืึธืคื˜, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


1 12, 19108} 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ --- ื™ืงื™ืจื™! 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคึผืึทืง ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืฒื™ืกื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื˜ื™ืฉื˜ืขื›ืœ" ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. 
ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ: ื”ืœืฐื•ืึทื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™! 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘"ื”, ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืฐืึทื ื™ืขืก ื”ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื” ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื’ื•ื˜ืก, 
ื ืึธืจ ืœืžืึทื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื™ื˜ืึธ? ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜? 
ืžื™ืœื, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื ืขืจืขื“ื˜: ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ื•ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ? 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคื•ื ืขื 14 ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื™ืŸ ืคึผ"ื‘. 


5, ืฆื• ื™, ืจืึธื–ืขื˜ 


1ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืจืึธื–ืขื˜! 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงืึทืจื˜ืœืขืš ? ื ื•, ื ืขืžื˜ 
ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื ืฆื• ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ืžืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืชืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ.. 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜, ื–ืข ืื™ืš, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜. ืื™ืŸ , ืงื™ืขื•ื•. 
ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงืึทืจื˜ืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ืกืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขื›ืฆืŸ. ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ? -- --- ื ืึธืจ ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื–ืฒึทื˜! -- ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคึผืœืึธื - 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง-ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง-ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ืœืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืึทื”ืฒื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžืึทืžืข, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžื™ื ืงืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช.. ืฉืœื•ื ืœืš 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืก. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืึทืœืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขืŸ. 


6, ืฆื• ื. ืœ. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ 
ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1908 


ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืœืžืขืŸ 


848 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืžืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืึท ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ-ื”ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข", ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืœื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ 
ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’. 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืžื™ ื ื“ื—ื” 
ืžืคึผื ื™ ืžื™ ? ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืงืึทืคึผ ื™ื•ืฉืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฉืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืคึผื“ืจืฒืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืขื ื™ืฉ 
(ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืขื” -- ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ืึธืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื‘ืฉืขืชืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ 
ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืึทืœืžื ื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’), -- ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ื—ืช 
ืื•ื™ืš ? ืฐื•ึผ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, 
ืึทืจืฑืกืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื ื—ืžื•ืช, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืึธืœืึธื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืกื–ืึธืœ ืงื ืึทืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜? -- ื ื™ืฉืžืขืจ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ: ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื-ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื (ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื), 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ , ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข" ืื™ืŸ ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท 
ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื‘ืจ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืœื›ืœ-ื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื•ื•ืึธืš ืคืึทืจ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื–ืง (ืื™ืš ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื–ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜). ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืฆื 
ื”ืกื™ืคึผื•ืจ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืš; ืขืก ืขืงืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืžืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ืชืคึผืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง. ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžื“ื™ืง 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื“ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื“ืขืก ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื–ื™ืคืฅ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ; ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™. --- ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื , ืคึผืกื—-ื‘ืœืึทื˜", ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืคึผืกื—-ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืจืคืึธืœืง" 
(ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข) ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืฒืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืคืึทืจ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืžืขืก, ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธืœืง. ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ 
-- ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื ืขื ืขื•ืœื-ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ. 
ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื›ึผื•ื— ืื•ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืžืงื•ื™ื ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื•ื‘ืฆืจืชืš ืœื™ ืฆืจ, ื•ื‘ืฉื‚ืžื—ืชืš 
ื™ืฉื‚ืžื— ืœื‘ื™ ื’ื ืึธื  


ื™ื“ื™ื“ืš ืื•ื”ื‘ืš ืื”ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


85 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


7 ืฆื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ืึทืžืคึผืึธืœืกืงื™ 


{ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืึทืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืขืŸ 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ึผืฉืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ืึทืžืคึผืึธืœืกืงื™! 
ืื™ื ืขื ืคืึทืจืฐื•ืึธืจืคืขื ืขื ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืชึผื—ืชึผื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก ,ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™", ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืขืœื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื›ึผืฉืจืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”, ืฐื™ ืึท ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ืึทืžืคึผืึธืœืกืงื™ --- ืคื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜ ืฆื• 


ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทื–ืฉ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืกืŸืŸ. 


-- -- -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ? ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืœืงื—ื ื˜ (ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ) ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข (ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ืข) ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืก ?... ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜; ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื•ื ื ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืขืœ-ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. -= -- --, 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท , ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืœื™ืžื–ืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืžืขืœืงื™ืก", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจื”ืฒื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทื›ืœืขืš ืึทืจืฑืก. ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืฐืึทืš ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืื™ื ืขืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืžืขืคื™ืก- 
ื˜ืึธืคึผืขืœ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ. ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืึทื–ื, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืึท ืžื—ื‘ืจ, 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืคืฒึทืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจื’ืŸ! ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืขืก ืึทืฐืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง, -- ืฉื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืžืขืคื™ืกื˜ืึธ- 
ืคืขืœ, ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ! 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืขืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืคื™ืข", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืจ ืฉื•ืจื”ืœืขืš: 


ืจื‘ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืก'ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึทืš 
ืึทื–ืฑ, ืจื‘ ืฒึทื“ ? ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ: 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจ? -- 
ื ื•, ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจ'ืขืจื“ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ. 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฒึทื“ ืึท ืคืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ... ืืึทื–ื™ืฉื•. 


ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื™ืึทืžืคึผืึธืœืกืงื™, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžืฆืœื™ื—, ื•ื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืœื•ื-:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


280 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ื˜ืœื™ื›ื 


8 ืฆื• ืฉ. ืจืึทืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 18/5. 1. 19109ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืจืึทื™ึทืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ื ืฒึท-ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ-ืœื™ื‘ืข. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื›ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืฉืขืช-ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื“ืขื ืขื™ืงืจ: 
ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉืขื”ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื˜ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื›ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื. ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืงืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ. ืฆื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืฉืึทืจืฃ: ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืชึผื ืื™ื ืืึทื–"ื•? ื›'ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฒึทืš: ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผื ืื™ื, 
ืคื•ืœืข ืคืจืฒึทื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฒึทืก, ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ -- ื•ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ -- ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืึทื -ืกืงื™ ื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ-ื‘ื•ืš ,,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจ' ืžื™ืจ". ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื: 1) ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ,,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจ' ืžื™ืจ" ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืื•ืŸ 2) ืฆึดื™ 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 2000 ืขืงื–ื™ ืคืึทืจ 
ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืคืึทืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ? 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื™ืึธ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืฒึทืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืึทืœืข ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฆืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ (ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ), ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืึธืคึผื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืก ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ื“ื–ืขืœื ืข 15. ื›'ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืึทืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืคืจืึทื’ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ื”ืึทืคื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
.ื ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ? 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, 
.285 ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“" ื“ื™ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืข (ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ" ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง 
ืคื•ืŸ 8. 1. 19109ืŸ.). 


9 ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 10ืกืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1909 


ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื•, ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืชึผื ื” ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 


287 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ื˜ ืœืœื™ื›ื 


ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืจืึธืกืœืคืœื™ื™ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืœืขื–ืขืœืข ืฐืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืฑื™ึทืฉืŸ ,ื ืึธืฐื™ื’ืึธืจ", 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1909 ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื ื’, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืชื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช. ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ืึท ื”ื•ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืฆืขืงืฐืึธืงืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš... ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื›ึผื•ื—? ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืžื—ื™ื”, ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจื”ืฒื˜, ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ื‘ื™ืช 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื”ื•ืœื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ 
ื‘ื‘ื-ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช -- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื—ื›ื ? ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื—ื™ื” ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจืึทื ืง-ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0 ื ื”ื“ื™ื” ื’ ืงืข 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 15. 1. 19109ืŸ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ ! 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืึธืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื‘ืขืช 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ. 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง -- ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœืฒื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืข. ืึท ืกืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืฉืžื”. 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ,ืชื•ืฉื™ื”" ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืจื™ื ืกืงื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื... ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื’ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ. ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ืคืฉ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ื ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืจื•, ื‘ื™ื–... ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืื™"ื” 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื˜ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื‘ืขื˜, ื’ืขื’ื–ืœื˜, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืกืขืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ 
ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึท ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฆื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื– ืขื ื“ืข 1908 ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ื–ืœื˜ืข ื”ืขืคื˜ืœืขืš ,,ืžื‘ื•ืœ". ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ 1908 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ (ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจ) ื ื•ืž' 1 ื‘ื™ื– ื™ื•ื ื™ 1908, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 950 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืกื•ืžืขืก. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจ- 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ืข ื”ืขืคื˜ืœืขืš ,,ืžื‘ื•ืœ" ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ืžืขืจ ืึทืœืก 950 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืœืขืš ,,ืžื‘ื•ืœ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืคื™ื ืึธืŸ 


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ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืจืฒึทืขื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช -- 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืก ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ -- 
ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื ื• ืžื–ื”: ื”ืึธื›ื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜. ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื ืคึผืึทืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืขื ื”ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืœืฐืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื ืกืงื™, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™, ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ ,,ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ืฉืžื”, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืึท ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ !" ืื™ืฆื˜, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ? ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™"ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืš ืœืึทืš ? ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท 
ืกื•ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืคืจืขื ืงืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืจื˜ื ื“ืœ, 
ื‘ืฒึทื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืคื• ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช. ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ 
ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืกื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืึทืคื•ืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ (ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ), ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœืข 
ืคืึทืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ 
ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืขื ื“ืข ืžืฒึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜. ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก 
ื.ื“.ื‘. ืจืขื“ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ื”ืจืข. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš ืขืก ืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ 
ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืžื”, ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืฉืœื•ื- ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฆืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐื•. ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืึท. ืคึผืึธื“ืœื™ืฉืขืฐืกืงื™. 


1. ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 15. 1. 19109ืŸ 

ืกืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ! 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืึทืš ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืงืจืึทื ืงืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืžื—ื™ื”-ืžืชื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืฉืžื”. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึฐืื•ืฉ. ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืจื™, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ึนืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืกื˜, ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืง ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“"ืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš. ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืžืึทื“ืึทื ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ: ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท!... ืงืึธื ื˜ืฉื™ืœื™! ื˜ื™ ืกืฐืึธื‘ืึธื“ื™ืขืŸ!.. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ 


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ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื•ื• ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื•ื ืืค ืœื™ื›ื 


,ืกืฐืึธื‘ืึธื“ื™ืขืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืข. ืึทืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื—ื–ืจื˜. ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜: ืกืฐืึธื‘ืึธื“ื™ืขืŸ! ืกืฐืึธื‘ืึธื“ื™ืขืŸ! ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื”. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื™ืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืึทืจืขื, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš. 

ืฐืึทืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึธื ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื. ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืข ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืœืึทื’ืขืจ, ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜. ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš. ืžืกืชึผืžื 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืขืฆื”ื˜. 

ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื“ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืœืึทื’ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”", ื‘ืฒึทื 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–"ืฐื•, -- ืึทื‘ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื•ืžืขืง ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ื“ืึธืก ืฉืœืขืกืขืœืข, 

ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ? 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ืึธ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืฆื• ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืžืขืกื™ืง, 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืฆืฐืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืึทื ืขืก ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืึทืœืข ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืŸ". ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, 

ืžื™ื˜ , ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขืจ 66 ืขืจ ืžืึธื ื˜, ืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 200 *ื™. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึธืคึผื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ืึธืคึผืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆืจื•ืช... 

ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืึท ืžื›ึผื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืฐืฐืขื’ืก: ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฑืก. ื ืึธืจ 
ืคึผื•ืจื™ืฉืงืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืžืขื’ ืขืก ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืจื™ื ืกืงื™ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 

ื”ืœื•ื•ืึทื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, 

ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ืื™ื– 
ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก ืึท ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืึท ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, 

ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื ืฉ, ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืŸ, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขื ื™ืฆืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื–ืึทืžื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืขื ื”ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืงืึทืจืง, ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืคึผืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึท 
ืžืขืกืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืขืง ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื“ื– ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืžื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ ืขื ืคึผืœื™ืฉืชื™ื! 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืึทืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืช-ืžืขืฉื‚ื”: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึท ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื” ื›ืžื˜ื—ื•ื™ ืงืฉืชื™, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื (ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜, ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ) ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืึทืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืึทืฐืขืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข -- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขื ื™ืฆืข -- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“... ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ! ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ืจืึธืœืข ืขืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืง ื’ื•ื˜-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“- 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงืจื•ืคืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืคืฉ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ 


290 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืœืึทื–ืขื ืงืขืก! ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืฒืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฑืกืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ืงื•ืœ: ืคึผืึทืจืœืขืฅ!ื•! 

ื™ืึธ. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืคืฉืจ ืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื‚ืจืคื” 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก, ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื˜ืขื˜-ืึท-ื˜ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆึทื•ื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ืžื‘ื•ืœ" ? -- ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืงื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืขืช-ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื–ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš 2 ื”ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืกื™ื ืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืฑื™ืกืจืฒื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: , ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜!.." ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงื ืก, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ื”"ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžื›ึผื” ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ , ืžื‘ื•ืœ", 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1908 ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ืชึผื•ืช ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื•! 

ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ืฉืคึผืฒึท ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”"ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ,ืžื‘ื•ืœ", ืื™ื ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ, ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื—ื•ืจืœ, ืฆื•ื 
ืขืžื•ื“-ื”ืงืœื•ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืงื•ืฆืขื ื™ื•-ืžื•ืฆืขื ื™ื•! 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื›ึผืกื. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืคึผืจื” ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืึธืฉืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ื™ืœื•ืœื™ื”ืฉื ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ! 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2. ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ -- 5ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 


ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืจ' ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘"ื™. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืชึผื ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืชึผื ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ืงืœืึทืคึผ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ื ืข-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑื™ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขืึทืกื•ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ. ืžืข ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš, ืึธื ื’ืขืœืขื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ืึท ืžืœืš -- ืคึผืกื— ืฆื•ื ืกื“ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืงืœืึทืคึผื˜. 
ืก'ืื™ื–, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืึท ืžื—ื™ื” ! 

ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก? ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ? 
ืื™ืš, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, -- ืึธืœืจืฒึทื˜! ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืกื›ึผื ืช-ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ื’ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก. ืžืข ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืจ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืกื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจื•ื ืžืฒึท ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ 
ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ (ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึท ืงื™ืœืขืจืŸ) ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึทืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื“ืขืก -- 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, 
ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื ื–ืขืŸ. ื”ืœื•ื•ืึทื™ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, ืกื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื›ืงื“ื. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท. ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ, ืึทื– ื‘ืืฉืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ. ืืฒึทืขืจืก ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื“ืจื‘ื” ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื•ืขืจื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืึท ื›ึผืคึผืจื” ืึทืœืข ืžืึทืฉื™ื ืขืก, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืก ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ- 
ื”ืึทื ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื—ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœ-ื›ึผืชื‘, 
ื ื•, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืึทืœืข, ืึทืœืข! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, 

ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ื•ืฃ ืึธืŸ ื ื ืฉืžื”. 

ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึท ืžืึธืœ --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ --- ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš 

ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


3, ืฆื• ื“. ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ 


9 ,ื ื˜ืขืกื–ืŸ 


ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืึทืงืึธืฐืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 

ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื”. ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืŸ 
ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืขื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš. ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง. ื›'ื“ืึทื ืง 
ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื•ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทื ื™ืึทืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืึทื ืจืขืคึผืึธ. 
ื›ื™ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ , ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื”ืขืžืข" 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. 


ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฉ.-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ (ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืึท), ืฐื™ืœืœืึท ื‘ืจื™ืึทื ื“, 5ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉ. ืคืจื•ื’! 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื: ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืคืจืœื™ื ื“" 
ืื•ืŸ , ื™ืขื•ื•ืจ' ืžื™ืจ". ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, ื ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืืžืชืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึท ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ.. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืœื™ืฆื”.. ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜: ืขืก 
ืžืœื™ืฆื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜!.. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ื›ึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืจืฉ 
(ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘) ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืึทืœืขืก, ืึทืœืขืก! 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžืึทืš -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜: ืžืข ืžืึทื›ื˜.. ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืึท 
(ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“, ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืืžื ื•ืช...) ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื 
ืึท ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืึธืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ืžื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ื˜ืฉื•ื“ื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ (ืื™ืš ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ) ืคึผืึธืฆืึธื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืคึผืึธื˜, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืฅ... ื™ืขื“ื ืคืึทืœืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื’ืขืœื˜, ื ื• ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ -- 
-- --- ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ? ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื ืฒึทืก ? ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจื˜-ื‘ื™ื›ืœ 
,ืึธื‘ืจืึทื–ืึธืฐืึทื ื™ืข" ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข , ืคึผื™ืขืกื ื™ ืื™ื’ืึธืจืึท". 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก... ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื—ื•ืœื”. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


75 ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ื’ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 8/7 ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื™. ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”,,ืฉื"ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข --- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืฒื ืขืจ!.. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืš, 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืœื’ืึท ืฐืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืึท ืคืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. (ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ืึทืจื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืชึผื•ืกืคื•ืช ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–) ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ! ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš 
ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึธื ื”ืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜.. 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืึธื“ืœื™ืฉืขืฐืกืงื™, ืฐื™ ื“"ืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืฉ'... ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 500 ื’ืจืึธืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ!!} 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืก ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืึธืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืจื•ืง ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ -- ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, 


93 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทื– ืึธืœื’ืึท ืžื•ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืกื—, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื”, ืคึผืึธื“ืœื™ืฉืขืฐืกืงื™ืฒ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, 
ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื—ื•"ืฉ. 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื‘ืึทืœื“. | 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืงื‘ืจ -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6 ืฆื• ืคืจื•ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 8ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืจ. ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ! 
ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื™ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืข, ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืคืจื˜ 
ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืขื•ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืœื™ื˜ืŸ. 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ื“. ื™ืึทืง, 
ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• ืคึผืจืฅ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ (ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืึท), ืฐื™ืœืœืึท ื‘ืจื™ืึทื ื“, 11ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 

ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ! 

ื ืขืžื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ืžื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ื•ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืžื™ื ื”ื’ ืื™ื– -- ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื—ื•ืœื”, 

ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืึท ื–ืึทืš: ืืžืขื ื˜ืฉืฅื™. 

ื“ื™ื–ืขืจ ืขื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ-ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ื“ืขื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ (ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืกื˜ื™ืœ) 1908 ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ 6774 ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืึทื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœืึธืกื˜ืึธืง ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืขื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคึผืึธืœื’. ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื™ืึธ ืึท ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืขืจ 
ื›ึผื•ื—. ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืจืืฉื™ืช-ื—ื›ืžื” -- ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒื™ื˜! ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ื“ื™ ืจื’ืข ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ื“ื™ , ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ" ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ 
ืืฒึทืš -- ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึท ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ืš, ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืจ , ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืึธื™" 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคืจืŸ ืฉืœื”ื-ืขืฆืœื™"ื›ื 


ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืคื™ืœ -- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื’ืจื™ืก 
ืืฒึทืš ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ื’ืœื™ืง, 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 12ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื™. ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ! 


ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืจืขื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ 
ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื—. ืคื™ื ืงืขืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜". ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจ- 
ื“ืจืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืื™ื‘ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืก'ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื–, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ -- ืึทื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜", ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืขื•ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืฐื™ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ -- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืœื–ืึธ ืื™ื ืžืขืจ ืึทืœืก ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืŸ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืึท ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืกื—-ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืคึผืกื—. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžึนื›ืชึผื‘ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™- 
ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฆืŸ, ืกืขืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜-ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ (2000 ืขืงื–'.) ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืืื–"ื•ื•, 


ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืœื™ืฉืขืฐื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ,,ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ืชึผืื•ืžื™ื" ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ 
ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืกืข, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท 
ืงืขืจื‘ืœืขืš 800, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื•ืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”", ื‘ืขืช ื“ื™ "ืืฉืช-ื—ื™ืœ" ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื”ืึทืจื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืึทืงืŸ. ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธืœืง. ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉืฒึทื ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• 
ืคึผืึธื“ืœื™ืฉืขืฐื•ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ึนื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ. ืžื›ึผื•ื— 
ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืจืึทื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืก ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ืืœื ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ -- ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฆื• ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืขืกืง, 
ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืœื’ืึทืก ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฐื•ืึทืจืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ, ืึท ื›ึผืฉืจืŸ ืคึผืกื—, ื•ืฉื‚ืžื—ืช 
ื‘ื—ื’ืš -- 
ื•ื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


99 


ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


79.. ืฆื• ืคืจื•ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืฐื™ืœืœืึท ื‘ืจื™ืึทื ื“, 15ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 19109} 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ! 
ื”ืึธืคึผื ื˜ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื— ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื“ืขื ,ื—ืจื•ืกืช", ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”-ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืขืก ? 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืึทืงืึธืฐืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. 


ืฉืœื•ื ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ; ืึทื‘ื™ ืžืข ืœืขื‘ื˜! 


0, ืฆื• ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช! 
ืื‘ื™ ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜, ื“ืึทื ืง ื’ืึธื˜. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ -- ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘. ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ -- ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ (ืึท ืงื ืึทืคึผืขืจ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื•...). ื ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืืžืช, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืฐืึธืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื, 
ื’ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืŸ. ืึท ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐื•ืึทืจืฉืข (ื‘ืฒึทื ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ 
ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืžืชึผื ื” ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ -- ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ,, ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“" ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืึทื– 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’). ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืฒึทืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœ"ื’-ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ื’, ืฐื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”: ื›ึผืœื™ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื™, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ; ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ื ืึธืš ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™.. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืœื -- ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข! ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“ืŸ ? -- ืขื”ืข! ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜-ืฐืฒึทื˜! (ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฒื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–!). ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึท ืคืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, ืึท 
ื‘ืฒึทืกื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืขื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜.. ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ, 
ื’ื™ ื–ืฒึท ืึท ื ื‘ื™ื, ืึทื– --- (ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜? ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ) -- ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื–ืฉ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื™, ืจื‘ื•ื ื•ื“ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข!!! ื™ืึธ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก! ืžืกืชึผืžื 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ? ืื™ืฆื˜ -- ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื ืึธืจ 
ืœืึธื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


296 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื "ืขืœ ื›ื 


1, ืฆื• ืž. ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 21ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 

ืึธื—ื™ ื•ืจืขื™ ืืฉืจ ืึธื”ื‘ืชื™, ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™! 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก ืžืึธืœ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ , ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฆืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ", 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ืขื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืกืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื˜ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ 
ืึท ืžืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš. ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื• : ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข (ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜-ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืชึผื ื”, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคึผื“ื™ื•ืŸ- 
ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืชึผื‘ื•ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื›ื”!), ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. ืึทื’ื‘ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื˜ืึทืงืข, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ; ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ื•ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืจื•ื ืึท ื—ื•ืœื”, ืฐื•ื™ ื–ื™ (ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒึท ืš ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ). ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทื™ืš, ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึท ื ื•ืžืขืจ ,ื”ื–ืžืŸ". ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื™ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžื’ืŸ-ื“ื•ื“, ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ืึท ืฆืœื. ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื”ื ืื” ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืขืก; ื”ื ืื” --- ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื’ืŸ-ื“ื•ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืœื... ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœืฒืขื ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืก ืึธืฐืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื ื. ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ; ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืึธืฐืึทืฆื™ืขืก, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืžืงื ื ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืขื ื’ ืึธืคึผืขื˜ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื’ืึธืจ! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ ื›ึผื—ื•ืžืจ 
ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ --- ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ --- ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื“ืŸ-ืืจื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™! ื”ื›ึผืœืœ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 

ื›ึผืœื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ -- ืึธืžืŸ, 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทื ืก 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 

ืœื™ื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื–ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš. ืฉืึทื“ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืฑื™ึทืฉ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืึทืงืึธื•ื•ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžื–ืœ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื --- ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ 


97 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืจืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื- ืฉื˜ืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืขื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง: ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ 
ืžื•ื– ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ... ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš , ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ"... 
ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ!... 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืึทืงืึธืฐืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ. ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš, 
ืžืึทื“ืึทื, ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ --- ื ื•, ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื™ืึธ, ืึทื– ืึท ื˜ืขืจืžืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข... 
ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื™ืขื ืข ืฐืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื›ึผืกื“ืจ. ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ! (ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืคืฒึทื ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜.., ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ -- ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื˜ืึทืจืขืจืึทื! ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืžื™ืจ 
ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืึทืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจืึธืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท 
ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ืฉ, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืœืฒืขืจื˜!.. ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืึทืงืึธื•ืฐื•ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื” (ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ 
, ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ" --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ). ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื– : ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจืžืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื™ืฅ-ืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื ืขื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื•ื’ืชื™, 
ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ (ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ...), 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ืคืจื•ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ (ื•ื•ื™ืœืœืึท ื‘ืจื™ืึทื ื“), 223ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ: ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฐื™ ืึท ืฆื“ืงื™ืช, 
ื–ืึธื’ืึทืจ , ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ; ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืกื—. ืžื™ืจื˜ืฉืขื (ืื™"ื”) ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ 
(22 ืžืึทืจืฅ) ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืึทืงืึธืฐื•ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื—ืžืฅ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจืขืงืœ ื—ืžืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ. ืžื™ืจื˜ืฉืขื 
(ืื™"ื”) ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืง (23 ืžืึทืจืฅ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ) ื“"ื” ื“ืขื 5ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื“. (ื•ื“) ื™ืึทืง.(ืึธืฐื•ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ) ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืจื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืคืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ืžืฅ. ืึทืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืขืœืฃ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื—ืžืฆื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึทืจืžืขืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื–, ืึทื‘ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืจืฒึท ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื”ืขืžื“ -- ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืื™ื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœืึทื˜ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคึผืœืขืก, ืึทืจื•ื ื–ืขืงืก ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื“ืจ , ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ". ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ , ื—ืจื•ืกืชื™ื™ (ืžืจื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืŸ-ื”ืกืชึผื ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’...) ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ 

ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื›ึผืฉืจืŸ ืคึผืกื— ! 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


298 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ื˜ืœื™ื›ื 
4, ืฆื• ื. ืœ, ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 26ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื. ืœ. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ (ื–ืข, ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•) ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื™ืœ ื”ื ืื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื“ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื˜ืจื•ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื—ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึทืจ ื˜-ื•ื•, ื‘ื™ื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื”. ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ,ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข" ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ? ืขืก 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ! ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึทืฐื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ ืฆื•ื ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืฒืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคืฒึทื’ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื , ืœ"ื’-ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ", ืื•ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืข 
ืฉื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœ"ื’-ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ื’ืข ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช -- ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืึท ื’ืึธื˜ ืึท ื“ืขืจื‘ืึทืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื™ื˜ื–ืขืœื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, 
ืึทื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื“ืจืฒึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ื–ืึธื’ืขืจืก" -- ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ? ื“ื• ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืœ: ,ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜"... ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ ื“ื• ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื–ืึธื’ืขืจืก" ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ,,ื’ื–ืœื ื™ื" ? ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืฆื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜! ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื–ืข, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื‘ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื , ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธืœืง" ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ,,ื—ืจื•ืกืช" 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜". ืขืจ ืœืขืงื˜ ืžืžืฉ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ! ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– , ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธืœืง" ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ 
ืื™ื ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง" ืื•ืŸ , ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—" ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื ืข 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืกื™ืขื” 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก -- ื›ืึทื“ื›ืึท! ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืœืึทื›ืŸ! ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ? ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ 
ืฐื™ ืึท ื’ื•ื™, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืกืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท 

ืคืœืขืฉืœ ,,ื›ึผืจืžืœ" -- ืึธืžืŸ, ื›ึผืŸ ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ! 

ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ืข, 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5 ืฆืŸ ื“ื•ื“ 1 ืงืขืขื™ืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ (ืื™ื˜') ืฐื™ืœืœืึท ื‘ืจื™ืึทื ื“, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ื’. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš. ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช 


99 


ื‘ืจืœื˜ ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื™ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืขืก ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืจ... ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื–ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ึผื™ื—, 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืึธื’ืขื ืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืึทื’ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ 
ื™ืึธืจ ืคืจืœืขืจ : ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืงืจืึทื ืง, ืขืœื ื˜, ืึท ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ืกื˜, 
ื“ื™ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜, ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืึทืš ืฆื• 
ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ -- ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื”ื™ืœืคืœืึธื–, ืึทืœืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜, ืึทืœืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ 
ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืœืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื˜ืึธืคึผ ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืš 25 ื™ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืข 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืœ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ? ืื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืึท, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึทืงืฐืขืžืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜ืŸ, ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฑืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืขื•ื (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื), ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจืฒึทืข ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ืข ื ืฉืžื”! -- -- -- ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื˜ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ17? - - -- 
ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืกืคึผื™ื“ืึทืœืขื˜ื˜ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืึธื ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ. ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ? 
ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœ;ื›ื 


6. ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1909 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ! 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ? ืก'ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจืก. ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ. ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธื ืก ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก. ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, 
ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืฅ. ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธื ืก ื˜ืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขื. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืฃืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืึทื“ื™ืึท ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก ื“ื–ื™ืขืœื ืข, 
ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ, ืึท ื“ืึทืจื™ื ืงืขืจ, ืึท ืฐืฒึทืกืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืœืขืš ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืœืข -- ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœืขืš, -- ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ื™ื ืงืข, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืช ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ื™ื’ืœืขืš, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืงืข ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืขืš ื’ืœืึทื ืฆืŸ, ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืึธืกื™ืงืœืขืš ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœืขืš ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื˜ื™ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข: ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฉืฒึทื ื™ืงืœ ืคืึทืจืงืึธื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื ืงืœ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืฆืจื•ืช, ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืื™ืŸ 


50 


ื‘ื•ืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ืคื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื -ื ืฆืœื™ ื›ืื˜ 


ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืึทื“ื™ืึท: ื“ื™ืึทื“ื™ืึท ื“ื™ื ืขื•ืึธืŸ.. -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทืกื˜ -- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืกื˜ 
ืื™ื–. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ื—ืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึทื ืึทืฆื™ืข. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทืœืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ ืžืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ื ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืคึผื“ื™ื•ืŸ-ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื"" ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ. 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึทื ืงื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผืœืฒื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืงื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


7. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ (ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืึท), ืฐื™ืœืœืึท ื‘ืจื™ืึทื ื“ 3, 15ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ 1909 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื™. ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผืขื ื™ืฉ, ืขืœ-ืจื’ืœ-ืึทื—ืช, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ 
ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืึทืฐืขืง, ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื. ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข, ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืžื›ืชึผื‘ื™ื ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืึทื™ืข. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืขื ื“. ืขืก ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ,,ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง" ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืœืขื– ืื™ืš , ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก". ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš 
ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฆื™ ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ? ืžึฟืฒึทืŸ ืึถืœื’ืึท 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืฒืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ,,ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืขืื•ื-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข". ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึทื– ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื ื•ืคืš ืžืฉืœื• : ,ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกืฒ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืกื•ืง ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื. ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? 
ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ืœืขืก, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื”"ืฉ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”. ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืฅ ืงืœืึธืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื–ืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืฐืฒื™ืฆืึทืจื™ืข -- ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืจื•ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืžืจื” ืงื•ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื”ืึทืจืฆืœืขืš, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


501 


ื‘ืจื•ื™ ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืข ืœื™ื›ื›ื 
8, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ,ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" 


ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ื•ื ืกื˜' ื‘ืœืึทื–ื™ืขืŸ (ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืฐืึทืœื“), 28ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1909 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ , ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", ืœ. ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื™. ื—. ื–ืึทื’ืึธืจืึธื“ืกืงื™! 

ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืข ื ืฒึทืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" -- ืืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืฉื‚ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฆื• ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ -- ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ,ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืคืจืฒึทืข, ืึท ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, ืึท ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื, ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืงื ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืงื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืกื•ืง: , ืงื™ื ืืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื 
ืชืจื‘ื” ื—ื›ืžื”"... ื“ืึธืก, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœ ืขื–ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’; ืืฒึทืš, ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก, ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึท-ื’ืขื‘ืฑืจืขื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ ืืฒึทืขืจืก 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ืžื™ื˜ ืžื–ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ 
ื ื—ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืงื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืกื•ืง: ,ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืฉื‘ืข 
ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ ืื—ื“"... 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช -- ืžืึทืš ืื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืง ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 
ื•ืขื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืงื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืกื•ืง: ,,ืžืึทืœืึธ ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข --- ืžื ืึธื’ืึธ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืœืข".. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืฒึทืš! 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9 ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ื•ื ืกื˜!' ื‘ืœืึทื–ื™ืขืŸ (ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืฐืึทืœื“) |ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืขืŸ 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™! 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืึธืจืฅ. ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ื•ืื›ื! ืคืึทืจ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ื“ืึธ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืก ื˜ืจื™ื•ืžืฃ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜. ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฆืจื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืึท ืกืš, ืึท ืกืš ! ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืžืชื™ื, ื”ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื”ื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืงืึทื›ื™ืงืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืช ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ -- ืื™ื– ืคึผืข! -- ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ , ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืกืขืจืœ" 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš -- ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉืืœื” ? ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ --- ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื“ืœ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ! ืื™ืš 


502 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•'ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืงื•ืง ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื›ืชื‘ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื›ึผืœ ื•ืœืš -- ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ื‘ืฉืขืชื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜! ืึทื– ื™ืึธ ืขืกืŸ ื—ื–ื™ืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืึธืจื“... ืื™ืš 
ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืœืขืš. 


ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ื’ืึธืจื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง. ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜! 
ืคึผืก. -- ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื’"ืค ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ืึทื“ืจืขืก. 


0, ืฆื• ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 


ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ื•ื ืกื˜' ื‘ืœืึทื–ื™ืขืŸ, 1ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1909 

ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ืขืจ. , ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜" -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื˜ืขื ื” ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข. 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืคึผืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ (ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ). ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืฐืึทืœื“ืขืจ ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ื•ื. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคื™ืœ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืœื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ืŸ. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงื•ื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒื™ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืจืึทื ืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื“, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืžืœ. ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื•ื›ื” ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฉืขื”ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ, ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืกื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื•ืฉื‚ื-ื—ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืขื” ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืึทื›ื˜ ืฉืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœื™ื’ืŸ (ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืฉืขื”, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ). ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ : ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ 
ืฉืขื”, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึธืก ืขืกืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ! 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜? ื’ื™ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืข ืึทืฐืขืง ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื (ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ!) ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
8 ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืขื”ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉืขื” 5 ืึธื“ืขืจ 6 ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑื™? ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง. ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ? ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ืœืึธื– ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื•ื ื. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจืœืฒื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ืœื™ื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง. ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ. ืื‘ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ืกื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืึทื– ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ื’ื•ื˜, ื”ื’ื ืขืก 
ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ... ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ : , ื’ื-ื–ื•-ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”". ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท 


503 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื-ื–ื•ื™ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข 
ื’ืจื•ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš. 
ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื• ืฉ. ืจืึทืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜ 


2ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1909 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืจืึทื™ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื‘ืึทืจืขืจ ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืกื™ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ? 
ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš , ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜", ื”ื’ื 
ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ,ืึท ื‘ืœืึทืกืŸ" (ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก) ื‘ืœืฒึทืคืขื“ืขืจ, 

ื›ื™ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืึทื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ-ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ,,ื ืึทื™ืึธืžืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง" ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ.. ื›ื‘ืึทืคืจืฒึท ืืฒึทืš 
ื’ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื", ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ", 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืฆื• 2 ื˜ื•ื–ื ื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื”" ืื•ืŸ ,ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉืคึผื™ื ืขืจืก" 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฆืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท 
ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ (ื“ืึทื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ). ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื—ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ , ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ". ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืš ื“ืขื ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึทื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืขื ืง, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ? 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ืŸ ? ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง. ื”ื’ื ืฐื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืงื•ื•ืขื ืงืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš. ืื™ืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท 6ื˜ืŸ (ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท 6ื˜ืŸ?) 
ืึธืจื’ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืžื‘ืจื™ืึธืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื‘ืจื™ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืคืึทืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ (ื›'ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–), ืึทื– -- 
ื›'ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ -- ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืฉืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื ื“ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข. ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” 
ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 10 ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืœืึทื ื’ ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื”ืœืฉืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. ืกืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ... 

ื›'ืงืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืึทืœืก ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืก-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ื ืฃ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, 


504 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ --- ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒ- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคืœืึทื’ืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ื“ืขื ื™ืขื ื™ืงืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืœืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืœื™ื‘ืœืขืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ -- ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืึทืงื™ืฉืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื“ื›ืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืก ืึทืฐืขืง. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœื‘ืึทืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื’ืขื‘ืึทืœืขืฐืขื˜. ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืข. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื ืจื•ื ! ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜! ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืฆืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืจืขื“ื˜, ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ, ื•ื™ ืก'ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 

ืฉ.- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


4669 (50862:20214) ืช8!296 .96 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืืฒึทืš, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข-ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 

ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื›ึผื™ื‘ื•ื“-ืึธื‘, ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ : ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ (ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜!), ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืขื˜, ืฆืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžืึทืš. ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. 
ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืึธืจ-ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜. ื›ืึท-ื›ืึท, ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉืึทื“ื˜! ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคึผืขืงืœื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฆื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ 
ืึธืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืžืช. ื”ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”: ืื™ืš ื‘ืึธื“ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ, ื˜ืึธื’-ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ -- ืึธึถื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ-ืงืจืึทื ืงืข. ื–ืฒ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื ืฒึทืก. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ (ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช !), ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึถื˜ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ 40. ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื˜ืŸ -- ืคืข! ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ื”ื•ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคึผืึทืฐืึธืœื™ื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื–, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืึทืจื’-ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืงืœ. ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื–ืึทืš --- ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื” ื™ื™ื, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืœืึธื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, 
ืœืึธื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืึทื‘ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธื’ืŸ 


505 


ื‘ื•ื”ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ืคื”ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื ื™"ืข ืœื™ื™ื›ื•ื 


ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ -- ื˜ืคื•, ื ื™ืžืึทืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ! ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืกื‘ืจื, ืึทื– ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš. ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื’ 2000 ืงืœืึทืคื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืš. ืฆื• 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ ืึธ ืก ? ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ? ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก? ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืฆื• ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืื™ื– ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื’ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ,,ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ... 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฒื ื™ืงืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


3, ืฆื• ื“. ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ 


ืกื˜' ื‘ืœืึทื–ื™ืขืŸ, 11. 7. 19109} 


ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืึทืงืึธื•ื•ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ืš. ืคืึธืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืฐืขืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืงื•ืจืึธืจื˜, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข. ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืฒึทืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึท ืฆื™ื ื“ 
(ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื˜ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,,ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืึทืŸ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก -- ื›ึผืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืงืึธืžื™ืฐื•ืึธื™ืึทื–ืฉืึธืจ"), ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืŸ ืึทืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื–ืึท 
ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜, ื•ื™ ,,ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง", ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ , ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืึทืŸ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก" ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ. 
ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง ืึท ื“ืจืฒึทืคืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง. ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืข, 

ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื•ื ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืง ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™. 
ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื• ืฉ. ืจืึทืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜ 


{ืกื˜' ื‘ืœืึทื–ื™ืขืŸ} 26(13). 7. 19109ืŸ 


ื™ืึธ, ืœื™ื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืจืึทื™ึทืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฐื•ื™ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืงื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฐื•ึผืจืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ... ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืึทืœื˜ืขืจื™ืข 


ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉืฐืึทื›ืข. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืึทืœืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืข ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 2747 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, 


506 


ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ื•:ืคื•ืŸืŸ. ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื - 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื” (,,ืฉ. ืฉืžืขืœืงืขืก" ืื•ืŸ ,,ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ"). ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ืจื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“"-ืฉื•ืจื”. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทืŸ ืขืจืš, ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ื‘ื™ืœื™ืงืข ื•ื™ ืื™ืš, ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ? ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก (ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืึทืฐืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ) ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื 4826 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
3 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจ. (ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืžืขืจ, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ 
ืึท ืกืš ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืช ืื™ื–). ื“ืึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
5 ื ืึธืจ 241,20. ืึทืจืึธืคึผืจืขื›ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืกื›ื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื‘ืขื˜, 228,92, 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกืึทืœื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, 12 ืจ', 28 ืงืึธืคึผื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ื’ื•ืคื. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืขืฆื”: , ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ- 
ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ". ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืจ-ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ื“ืขื 
ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก, ืžื—ืžืช ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ,, ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื", ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท 
ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืฉืขืฆืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืึท ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“ (ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ). ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืคืึทืจืŸ , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข. , ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื" -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš 
ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื". ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืจื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 25 ื™ืึธืจ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขื ืฐืฒึทื–, ืžื—ืžืช ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ. ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืŸ , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื™ืฉืขื”-ื‘ืึธื‘ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ , ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืกื˜ืŸ", 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืฃ ืจืึธืฉื™ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื‘ืจ- 
ืึธื‘ื•ืช". ื“ืขืจื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช. ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”. ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข, ืึทืœืก ืฉืœื•ืกืึทืงืึธืจื“, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกื—. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ืขื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื–ืœ, ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืกื›ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฉืฐื•ึผื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืจืึธื“ ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืฐืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”. ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืืฒึทื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช (ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืกืš ืžืขืจ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืกืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ) -- ื”ืึธื˜ 


507 


ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื– ืฉืœื•ืฃ- ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืงืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ืฉื™ืจ- 
ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื" ืึท ืคื™ื ืฃ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขื ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ 5, ื ืึธืจ 3 ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืงืึธ ืคึผื™ืงืข! ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ? ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืคืฉืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืึธืœ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜. ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืคื™ืœื•. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื ืึธืš, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก ? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง: 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืึทืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืงืึธืคึผื™ ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ, ืฐื™ ืจืึทืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜ : 
,ื™ืึธ", -- ื“ืึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’. ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ-ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืึทืจ, ืงืึธืŸ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ื ื‘ื›ึผื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืฉืึทืฆื˜ ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืง, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืฉืึทืฆื˜ ืื™ื 
ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, 


ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื›ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื‘, 
ืฉ-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
.8,ืช ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืœื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทื“ืจืขืก ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ? ื›ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืึธ ื›ืŸ, ืืฑื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš: 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึทื“ืจืขืก: 
(568621202164) 2125168 574 ืžื–ื˜!:5242:0 


5, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


5 ืžื–ื˜!:5282:0 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ,, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข", ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’. ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืžืช, ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, 
ืึทื– ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื ื“ืข ,,ื”ื™ื‘ืจื•-ืคึผืึทื‘ืœื™ืฉื™ื ื’" ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืชึผ"ืง ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืจืึธืกื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทื“ืขืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื ืึธืš 
ืึทืœืฅ ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš... ื“ืึธืกื™ืง. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
91 ,,ื’ืžืื–ืชืง82} 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื•ื- ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ื“ื™ ;ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" 


ืœื•ื’ืึทื ืึธ, ืจืขื’ื™ื ืึท-ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, 10ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื–ืึทื’ืึธืจืึธื“ืกืงื™, ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ! 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืึท 
ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ,ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก". ืขืœ" ื›ึผืŸ, 
ื”ื ื” ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช, ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื ืขื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื–ื™ื ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื ื™ื ืคืึทืจ 
ืฉืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฉืึธืžืขืจื™ื–ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ -- ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ -- ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืจืฒื™ื›ืขืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืึท ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, 
ื ืึธืš ,,ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•" ืื•ืŸ , ื™ืึธืกืขืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธืฐืฒ", ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ืขืก ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืŸ (ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉืฒึทื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื”) ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืกืขืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธืฐืฒ?, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ , ื”ืขืœื“" ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืจ 
ืžื™ืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจืข ื ืฉืžื” -- ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ. ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฒึทืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ. ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ. ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ. ืงื•ืจืฅ -- ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื” ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืึท โ€ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜. 
ื”ืœืฐืึทื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ื™ึทืจื˜ ืึทืœืก ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก, ืื•ื ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ืขื ื“, 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ ื›ึผืจื—ื•, ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทื ืขื ื“ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืึท ืจ ืึธ ืžืึทืŸ 
ืคื•ืœ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ, ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜-ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืึท ื’ืึทืœืขืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ -- ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท , ืงืœืึธื’ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ". ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืื™ื ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืจืฒึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืฐื™ {ืื•ื™ืš} ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื™ืŸ , ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ" ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื–ืึธืจื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉืฑืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืึทืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ (ืึทื ืึธื ืกื™ืจืŸ) ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื ืึธื ืกื™ืจืŸ, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื. -- -- -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื•ื— ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘-ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžืกืชึผืžื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืจืคื•ืื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ --- ืึธื”ืึธ-ื”ืึธ!... ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ 


509 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข-ืžืึทื›ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ืžืงื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื ื“ื– ,ื•ื‘ืขืจืชึผ ื”ืจืข ืžืงืจื‘ืš" ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ, 
ืคึผืœืฑื“ืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืงืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืŸ, ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ, ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’, ื“ืขืจ 
ืขื•ืœื ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ืื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ืงืŸ, ืื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ -- ืึธืžืŸ ื•ืึธืžืŸ. 


ืึทื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื›ื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• ื ื— ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ 


ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ื•ื ืกื˜' ื‘ืœืึทื–ื™ืขืŸ, ืฉืฐื•ืึทืจืฆืฐืึทืœื“, 12ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1909 


ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื ื— ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธืฐืกืงื™! 
ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื—ื™ื” ืžืชื™ื -- ืึทื‘ื™, ื“ืึทื ืง ื’ืึธื˜, ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜! ืžืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง, 

ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื.. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ -- ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™. ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜? ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืฑื™ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’: ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™, ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืฒึทื–ืข, ืึท 
ืฐืึธื™ืึทื–ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืึท". ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜. ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš ืื™ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ ืžื™ืš, 
ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ? 

ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ืจืฒึทื–ื ื“ืขืจ, ืึท ืงืึธืžื™ืฐืึธื™ืึทื–ืฉืึธืจ ื‘ ื›ืœ 
ืชึผืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ (ื–ืข ื“ื™ ,ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜"), ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” : 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ื™-ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ (611064) ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืžืขืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืง, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง --- ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ,ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืึทืŸ'ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ". ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ, ื’ืœื™ืงืŸ, ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ื˜ืŸ, ืคืึทื˜ืึทืœื ืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, 
ืึธื ื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื•ืช, ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช --- ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜. 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืžืขืœ, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ: ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืข 
ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ืŸ! ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืจืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืงื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงื•ืจื™ืึธื–ืŸ, ืึท ืกืš ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ, ืึท ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื–ืžืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง, ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ื›ึผืืฉืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™... ื ืขืžื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ ื–ืขืงืก -- , ืงื‘ืจ-ืึธื‘ื•ืช" -- ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข, ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืคึผืึทืจ ืึท ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฐื™ ืงื•ืจืฅ, ื›ึผืœืื—ืจ-ื™ื“ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง! ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืคืึธืจืขื, ืฐื•ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ ,ื“ืขืจ ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื”-ืจื‘ื”" (ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช). ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืฒึทืกื™ื ืขืจ ืกื•ื—ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ืงืึทืกืึทื˜ืึธืจ ื ื•ื— ืขืœืงืขืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, 
ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ? ืื™ืš, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืฐื•ืึธื™ืึทื–ืฉืึธืจ, ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš, ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืงืึทืกืึทื˜ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช. 


510 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืœืฒึทืกืŸ, ืก'ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืื‘ื™ ื ืึธืจ 
ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. 
ื ืึธืš ืึท ื–ืึทืš: ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ. --- ื’ื™ื™ื˜'ืก ืึท ื’ืึทื ื’, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ? 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 
ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ืž. ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ 


(ืœื•ื’ืึทื ืึธ), 9, ืค, 19109} 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทื ื˜ื‘ืœืึทื–ื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข 
ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืขืก 
ืžืขื’ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ึผืงื•ึผืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑื™ืจื™ื 
ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื“ืึทืŸ 
ืงื•ื ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. -- ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก 
ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ืœืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜.. 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ-ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“" ืคืึทืจื ืึทื›- 
ืœืขืกื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉื ื“ ื ืฒึท. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึธืŸ ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืึทืคื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ 15 ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืึทืœืก ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึท ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, 
ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ --- ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš! 


ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9. ืฆื• ื“. ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ 


1909 ,10 1 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืึทืงืึธื•ื•ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ --- ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืขืจืข ื ื™ื˜. ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึทืŸ ืžืึทืจืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืฐืึธืก. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ ืกืึทืœื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ. 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš -- ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 


514 


ื‘ืจื“ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ื " ืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทื“ืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืึทืงืึธืฐื•ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ? ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข 
ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืืคืฉืจ, ืึทืฐืขืง ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจ ืึท ืกื™ื™. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื -- ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก (ื“ืขื ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ). ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ? 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกื˜ืึทืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœึทืš, 
ืึทื’ื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข 
ื”ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ , ืจื•ืฉืขืก", ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข , ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก". ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ. ืคืึทืจ- 
ืจื•ืคื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ื‘ืฒึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื–ื™ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš. ื›'ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืงืœืึทืคึผืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทืงื™ืจืŸ ? ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืฉืฐืึทืš, ืื™ื– ืึท ืกืš ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. 
ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ? ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš 
ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ื–ืึทืš ,, ืงื‘ืจ-ืึธื‘ื•ืช", ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืจื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉ,-ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


0. ืฆื• ืž. ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ 


}19109 .10 3 


ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืž. ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืฐืกืงื™! 

ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜. 

ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš, ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžืงืœืึธืจืข ื›ึนึผืชื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื›- 
ืœืขืกื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืกื˜ืึทืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš, ื“ืึทืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืฉืขื ืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื ืึธืš -- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘. ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ, 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืจืœื™ื‘ืŸ. ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึทื›ึผืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง ืžืฒึทื ืก ื‘ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ืคืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ืึธืจื’ืขืฐื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ 6--7 ืžืึธืœ, ืžืขืจืขืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“, ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทืŸ! -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ 
(ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™), ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื–ืึทืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขื–ืึทืžื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืึทื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ, 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธื›ื“ืขื. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 
ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืึทืœืก ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš. 


ืึทืœืขืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฉ.- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ื›ื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื• ื™ื•. ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก 


1910 ,1 3 

ืœื™ื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก! 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ึผืœื™ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš. 
ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืžืจื, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืฒืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืฆื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ. 

ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืคืึธืจื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืข ื ื•ืž' 1. -- ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก... ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ. ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžืกื“ืจ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš 
ืœื™ื™ื’ ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ืขื ื“. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคืึธืจ, -- 
ืขืขื“ืžื•ืกืช 244 ื–ืข ืขื”ืกื ืช 81826886 ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ื˜ืขืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ- ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš-ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข, ืฐื™ 
ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก ืึทืœื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: ,ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ". ื™ืึธ, ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืฐื™: ื’ื•ื–ืืขืืคื˜ืกืชื‘ื ืก ืขื”ืกื ืช ืกืขืืคื’ืกื”ื’ืŸ" 
ื–ืขื–ืื’ื’ืขื’ืขืกื :ืกื802. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ 18268846ืืŸ" 
-ื—ืขื”ืกื•ืช. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ,ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš" ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“. ืขืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื–ืฑื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืก, ืื™ื–, ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก, ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืก. ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ -- ืึทืฐื“ืื™. ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงืฒื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืก ; ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข. ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก, ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื–ืึทืš --- ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ 8--10. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขื ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’) ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜. ืขืก ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš , ื“ื™ ื›ึผืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ". ืขืก ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
0 ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ-ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืื•ืก ืึทืจื•ืก- 
ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข. ื“ื™ , ื›ึผืชื•ื‘ื™ื" ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
, ืกืึธื•ื•ืจ' ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžื™". ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืึทืœืก ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืึทืœืข 20 ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ 
ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ: ื™. ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™, ื ืึทืœืขืฐืงืข, 
6. ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื โ€ ื˜ืœื™ืœื›ื•ื 


ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข , ื›ึผืชื•ื‘ื™ื" ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“, ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื“ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื“ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก, ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืจืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ , ื“ื™ ื›ึผืชื•ื‘ื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ", ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, 

ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื". 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš , ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืขืคึผืœืขืš" ืืึทื–ืฒื•ื•, 

ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“? ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ: ืกื–ืกืืก68064 ืขื ืก}). (2 , ื–ืžืขืงืกื˜ ืขื ืกื”. ({ 
-182ืง488. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ืจื•ืคืŸ โ€ ืขืก 6ืขื0640ื˜28". ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
28ืชืกืง88 0ืชืกื–ืข380 1167 . ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืง. ืกืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืกืขื–ืกืช 1169 . ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืคืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข 
ื–ืึทื ื’ืฐื™ืœ, 

ืฆื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ืงืฐืขื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทื ื“, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ ? ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื“ืขื ื”' ืžืึทืจืขืง 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคึผืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงืฒื˜ ืฆื• 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ (146ืข461). ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ 
ืึท ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืืžืชืŸ ื’ื•ื™, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ ืกืฒึท ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ืžืฆื“ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืก... ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ -- ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฐืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. ืึธืžืŸ 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข. 

ืฉ- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 8. 1. 1910 


ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื“ื™ืœืขืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ืŸ ืืฑืกืฆื•ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ: ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืกืœืึทืฐื™ืฉ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืœืฉืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืก. ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืฒึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื˜-ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทืงื™ืจื˜ 
ื–ืื”ื”ื‘ืกื 23 ื—ืข ืกืขื˜ืกื’ืขื–ืืกื–ื“ืก 161846 , ... 11011626 ,.. ืกื–ึฐืชื’2 ? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ืจ 


514 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืฐื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ? ืœื™ื‘ื™ื ืงืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš, ืฉืึทื ืขืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™, ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจ- 
ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ! ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง! ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึธืคึผ. ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ 
ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืคืึทืจ ืกืœืึทืฐื™ืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜, ืฐื™: 400626 ,ืขื—ืก8;ืก ืกื•ื . 
ื ื•, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืฉืฐืึทืš (ืื™ืš, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉืฐืึทืš), ืื™ื– ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื‚ื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜! ื ืึธืš 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ,ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ" ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉ.- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืึทื– ืคึผืจืฅ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืฒืŸ ื“ืขื 15 ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ? ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš. 


2. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 24. 1. (6. 2). 119110 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก! 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœืฒื™ื’ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฅ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข! ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 
,ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ" ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื›'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ (ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื“ืจืœื™), 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื—ื–ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ : 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ,,ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื—ื•ื" ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืขื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ , ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื—ื•ื" ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ: , ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื", 
, ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืขืคึผืœืขืš" ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง, 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืš. 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉ.- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 26, 1. (7. 2). 19110} 


ืœื™ื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก! ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืข. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืจืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜: ืื•ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื—, ืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื”ื™ื˜, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ , ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืึทื ื˜". ืื™ืจ 


ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืฆืขืคึผื˜ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 


55 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื˜ื• ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืจื•ืคื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื™ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื“ื™ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื—ื•ื". ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื ื“. ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืขืงืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ, ืงื•ื•ืฆื˜ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ , ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื"; ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื“. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ืคืึทืจืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“! 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืืฒึทืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืก'ืื™ื– ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืกื˜ืึทืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื”ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜. ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืึทื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข. ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ, ืื™ื– ืžืึทืจืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื”ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืœืขื ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืงื ื. ืื™ืš ืจืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทื’ื™ืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทื’ื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜? ืื•ื™, ืกื•ื•ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึทื ืขืฐืขื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจืฃ 
ื”ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืกืงืึทื ื“ืึทืœ ืกืฒึท ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ. , ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•" 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ื•ืš. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉ.- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 22/9, 2. 19110ืŸ 


ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ โ€ ืขืขืกืกืก2 ืกืง 5,, 
ืึทื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ืึธื ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš 
,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืึทื ื˜", ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ? ! ืขืก ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืขื’ืžืช-ื ืคืฉ, 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ, 

ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉ.- ืขืœื™ื›ื 

ืก. ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ โ€ ืขืขืกืกืกืช ืกืงื– ืฆ. ืคืึทืจืŸ 5ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 

ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืชืขืจื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ืคึผืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 


ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก. 
ืฉ,- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 16. 1(2. 3). 19110} 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก ! 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืึทื”ืขืจ 


56 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœืงื•ื "ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜, ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ. 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืกืœืึทื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืจื•ื ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื• ืœืึทื ื’, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืฐื™ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืึทืจื•ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ: ... ืกื— ืขืขื•ื’ืกืขืช 8 0423240 1688 ืืึทื–"ื•. 


ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืœ, ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ืึท ืชึผื”ื™ืœื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท 
ืงื™ืจื›ืœืขืš-ืกืœืึทืฐื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ? ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง. ื”ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึทื˜ืฒึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืคืึธืจื™ื–ืžืขืŸ. ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’. 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึท ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ. 


ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš? ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ? 


ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ? ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื˜ืฉื•ื“ืึทืงืขืก ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืฐืขืง ; ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš" ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ,,ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ". ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก? ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ? ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืŸ. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืขื ื“. ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ. 


ืึธื˜ ืื™ื–, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš": 


) ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš, 

2) ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ืึทืคึผ (ืคื™ืœืฒึทื›ื˜). 

3) ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืก (ืกื–ืขืฆื™ืขืกืชืก:8ืช0ืก 06) ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกื’'. 

4) ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื (ืขืืขื˜ื”86ืžืก1120). ื‘. ื•. ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกื’" 

5) 101 (ื˜ืขื”ืก 640). ื‘' ื•, ืœื™ื“' ืื•ื™ืกื’'. 

6 ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืึธืžื•ื ืข. ื‘' ื•, ืœื™ื“' ืื•ื™ืกื’'. 

) ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืจื™ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜. ื‘ื™ ื•ื•, ืœื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’'. 

8) ืึทืœืข ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื‘' ื•ื•, ืœื™ื“' ืื•ื™ืกื’. 

9) ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ื”ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš, ื‘' ืฐื•, ืœื™ื“' ืื•ื™ืกื’? 

0) ืคื™ืฉืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืžื“ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึทื”ื™ืฒื. ื ื•ืž' 2, ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข". 

1 ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ' ื ื•ืž' 8, , ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข". 

2 ืึท ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืชึผืขื ื™ืช. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš" (ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืกืš ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ื“ืึทืŸ --- ื‘' ื•ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื‘' ืฆื•). 

ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘' ืฉื• ืื•ืŸ ืข (ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฉ) ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ, 


5 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืึทืจื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ื™ื ืก ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, 
ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ื“ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืก, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ: ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ , ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉื ื“ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื– 10 ื‘ืขื ื“. ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜, ื“"ื” ืกืฒึท ืื™ืš, ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื’. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืจืขื“ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ. ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืืคืฉืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง, 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืฆื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ 
ืึทืจื•ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืึท ืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง. ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉ.- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


10.3(:0) 5.2 ื ื˜ืขืกื– 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก! 

ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ , ืœื™ื’ืขืงื•ืจ". ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืึทื˜ื™ืง. ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜. 

ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš (ื‘. | , ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื—ื•ื") ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื ื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”! ื›ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืœืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฒื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืžื™ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ-ื‘ืขื˜... ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ื•ืฉ-ื”ืจื™ื— ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืึทืจื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ. ื›ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ืขื” ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ. ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜, ืืฑืกื’ืขืฆืฒื›ื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ 
ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคื™ืœ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจ, ืึทื– ืกื™ืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš. ื™ืฉืจ ื›ึผื•ื—ืš ! ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืึทืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึทืจื•ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืคึผื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ. 

ืž'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืึธืคึผืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื•ืชืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืึธื–, -- ื•ื•ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ (ื–ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ 72 ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ..). ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ื™ืกืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ ืขืก ืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื‘ืขื˜ 


58 


ื‘ืจืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื• ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืึธืคึผื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฉ.- ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขืงื–' 


8. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


(ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™), 12, 3. 1910 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก! 

6 ืึทื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™. ื›'ืœื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜. ื›'ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš -- ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ 21.ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืฐื• 
ื‘ืึทื ื“. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ? ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ืึทื– ืžืข ืžื•ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืจืขื“ืŸ. ืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ. ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก! ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 2ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคืœืึทื’ืข ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ! ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ ืขืจ ืขืึธ ื˜ื™ืคึผ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทืจืฒึทื - 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืขืจืขืึธื˜ื™ืคึผ, ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 863888 ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ 72 ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืจื™ืึธื–! 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื ืึธื ืกืขื ืก. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ื ื˜: 

-- ืกื–ืึธืœ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืคึผืขื˜ืฉืึทื˜ืขืง. 

-- ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืคึผืขื˜ืฉืึทื˜ืขืง ืื•ื™ืš. 

ื“ืึธ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืฆืžืขืฆื™ืกืช -- ื›ืึท-ื›ืึท-ื›ืึท! (ืึท ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื™ืŸ -- ืึท ืคึผืขื˜ืฉืึทื˜ืขืง), 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืœืข, ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจืขืœืึธืง.. 

ื ืึธืš : , ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื™ื“ืœ". ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื™ืฉื ื™ืข ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ืงืข: โ€ .-80 ,ืกื˜ื”ื–ืขื–ืก 186" 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืฒื˜: ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื•ืŸ! ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืŸ". ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜: 
! 110300 ! 0ืก1103. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ โ€ ...ืกื˜ื—ื–ื˜ื™ืก 8186 (ื›'ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš)... ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ? ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืข ืžื™ืกืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืกืžืกืงืก ,ืž"ื“ื”ื ื™ืกืช , ืื™ื–ื™ื’ืฆื™ืกืช-ืขืฆื™ืกื“ืŸ" -- ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ืžืคืึทืจืฆืฒึทืœืขื›ืข ืคืึทืจืžื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืฐืึทื›ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ 
-- ืื™ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึทื ืกืึทืžืข ืฉืœื•ืกืึทืงืึธืจื“. 

ื“ืึธ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™: , ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ! ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ !" ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ! 110300, 
"! 11030 ! ื–ืืคึผืงืก) ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคึผื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ื ืึธืš : 
ืกื–ืกืื”ื™ 86ื–ืช ืขื–ืกืก8ืก 116 !ืงืกื‘ืกืช ื–ืกื–ื›ึผ 110 !ืื’ืงืก ื–ืกื–ื›ึผ 110-- 

! ื’ืงืก3ืกืช 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืฉื ื™ืข: 

, ื›'ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš ืขืกืŸ ืžืึธืจืึธื–ืฉืขื ืข ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ' -- ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื˜ 


59 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื ื•ื” ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื–ื™ืš... ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืจ ? ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื“ืขื”, ืึทื– ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืื™ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึทื 
ืกืึทืžืข ืฉืœื•ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš! ืืฒึทื™ืืฒึท-ืืฒึท! ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืกืงืœืึทื“ ืคื•ื ืขื {ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’} , ืกืึธื•ื•ืจ' ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžื™" ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท 
ื‘ืœืฒึทืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜-ืžืขืกืขืจืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืงืจืึทืฆื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืจื™ืฉืขื ืกืงืข , ื›'ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš" ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข 10.000 ืขืงื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึทืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืจื•ึผื™ึทืง ืืฒึทื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. -- 

ื‘ื›ืœืœ --- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ -- ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ -- ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– 
ืึท ืกืคืง -- ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื โ€ 2ื’ื–ื’ื˜ืกื—" 
(ื‘ืจืขืœืึธืง), ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ืึทืคึผืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื”ืื–ื”ืฆืกืช 
(ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ), ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจืขืœืึธืง, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืึทืžืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื : --- ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืึท ื‘ืจืขืœืึธืง. 

ื›ืึทื“ื›ืึทื™ื›ืึท -- ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ื ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ --- ื ื™ื˜ 822 . ื ื™ื˜ 868 , ื ืึธืจ โ€ ืืกื–ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื–ื. 
ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื•ื—ืœ ื“ื™ ,,ืžืึทืžืข" ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื›ึผืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ืึท ื™ืชื•ื", ืื™ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื‘ื ืข ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืึธื˜ื™ืคึผ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ ! 

ืžื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ, ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืึทืฐืขืงืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: , ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง", ืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืขืึธื– ืคื•ื ืขื ,ืชึผื—ื•ื". ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื˜ 
ืขืก ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืกื, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืกืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืึท 
ื˜ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ: ,ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก, ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง" ืึทืœืก ืึทืŸ ืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืขืึธื– 
ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ืชึผื—ื•ื !ื™ื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื”ืจื’ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืึทืฐืขืง (ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืึทืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืขืจืฉื˜... ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜: ืข ืขื”ืกื ืช โ€ .ื”818'. 
ื”ื–ืขื“ืื•ืกืช ืฆืข ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜: ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ : 3268 ื”ืืฆืก ". 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื’ืขื˜ืฉืงืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜! 


9, ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 19ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1910 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ !ึผ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš -- ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื™ึทืฉืข -- 
ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ืึท ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืคืึทืจืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืจื“ืข, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืึธื ื™ืก. ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืึท ื’ื•ื™ ื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ื™ึธื“, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื™ ืื™ื– 
ืึท ื’ื•ื™... ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื•ืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื ื—ื•ืœ-ื”ืžื•ืขื“ (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ? ืฉืœ 


5200 


ื‘ื”ืžื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ) ืฉืœื•ื ื˜ืค ืœื ื›ื 


ืคึผืกื—, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช ?). ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข -- ื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึท ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ (ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึท ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ -- ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ึนึผืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช). ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืขืจืขื ืกื˜ื™ื ืขืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืชึผืžืจื”. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืชึผืžืจื”, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื‘ื›ืŸ, 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืก 
ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืชึผืžืจื”, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื–ื™, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื—ื•ืœ-ื”ืžื•ืขื“ (ืคึผืกื—, ื ื™ื˜ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช!), ื“ืขื 29/16 
ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ, ืึท ืื™ืžืขื ื™ื ื™ืฆืข ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืื•ืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›- 
ื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ -- ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขื, ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš. ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘, 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 

9ืก. -- ื’ืึธืœืข ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜. -- 


0. ืฆื• ืž. ื’ืึธืจืงื™ 


0 ,ืกื•ืจ 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืขืงืกืฒ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 

ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื”ื™ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืึทืจืึธืคึผื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ 


ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ืชืขืจืฒื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื—ื•ืœื”ืก ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึท ืฉืžืขืง ื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืงืข. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื˜ืจืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืข ืจืคื•ืื•ืช, 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืกื‘ืจืึท ืฆื•ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผืึท ื’ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืกื™ื ืข, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ืื™ื 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”, ืึทื– ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืึท ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืึทืœ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ืขืจื•ื™ 
ืึท ืžื”ืœืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืกื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืขืœ"ืคึผื™ ื ืก ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืš" 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ. 

ืขืก ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจืข, ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืžื‘ืึท- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจื™ืŸ. 


ืœื™ืึทืœื™ื ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ 


521 


ื‘ื•ืจืืœื•ื– ื•ืค ื•ืŸื• ืฉ ืงื•ื'ื™ืงืข ืœ ื™ื™ื›ื™ื 
1, ืฆื• ื™ื•. ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 30, 4, 1910 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืึทื›ื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ ื”' ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก! 

ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ื–ืขื ืงืกื˜ :16 . ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ื ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืขื ืง, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ืคืึทืจื’ื™ืคื˜ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 118 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื—ืืขื‘ืฆืกืช 1161 ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“, ื ืขืžืœืขืš, ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ : , ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ". ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืžื™ื™8ื›ืŸืก ืก!ืžื•ื”ืกืงืŸ 2846 806---ืกื“ืกืช ืข ืื‘ ,ืžื ืกื ื• ืข 1665/. ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ! 
/283:080024ืง 8 (?) ื–ืขืงืกืคืกืงื— ื’ืขื–ื’326 ,ืกื“ืกืช ืชืข ืฉืื‘ ืขื ื™ืก ื–ืข ืขื ื•ืŸ" 
ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืง ืึท 2 ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜. ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. 


ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืขืžืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืฉ 


2. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ืึทื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทืœืขืจ, 10. 6. 19110} 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก! 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆืขื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ืœืขืกื™ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“. ืžื™ืจ 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืขื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ , ืก' ืคึผืจืึธื‘'" ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืคืœืึทื’ืข. 


ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉ.- ืข ืœื™ื›ื 
2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘ืึทื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทืœืขืจ, 28/15. 6. 19110} 


ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• (ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ืŸ) 
ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื›ึผืชื•ื‘ื™ื". ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจื•ื -- ื“ืขื ืกื•ืฃ. 


522 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื"ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืึธ, ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ืกื˜ื™ืœ (, ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืึธืงื•ืจืึธืฐื•"). 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ? 

ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืึธ 
ื•ืฐื•ืึธืกื˜ืจืขื‘ืึธืฐืึทื ื™ืึท. ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš. ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืžืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉ,- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’-ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจืึทื’ืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ,, ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืึธืงื•ืจืึธืฐืฒ} 
ืกืขืืฆื™ืกืชืกืื–ืขื ,ืขืื—ืกืงื– //ื18008ืกืช ,ืขืชืกื”ื“ ืขื—ื’ืžื”ื” 118 .168ืกื” ืขื”ืขืก" 
ื–ืขื :ืกืงืกืช ,ืขื–ืืขืžื™ื™ืฅื™ื›ื–ื– ื–ืขื–ืื–ืฆืžืก03ืง66 ืขื“ืืก ื–ืขืืชืกื”ื—ื– ื–ืข ื–ืขืฆืกื ืชื— โ€ ;ืขื–ื•ืžื”ื–ืžืฅ:38ื”ืกืช 
- ืžืฆื ืขืฅ .ืขื–ืื’ื’ื•ื–ืืกื›ืŸ 


4. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืœื•ื’ืึทื ืึธ, 20/7. 10. 19110} 


ืกืึทืจืึท ืžืึธื“ื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก! ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืึทื ื˜- 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืคืจืึทืง ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืึทืฅ. ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจ ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜, ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื‚ื•ื ื, ืื•ื™ื‘, ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึทื›ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฑื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ- 
ื‘ืจืึธืงืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืฑื“ืขืจืฒึท ืึทื– ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึท ื—ืจื›ึผื”. ืึท 
ืฉืฐืึทื›ืข ื–ืึทืš -- ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืขืก. ืึธื˜, ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืกื˜ืึทืจืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืึธืŸ ,75,000" ืื•ืŸ , ื’ื™ืžืขื ืึทื–ื™ืข". ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืึธืŸ ,15,000", 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื‘. ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, , ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ" ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš. ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ! 
ื“"ื” ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ื’ืึทืก ื“ืขืœื ืึทื™ืึท, 15. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜. 

ืคืึทืจ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึทื›ืงืฒื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืฉ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš. 

ืฉ-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืจืึธื–ืขื ื’ืึทืจื˜, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1910 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ! 
ื‘ืฒึทื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœ-ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข 
ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืงื˜, ื“ืึทื ืง 
ื’ืึธื˜ --- ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜. ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ -- ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. 


523 


ื‘ื›ืœื•ื•ืฆืคื˜ื” ืฉืœื•ื :ืฆืœื™ื™ื›'ื 


ืื™ืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ: ,ืืœ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื" -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ืคึผืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืžืขืจ. ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึท ื™ื™ึธื“, 

ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ? -- ืึทืš, ืจืขื“ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ื“, ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืคืึทืจื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ --- ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ, ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจ (ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก), ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทืœืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืฆืขืคึผืœืึธืฅ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฉืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ-ืžืขืœื” --- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, 
ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื˜ืจืขืคืŸ. ืื•ื™, ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืœืึทื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท 
ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, 
ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื, ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉื™ื, ืงื‘ืฆื ื™ื, ืขื-ื”ืึธืจืฆื™ื, ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืขื’ืึธื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจืก, ืคืฒึทืคืขืจืก, ืงื ืึทืงืขืจืก, 
ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงื™ื™ืกืจื™ื, ืคืึทืจืจื™ืกืขื ืข ื“ืึทืžืขืก -- ื›ืึท-ื›ืึท! 
ืขืก ืœืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึท ื™ื™ึตื“!.. 

ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืงืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืš. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทื– 
ืžืข ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš, ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืึทืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืฆื™ืข, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ,ืจื‘ ืงืจื•ื‘" ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš... ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจืก == -- == 

ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืก -- 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืขืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 1ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1910 


ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ืฐืขื’ืขื˜ืึทืจ. ืึธื‘ืึธื–ืจ." ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืขืจ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜. ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืงืจืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืืžืช, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื-ื”ืžื•ื•ืช" ืึท ืกืš ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ 
ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง. ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜. ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืขื•ืฃ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืคึผืจื”, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืงืก ืฐืขื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืึท ื‘ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืงืกืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืขืกืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื” ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืคื™ืฉืขืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฆืึทืคึผืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทืœืฆืขื ืข ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœื™ื‘, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžื—ืžืช ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ื ืข, ื›ึผืฉืจืข, ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ 


524 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืืงืฆืœื™ืคื 


ืžื—ืžืช ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืจื™ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืกืŸ. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื• ืึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืึธืงืกื ืจื™ืคึผ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœื‘ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ 
ืคื™ืฉืœืขืš. ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืขืŸ... ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง 
ืึธืŸ ืึท ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ -- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ -- ืึท ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ. ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืขืŸ. ืึทืš, ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜! ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืขื•ื’-ืžืœืš-ื™ื”ื‘ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจืจ? ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ? ืขืก ืคืœื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืขืœืข 
(ืžืึธื˜ื™ืœื™ืึธืง) ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก ืึธืคึผ: โ€ ื–ืึธื’ 
ืžื™ืจ, ืคืœื™ื’ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขื ืงืกื˜ื• ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ?"... ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืžืฉืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื›ึผืœ ื™ืžื™ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืฒึทื ืขื ื“ื™- 
ืงืขืจ, ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ , ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืกื ืขืคึผืึธืœื™ืึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืขืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืงืฒื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืงืึทืฐืขืกื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืžื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืžืจืขื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืง- 
ืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืึทื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืก- 
ื˜ืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืึธืคึผืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื•. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ื•ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, 
ืึทื– ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื ืก-ื’ืขื ืึธืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ื™ื ืฆื™ืง 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ,ืœืขืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง". ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง. ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง 
ืฆื• ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš. ืึทืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜. ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ื“ื™ , ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืขื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืืฒื‘ื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืงืึทืจื™- 
ืงืึทื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื ืคืึทืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื–ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ื–ื, ืฐื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืฒื™ืœืึธืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืงืกืคึผื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคึผืึทืจื‘ืœืขื ื“ื˜ืข 
ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืฒื™ืœืึธืงืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืขืš, ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื! 
ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืื•ืกืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ... ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉืฒื™ืœืึธืงืก ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆืึทืคึผืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“, 
ืืฒึทืš ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืงืกืœืขืŸ, ืึทื‘ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ... ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืขืงืกืคึผื™ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืข- 
ืœืขืจืก ? ื“ื™ืงืขื ืก, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ ื˜ืฉืึทืจืœื– ื“ื™ืงืขื ืก, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืœืฉ ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ื ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ 
ืึท ืฉื•ืœืข ืคืึทืจ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืึทื ื“, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื˜:-ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื?ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืขืœ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ืงืขื ืก, ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื. ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื ืขืžื˜ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื ืฉืžื”, ืฐื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืขืœืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžืึทืจืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื”, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืงื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืกื™ืึทื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื—ืจื•ื‘ ืžืึทื›ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜... ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœ, ื˜ื•ืจื’ืขื ื™ืขื•, 
ื“ืึธืกื˜ืึธื™ืขืฐืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึทืฐื™ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืžื•ืจื ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืจืกื™ืึทื ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื–ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐื™ ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธืฐื•, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜, ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื™ืึธ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ, ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื - 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, 


ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึทืกื ืขืคึผืึธืœื™ืึทื ืข. ืื™ืš ืจื™ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืึท 
ื—ืกื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืชึผื•ืจื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ -- ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข -- ืชึผื•ืจื”. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืกืš, 
ืึท ืกืš ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืข ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืฆืจ-ื”ืจืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื‚ื˜ืŸ-ืžืงื˜ืจื’, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกื™ื’ื•ืคื™ื, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืขืจ-ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื•ื™ืš 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื•ื• ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื–ืฒึทื ืข -- ืึทืœืขืก, ืึทืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ.. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื‘ื˜ 
ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”-ืฉืœืžื”, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืขื ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข, ื’ืขืจื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืจืขื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืงืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฉื™ื—ืŸ... 


ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืกื ืขืคึผืึธืœื™ืึทื ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจื™ืฐืึทื˜ื–ืึทืš, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื (1902). ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ืขืœ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืจืขื - 
ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ... 


ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื ื’ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ -- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ 
-- ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื , ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืึท ืึธืกื™ืขื“ืœืึธืกื˜ื™" ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงื™ 
ืฐืึธืคึผืจืึธืก", 


526 


ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš. ืขืก ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึธื ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ... 


ืฉืœื•ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• ื™. ืคืึทืœืขืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 5ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1910 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืœืขืจ! == -- == 

ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงืึทืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึธืงืฉืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ: 1) ื›ึผืชืจื™ืœืขื•ื•ืงืข, 2) ืงืขื ื™ื’ ืคึผื™ืง, 3) ืึท ื–ืขืงืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง. ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฉืขืœื˜ืŸ! - 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืจ' ืก"ืฉ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืกืฐื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงืจืขื ืงืขืŸ ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก : 

ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืื™ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1907. ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช-ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ , ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ" ืžื™ื™ืŸ , ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืคึผื™ื™ืกื™ ื“ืขื ื—ื–ื ืก". ืžืจ' ืก"ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื”. ืžืจ' ืฐืขืจื ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ-ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช 
ื‘ื™ื– ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืžืจ' ืกืึทืคึผื™ืจืฉื˜ืฒื ืก ืคึผื ื™ื ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื›ึผืชึผืžื•ืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ื, 
ืื•ื™ืš ืžืจ' ืฐืขืจื ื™ืง ื‘ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜. ืžืจ' ืกืึทืคึผื™ืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ, 
ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืง, ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื”ืขืคืœืขืš, ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ื™-ืืฒึทืœืึทื ื“. ืื™ืš ื–ืข 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ --- ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก. ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืึธืŸ ืืฑืกื˜ืึทืคึผืŸ, ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฉืึท! ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ,,ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื“ืขื ื—ื–ื ืก" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ. ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ (ืึท ื˜ืขื ื” ืคืึทืจืŸ , ื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจืœืšื“" 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ) ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 23 ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืกื˜ืึทืคึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ (ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš). 

ื•ื™ื”ื™-ื”ื™ื•ื, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืœืึทื’ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืืงืกื˜ ืข:16 , ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง --- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื“ืขื ืงืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทื ืกื˜ืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ -- ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืึทืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืึทื–, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืขืก ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ! ืฆื• ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœืŸ, 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ืงืขื ืกืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง -- ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ื’ืึธืจ ืœืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืึท ืกื‘ืจื, ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคืœืึทื’ืข! ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” --- ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึธื ืึทื˜- 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทื ืกื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ -- ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข. ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื. ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 1 , ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื“ื™ืขื˜ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ื™! ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื“ืขื 
ื—ื–ื ืก ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ!" -- ื›ืึทื“ื›ืึทื“ื›ืึท! ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืกืึทืคึผื™ืจืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื ื™ืง ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื–ืœืŸ! ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 


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ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš, -- ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ , ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜" ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ืข , ืกื—ื•ืจื”ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืื™ืŸ ,,ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ", 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืฉืžืึทื˜ืข, ืึท ื—ื–ื ืก ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ. ื›ืึทื“ื›ืึทื“ื›ืึท! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜, ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ,ื—ื–ื ืก ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ" ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืื™ืš ื’ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืฆื 
ืžืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื‚ืจ ืžื‘ืฉื‚ืจื™. ืขืก ืื™ื–, ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆืŸ, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึท ื›ึผืœื™ ืฉืœืžื”. ื“ื™ 
ื“ืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช: 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืกืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜- 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ. ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื– ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง. --- ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ,,ื‘ืœืŸืึธื ื“ื•ืฉื ื“ืข} ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ" ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ-ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ? ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืืžืช 
ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื›ึผื•ื— ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืคืฒึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืคืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื 
ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืจ' ืกืึทืคึผื™ืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืกืชึผืžื... ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืœืึธื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึท! = - -- 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื• ื™ื•. ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 29/12, 12, 19110ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก! 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“. ื‘ืฒึทื ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื 
ืคืึธืจืฐืึธืจื˜. ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืึทื–ืข: ,,ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืžื“, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื˜ืœืŸ". 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜: 
ืื’ืขืฆื•ืขื”ืกื”663 116 ,(!?) ืคื—ืกื“ืขืฆื™ืฅ 116 ,ืžืชืกื“ืขื˜ื’ืขื ื™ืกืก 46 20 ---ืื•ืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืœืึธืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜... ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฐืึธืจื˜! ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืงืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ืกืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืึทืคึผืกื•ืก: ืึท ืžืœืžื“ --- ืคืžืกื ืฉืฆื™ืฅ!! ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงืœืขืจืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ? ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš? ืึท ืฉื˜ืฒื’ืขืจ, ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜: ืืฒึท, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ืžืœืžื“! ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸื–ื (ืฆื›" 
ืžืžืกืขืฆื™ืฅ ? ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ. ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง, ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš. ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ 
ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


528 


ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืฆืคื•ื–! ืฉืœื•ื: ืฆืœื™ื›ื 
9 ืฆืŸ |. ื’ืื‘ื™ื™ 


}19111 

ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ื–. ื’ืึทื‘ืฒึท! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืžื‘ืขืจื’ืก ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืฒื™ืขื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื”' ื ืึธืžื‘ืขืจื’ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš , ืฉืคึผืจืขืš" ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืึทื“ืจื‘ื, ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืึท ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ. ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ื”' ื ืึธืžื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ื– ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืขื”, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื 

ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. 
ื‘ืืžืช, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืึทืœืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ: ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, 
ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืขื™ื•ื ื“ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 

ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ? 

ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 8ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1911 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžืึธื ื™ืฉ! 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืคึผืึทื™ืข ! 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! 

ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜! 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก, ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธืœื’ืึท, ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืชืข, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ. 

ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ? ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ื–ืึทืš ืึท ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ? 

ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ? ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ? ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 100 ืžืึธืœ, 
ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืจื”, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืจืคื•ืื” ? ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืกืข ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึทืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืกืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึทื˜ืข-ืžืึทืžืข ืึท ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข, ืึท ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืึท ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ? ื ื™ืฉืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธืœื’ืึท ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ืื™ืš -- ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืคืฉืจ ืึท ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื˜ืึทื˜ื–ืึทืš --- ืื™ืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ืึธืœื™ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืžืขืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื•ื ืขืก ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ืึธืœืขืŸ (ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ืึทืœืงืข) ื ืึธื›ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš -- -- -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืœื™ืึธืœื™"... ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืขืจืึธืจื“ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืžืฒึทื ืก ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท 
ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื - 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœื ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื–ื™ืกืข, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืขืš ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืฒื™ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื›ื™ื•ื•, ืฐื™ ืึทืŸ ืื‘ืŸ-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึทืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืจืฆื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“, ืื™ื– ืึทืฐืขืง ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ืจื•ืฉื ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืืฒึทืš ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจ- 
ื‘ืึทืจืขืžื“ื™ืง ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ืข ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, 

ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ (ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ื ืึธืขื ื˜) ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืœืึธืกืึธืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืžืึธื ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืงืœื•ื’ืข 
ืคึผืึทื™ืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืืฑืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืื•ืกืข ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ -- ืึทื– ืžืข 
ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท ื›ึผื•ื— ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื•, ืึท ืžื™ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื•ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ. ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ึผื™, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืœืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืฒึทื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง 
ื—ื•ืœื” (ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™), ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ (ืžื™ืฉืึท) ืœื™ื’ื˜, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจื™ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœื•ื ื’ืคืขืœืขืจ --- ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื“ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜, -- ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (ื˜ื™ืกื™ืก) ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ืคืœื•ืขื ืฆื™ืข 
(ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ืึทื– ืื™ื ืคืœื•ืขื ืฆื™ืข) ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืึท 
(ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ) ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ -- ืึท 062208 ืืกืงืกื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข, ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜! ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ (...), ืฐืึธืก 
ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ืžืชึผื ื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืข 
ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ -- ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ 
6 ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื.. ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš 
ื‘ืกื•ื“ --- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘(...) : ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ (ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜ืกืงืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืŸ-ืจืขืžืึธ) ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ (ืขื”ืงืกืกืกื”ืขื–ื 66016) 250 ืคืจืึทื ืง, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืคึผืึธื ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืก- 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืœืขื ืข ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืง ืคึผืึทืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช ืงื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืึทืจืึทื˜ืฉืงืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืคืึทืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ! 

ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš, ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ืื•ืกืข ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ! ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืงืฐืึทืœ, ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ืื•ืจื–ืึทื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก, , ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ". ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ื˜! ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก ื ืึธืจ ืœืึทื›ืŸ! ื ืึธืจ ืœืึทื›ืŸ! 


530 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื - ื˜ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžืึธื ื™ืฉ! ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืคึผืึทื™ืข! ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ืคืึทืจื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ: ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉืœืึทืค- 
ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ืžืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ืึธืœื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ? ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ืึท ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 


ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื -- ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ.. 


1. ืฆื• ืž. ื’ืึธืจืงื™ 


7 1911 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืึทืœืงืขืกืฒ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืึท ืงืœืึทื ื’, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืืžืช -- ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืฉื•ืช. ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื ืขื ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืข, ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ืขื ืขืจ 
ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. 
ืฆื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืฆืึทื ืึธ ืฆื• ืึทืžืคึผื™ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืจืึธืฐืŸ ? ืื™ืš ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท 
ื˜ืึธื’. ื›'ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคึผืจื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉ.- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™. -- ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ-ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, 
68 ื’011 ,(ื’16211) 1ื˜:146 


2, ืฆื• ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ 


ืฐื•ื™ืœืœืึท ืจื•ืคึผืคึผืขืจื˜, 19/6. 5. 1911 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ! 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึท ื–ืึทืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจืก ืึท ื–ืึทืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ืกื˜ 
ืžื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ,,ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’" ืื™ืŸ ,, ืคืึธืจืฐืขืจื˜ืก", ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ื–ืึทืš. 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ื–ืึทืš. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื™ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฐืึทืŸ ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื– ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงื•ื“ื ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื™ื™ื’ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœื™ื‘. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- 
111 011 1111 ื™ื™ 8ืขื–1ืกื–ื•ืกืก 0 1006 06 
-- ืึทื–ืฑ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืขืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ -- 
ื™ื” .ื– ื–ืข 80104ืขื;.-- ืขื16( ื—ื’823ืก--! 128 


531 


ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื“ื• ื–ืคืจืŸ! ืฉืœื•ื' ื˜ืข ืœ ื™ื›ื•ื 


ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื•ื“ --- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข-ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื™ืงื™ืŸ --- ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ,,ืขื˜" ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉ: ืึธื˜ 
..ื ื•, ืขืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก... ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
3 *ืกืชืฅืงืงื 8 ..ืกื–ืกื˜ืขื ,ืฆ1-- 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืฐ ืฒึทื ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื— ื–ื™ืจ ืฉืข ืœืคึผืŸ?.. 

ืื•ืŸ ืœืžืื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ , ื’ืขืคืœื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš โ€ ื’ืขืคืœื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜"? 

ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืฆืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช: ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืจืขืžืข ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืจืก, ืฉืฐืึทื›ืข ื˜ืจืข- 
ื’ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืึทืœื“, ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ืจื•ื‘ืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืึทืกืงืึธ, ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื ืกื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื–ืข! 

ื”ืึท! ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท , ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื•ื•ืœ" ! ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืฆึท ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ? ,, ืฆื• ืึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ื™ืึธืจ" ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜? 

ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ: ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืœืก ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜, ืึทืœืึท ืงื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึทืžืกื•ืŸ.. 
ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ! 
-- ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง -- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืก -- ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืขืœืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื’ืึธืจ-ื’ืึธืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ... ืขืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืฉืคึผืขื”... 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืง -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืขืก ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš -- 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


3. ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ 


ื‘ืึทื“ืขื ืฐืฒื™ืœืขืจ, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1911 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”' ื ื™ื’ืขืจ! 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ? ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ? ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ: ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ื•ื˜. ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ,ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœืขืจ", ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืขืก, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœื˜ --- ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื ื™ื˜ -- ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜... ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืฐืขืง. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืงืฉื™ื•ืช, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช. ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒ ืื™ื– ืฆื• 
ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจืก ืงืึธืคึผ, ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขื˜! ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืœื, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜-ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืขืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื—ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, 
ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ. -- -- --. ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก. ื“ื™ืขืœื ืึท ื ื•ืžืขืจ 15 

ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืขืจ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ. 


ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“"ื” ื“ืึธื‘ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื—ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


532 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ื” ืฉืœื•ืค7ืงืขืœื™ื›ื 
4,, ืฆื• ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจ ืึทืžืคื™ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืจืึธืฐ 


ื‘ืึทื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ื™ืœืขืจ, 23ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1911 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจ ืฐืึทืœืขื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ืขื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ, ืึทืœืก ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ (ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™), ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืคื™ืœืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืงื›ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ื›ึผื–ื‘ื™ื, ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืข- 
ืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคืขื“ืขื... ืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ืง... ืžื™ืจ, ืึทืœืก ื™ื™ึทื“, ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ืคึผื ื™ื. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ื“"ื” 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื˜ื•ืึทืœ-ืžืึธืจื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืจื™ืฉืงืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทืจืงืึธื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ... 


ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขื ืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื˜ {ื–ื™ืš} ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ืึท ื”ื›ึผื—ืฉื” ืงืขื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ืœืช-ื“ื. ืจื™ื˜ื•ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืจื“ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒืงื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ 
ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืึทืœ-ืžืึธืจื“ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืืฑื™ืฃ ื–ื™ 
ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ. ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื‚ื™ื™ื ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื-ืžืึทื›ืขืจืก, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืึทืœ- 
ืžืึธืจื“ืŸ ? ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืขื˜ืึทื–ืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ื™ืคืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืชืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื‘ืขืช-ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ,ื”ื•ืจืจืึท!" -- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืึทืœ ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืขื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืงืึธื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืžืข, 
ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ -- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืึทืœ? ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜. ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜-ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฐืขืง: ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื•ืžืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืข 1905 ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜: ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ! -- -- -- ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืึทืคึผืขืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒื™ืขืจืข ืงืึธืœืขื’ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืœืึทื ื“, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœืฐืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงื ืก, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืฐืึทื˜- 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื–, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง. ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืึทืจื•ืžื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืš 

ื“ืจื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืœืขืš. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


533 


ืฉืจื™ื™ื•ื• /ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื "ื˜ืข ืœื™ื•ื›'ื 


5. ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ 


ื‘ืึทื“ืขื ืฐืฒื™ืœืขืจ, 28ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1911 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ! 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก, ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜? ื ื•ืžืขืจ 110: ,ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜", ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืœืžื“ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ืœืช-ื“ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 14 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืœื•- 
ืึทื˜ืึทื˜ืึธืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ืงื ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึธื˜ืขืจืฒ-ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜-ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜. ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื™ืฉืจ- ื›ึผื•ื— ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข, 
ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜! ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืœื™ืœืช-ื“ื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, 
ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคื™ื›ืช-ื“ืžื™ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืื•ืกืŸ ืขืกืง. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœืึทืš ืื™ืš -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึทื ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš. 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืœืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื, ืึทื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ! 
ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื•ื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื›ื˜-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืฃ-ืคืขืคืขืจื“ื™ืง ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื‘ื•ืœื˜, ืึทื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ื ืงืžื”, ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืกืึทื˜ื™ืกืคืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ื“ืขื ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืŸ ืขืงื•ื•ื™- 
ืฐืึทืœืขื ื˜ -- ื˜ืคื•! ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขืก ืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ? ืคืึทืจืฆืฒึทื˜. ืึทืš, ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขื 
ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืึทื”ืขืจ ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ! ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืขื ืฐืฒ- 
ืœืขืจ. ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฆื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืืžืจื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึดื™ื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืึท 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืืžืช, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืชึผืจืข"ื-ืชึผืจืข"ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืขืจื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืงื•ืฉ, 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืก. -- ื—ืก-ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•! ืœืžืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ? 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื’ืึทืจ, ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึท ืžื™ื–ืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผ 
ืึท ืกืงืขืคึผื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขื ืกื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืึธื–, ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก ื”ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืึทืžื˜ืŸ ืงืึทื‘ื™ื ืขื˜, ืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืกืึธืคืข, 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ (ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜), ื ืึธืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ -- ื“ืึธืก ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืจืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ืึท 
ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜, ืึท ื›ึผืœ-ื‘ื•ื ื™ืง, ืึท ื™ืžื—-ืฉืžื•ื ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ 


ืึทื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ --- ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’.. 


524 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื ืคืœื™ืคื 


6. ืฆื• ืฉ. ื. ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ 


1911 .1 

ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฉ. ื. ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ! 

ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. 
ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 2 ืึธื“ืขืจ 2 ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืœืขื–ืขืจืก ? ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืž ืขืจ ืึทืœืก ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืคื™ืœ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจืก? 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜'ืก ืžื™ืจ ื‘"ื” ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜. ืื™ืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ, ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื (ืฐื•ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ?). ืื™ืš ื•ืฐื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืขื” ืจืฒึทื•ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ืขืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ -- (ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ?). 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’"ืค. 


ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ืžืึธื ื˜ืจืข (ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ), ื’ืจืึทื ืจ ืจื™ 93, 15ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1911 


ืื™ืš ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ ืึทืœืฅ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืึธื’. ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืจืึทื ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืขื ืง, ืจื—ืžื ื-ืœืฆืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’. 
ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขื– ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืจืขื ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืก, ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ -- 
-- ืึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืžืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ,, ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก" : 

ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ. ืžื”ื™ื›ื- 
ืชึผื™ืชื™, ืœืึธื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื˜ ืขืก ? ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื—ื•ื–ืง. ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, ืึทื–ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื.. ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืึทืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืึทืจืฑืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืขืŸ -- ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜. ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืึธื‘ืขืจ, 
ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืฉืชึผื“ืœื•ืชืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ, 
ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื™ืึทื ืงืขืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืื™ื– : ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ื ืกืงืึทื™ืึท 57. ืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืขื ืงื˜ 


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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืค ืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื --- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜. 
ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื”ืŸ-ืฉืœื™, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจื”ืจื’ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ! ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ. ืืฒึทืขืจืก 
ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. 


ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื•ื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ" 


7 10. 1911 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
,ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ,ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื™ื”" ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืฆืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,,ื”ื›ืฉืจ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื , ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืœืžืื™ ืื™ืš ืจื•ืฃ ืขืก ืึธืŸ , ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ". ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ. 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ , ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœื™ื”" ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขื ,,ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ" ืจื•ืคืŸ , ื’ื•ื™ืขืฉ".. 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืš ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ, ื”ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคึผืฐื™ืฆืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜... ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืฐื•ืึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื–ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ 
ื"ื™? -- ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ืœื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืขื ืึทื ื˜ืŸ , ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ" ืื•ื ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืึท ,, ื”ื›ืฉืจ". ืึท ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืคืึธืœืง ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ,,ื”ื›ืฉืจ", ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ,, ืฉืžื•ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืืจืฅ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืฒื™ื“ืขื ืข ืขืคึผืึธ- 
ื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ืจืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื“ื™ืึทืœืขืงื˜. ืึทืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ื™ืึทืœืขืงื˜ืŸ. ืขืก ืฉืึทื“ื˜, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, 
ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉืึทื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ,,ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ" ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœ-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืึธืจืฅ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืึทืœืก 10 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื˜ 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” 
, ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ", ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ื ื•- 
ืฉืœ-ืขื•ืœื.., 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข , ืจืขื›ื˜ืข" ืฉืึธืฐื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ , ืงืึทืžืฃ" ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื , ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ", ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื˜, 


536 


ื‘ืจื™ื—ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืืกื”ืœืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ,ืœื™ื ืงืข" ืฉืึธืฐื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืœ-ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ,,ืขื‘ืจื™ื”" ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืœื›ืขืจ: ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ ?.. 

ืึทื–ืึท ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคึผื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืฉืึธื“ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื, ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื ืึทืจื”ืึทืคื˜ืข ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืฉืžื”, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื›ืฆื˜, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืึธืš ืึท ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜. 

ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉ -- ืึทื‘ื™ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ -- ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืขื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ,,ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜", ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืœืฒึทื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขื ืขื ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ-ื’ืจื•ืก ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืžืึทื ื˜ืจืข (ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ), ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื”"ื›ึผ ืชึผืจืข"ื‘. 


9. ืฆื• ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ื˜ืึธืžืึทืฉืขืฐืกืงื™ 


1911 ,11 0 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“! 
ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจื•ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐื™ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜, ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ื ืก 1 ืžืึธื ืึทื˜, ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข, ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข, ืึทืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฆืฐืึธื’ืขื ืข. ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทื ืฐื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžื™ื˜ืœืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืžื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš. ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ื’ื•ืคื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆืฒึทื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœื™ืง ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืขืจืข ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ --- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืึธืคืŸ --- ืคื•ืœืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื“ื•ืžื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื‘ืกื•ื“-ืกื•ื“ื•ืช -- ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ -- ืึทื– ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืขืก ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท ืฒึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืขืคืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ! -- ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื”ืขืœื“ ืคืึทืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคื™ืจ ืึทืงื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืข 
ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ืขื›ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืึทืœื’ืŸ-ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš, 


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ื‘ื•ืจื™ืœื•ื•ื™ืคื•ื•! ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืก ื˜ืึธืžืึทืฉืขืฐืกืงื™ (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืึท ื”ืขืคืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก) ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท 
ืฆืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื•ืกื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ -- ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื–ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข, ื“ืขืŸ ืขืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 10--15 ื™ืึธืจ. -- -- == 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™: 1) ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืœืึทืจ (500 
ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืขื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 500 ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืคื™ืจื•ื ื’), ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ื“ืึธืœืึทืจ 
ืจืึธื™ืขืœื˜ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. ืึธื“ืขืจ 2) ื ืึธืจ 500 ื“ืึธืœืึทืจ (ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืง) ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื“ืึธืœืึทืจ ืจืึธื™ืขืœื˜ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ื™ืงืข 
ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ, ืฆื• ื’ืจืื˜ื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ 
ื ื ืึทืžืขืŸ! -- 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0. ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ืžืึทื ื˜ืจืข, 25ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1911 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืฒื™ื“ืข! 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฉืžืขืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ืึธืจ, 
ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ,,ืงื•ื ื“ืก". ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึท ืงื•ื ื“ืก --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข, 
ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึท ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ. ืœืึธื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ืœืึทื ื’ ืงื•ื ื“ืกืŸ, ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืงื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข --- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš? -- ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš! 
ืึทื™, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ! ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืœืขืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึธื˜ ืคึผืœืึทืฆื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึท , ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข". ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจื—ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ืฉืœื•ื", 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ , ืฉืœื•ื", ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื ืคืœื•ืขื ืฆืขื ื“ื™ืง. -- ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ,ื ืึทืฐืึธื™ืข ื•ื•ืจืขืžื™ืึท" ืคื•ืŸ 27/14 ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ืจืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ! ืฉืึทื˜! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•"ืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทืฉืจ-ื›ึผื•ื— ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืชึผื ื” ? -- ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืคึผืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืกื™, ืฐื•ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ืกื™. ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข. ืœื™ืึทืœื™, ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื”, 
-- ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ -- ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื—ืฆื™-ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ 
ืฉืœื•ืื” ืคื•ืœื™ืคื 


538 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืฆืœื™ื›ื 
1, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืจืขืžืขื ื ื™ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืœ" 


ืžืึธื ื˜ืจืข, 30ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1911 

ืฆื•ื ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ , ืกืึธื•ื•ืจ' ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžื™". 

ืจื” 

ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคึผืจื™ื•ืึทื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื•ืกืŸ, ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืกืึทืžืข ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื• 

ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืคื™ืœื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืœืขื’ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ. ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ ืึท ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ ืึท ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜, ืื™ ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ-ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, ืฆื• ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืึทื– 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืก ืคืึทืจืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื ืขืžื‘ืึทืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทื“ืจืขืก: ื“. 
ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, ื›ืœืึธื“ื ืึท โ€ 18, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ-ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ืฐืขืจืง ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื“"ืจ ืขืœื™ืึทืฉืขืฐื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. 


ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, 
ืฉ ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


2. ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


1911 .12 .27/4 

ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ! 

ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืคืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ. 

ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึธื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ืขืœืขืจ 
ืคืจืึทื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืคืึทืจืงื™ื™ื˜ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 14/1 ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1912 ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜- 
ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜". ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืฑืขืจื•ื ื’, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜", ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš: ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ? ืื™ืš ื•ื™ืœ, ืึทืฐืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจ 


539 


ื‘ืคื›ื™ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืคืจืฒึท ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข. ืื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืง ืžื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืึทืžื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ. 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืŸ ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ. ื’ืขื ื•ื’! ืึทืœื–ืึธ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึท ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืก 
(ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข) 
ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜, 12 ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฉื•ืจื”. 
ื’ืขืœื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึทื˜. ืึทืคึผืจื™ึดืขืจ 200 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ ืึท ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ื™ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ, ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืง, ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, 
ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื ืฒึท-ื™ืึธืจ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง. ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืึท 

ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ืึท 12 ืงืึธืคึผ, 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ? -- ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื›ื‘ืขืจื’. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืขืงืก ืžืึธื ืึทื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
0 ืจื•ื‘ืœ (ื“ืขื 1 ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจืึทื˜ืข) ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜. ื ืึธืš 6 ืžืึธื ืึทื˜, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง. ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื™ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขืจ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืึทืœืก ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžื‘ื•ืœ". ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืงืึธื ืคื™ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงืฆืจ... 


ื•ื™ืฆืœ... 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


.2.5 ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ : ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžืึธื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ื•ื™ืฆืœ... 


3, ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ 


1911 ,12 .27/4 

ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ! ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ! 

ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืœื-ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืึท ืžื™ืื•ืกืŸ ืงืœืึทืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ -- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ 
,ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืก-ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš" ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื›ื˜ืข ,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืื•ืŸ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื" ? -- ื›ืึท-ื›ืึท- 
ื›ืึท! 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 4006 ื’ืžืžืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืขืฆื”, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ-ื™ืื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืขืœื™ื•-ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื›ืึท-ื›ืึท-ื›ืึท! 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ... ื›ืึทื“ื›ืึทื“ื›ืึท! 

ื“ืจืฒึท ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื“ืขืจ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืžื–ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึทืคื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืึทื–ืึธื ืึธืฐื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืฉืงืึธืฐืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ {-- -- --} ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ-ื™ื™ึทืื•ืฉ ืึท ื˜ืฑื˜ืงืœืึทืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืขืœ-ื™ื•ืฆื 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืงืœืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 200 ืจ' ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ? ื›ืึท-ื›ืึท-ื›ืึท! ื‘ื™ืœ 
ืงืจื™ืœืึธื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก 2ืขืฅื—ืกืฅ ืžื’ืชืกืžื”ืกื–ื. ืื™ืš ื’ืจื™ืก ืืฒึทืš ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื• ืœ. ืงืึทื”ืึทืŸ 


ืžืึธื ื˜ืจืข, 15, 12, 1911 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืงืึธื ืคื™ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ, ื‘ืึทืœื“ื™ืงืข ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” -- ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก ื™ืึธ-ื™ืึธ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ"ื ื™ื™ืŸ! 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืงืึทื”ืึทืŸ ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื”-ื˜ื•ื‘ื” -- ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ -- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ืึทืŸ ืขื•ืœื-ื•ืžืœื•ืื•. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืกื•ื“-ื›ึผืžื•ืก. ืื™ืš 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1912 ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ืขืœืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืึทืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืœื›ืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ,,ืกืึธื’ืœืึทืกืขืŸ ืงืึทื”ืึทืŸ". ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: , ืกืึธื’ืœืึทืกืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืึธืœ, ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทื ืึธื ืกื™ืจืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: 1) ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, 
2) ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืืึทื–"ืฐื•. 3) ืึทืœืข ืžืึธื ืึทื˜, ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ืื™ืš 
0 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, 4) ื ืึธืš ืึธืคึผืœืฑืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 6 ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืึท ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช. ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ 6--7 ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉื‚ืžืึธืœืข -- , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" -- 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ืื™ืš 12 ื’"ื , ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืกืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืึธืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ 
ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, 5) ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 20.000 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, 6) ืžืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืขืก, 
) ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, 8) ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื•ืช ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ 
ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš. 

ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืข ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ (ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ื ืก ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ) |ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืก ื’ื•ื˜-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืึธื‘ืฐืึธื”ืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืึทืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื—ื•ืชึผื ื™ื. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง -- 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜". ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืก" 

ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืฐืึทืจื”ืฒึทื˜ืก". ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื ืก -- ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 1ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ? -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื ืกืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืคืึทืจ- 
ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ื•ืึทืจืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืฉ ืึธืœืœ! ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช-ื™ืžื™ื. 
ืฉืœื•ื ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืก. ืึท ืกื•ื“ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ (ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘, ืื™ื– ื‘ืกื•ื“), ืึทื– ืงื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื—ื•ืชึผื ื™ื, ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื‘ืจื, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ื“ื- ื›ึผืœ-ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืก ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ. -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื•ืจื, 
ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืฉื•ืชึผืคื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื‘ืฆื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื“ืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืœื 
ืคื™ื“ืœืชื™! -- ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืœืข ื’"ืค. 


5, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


}19112 .1 ,3 

ืื•ื™ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ ! ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ ! 

ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ? ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื” ืึทืจืฑืก -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฆืจื” ! ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืจื” ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" 
ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืึทืœื™ืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ! ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื•ื–ืžื ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ึผืœ ืžืœื›ื™ ืžื™ื–ืจื— ื•ืžืขืจื‘ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืœืฉ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืึทื– ื–ืฒื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืจื•ืงื˜! ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ -- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ? 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืก ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืขืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืืฒึทืš. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืก ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก 
ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜. 

ื™ืึธ, ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜! 

ืื•ื‘ ืงึตื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ืื•ืก ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื”ื‘ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื‘ืœื ืฉืคืชื™ ื—ื•ื ืฃ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ.. ื ืึธืจ ืœืžืื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคึผื•ืœืฐืขืจ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ? ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืงืœืึธื’ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ? ืื™ืš ืคืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืœืข ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’, 
ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื•ื™ ืึท ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ! ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจ 
ืฐืฒึทืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ืš ืจื™ื™ื“, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืจื™ื™ื ืฐื•ืึทืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ... 

ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 28 ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื›ึผื“ืช 
ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืึทื– 20 ื™ืึธืจ ? ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 1 ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืข ? ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื™ ืฐืึทื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืš 


2 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื-:ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืืฒึทืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ? ! ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ?! 
ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืก ? ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื! 
ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ! ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื•ื™ ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ื ืก ืึท 
ื™ืึธืจ 28 --- 20. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ -- ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ -- ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ. ืคืฒึทืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ? ืฆื• ืž ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ื‘ื™ืช ? ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ 
ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ, ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš: ,,ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ื•? ืึตื™ืึธ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ 
ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ ?" ืึท ืคึผื™ืกื˜ืฑืœ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฉื™ืก ืื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš! 
ืจืึทื›ืข!! ืจืึทื›ืข!!! ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื–ื™ืกืข ืฆื•ืงืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืžื•ื“ื”, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง (ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ื“!) ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืจื ื“ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืึทืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜! --- ืึธ! ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ!! ืึธ! ื’ืึธื˜!!! ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืืฒึทืš, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ืคืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืึท ื“ื•ืขืœ 
ืžื•ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ! ืึท ื“ื•ืขืœ!! ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึท ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜. ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืจ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜. ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขืง ืžื•ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึทืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ! ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ (ืคืึทืจืŸ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜"). ืึทื“ื™ืข! | 

ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6 ืฆื• ื“"ื™ืจ ื’ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฉ. ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉ. ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธึฒื•ื• 
82 ืฆืชึผืกืชืกืฅ1 0.131 ืช ืฆึถืขืงืฆึถืกื˜ืขืŸ.0.21 ื™ืฆื ื™ืขืžึผืขืฅ! ืฆื-ื” ,ื’ืขืฆืกืงืกื ืกื—ืŸ 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืŸ! 

ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, ื‘ืขืช ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฉืงื•ืœืช ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜", ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื”ืขืจ ? ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" -- 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš, ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืงืึธื ืคื™ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ -- ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงืึธืกื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื™ืžืœืขืš ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ (ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš). ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื , ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ืŸ" --- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึท ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืขื ืข ื–ืึทืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœืช ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื›ื, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜! -- ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทืš , ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ืึทื ืึทืœืข 
ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœื ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ --- ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ! 

ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก! 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


53 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœ"ื™ื›ื•ื 


.2.8 ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฆืจ-ื”ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืฆื•ื ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจื’ืึทื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืข 
ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" -- ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื”, ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš. 


7 ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจืขื‘ืขืจืง 


1, 19112} 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื”' ืฉืจืขื‘ืขืจืง! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ื ืกืฐืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง 
ื ืึธืš ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื ืฒึทืขื ื˜ืึธื. ืงืึธ ืžื™ื•ื•ืึธื™ืึทื–ืฉืึธืจืŸ ื›ึผื“ื™ ื“ืึธืก , ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ืœืึทื˜" 
ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 4 ื˜ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 6 ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื 
ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื“ืจืฒื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื‘ื™ื– ืžืจ' ืœื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ (ืึทืจื•ื 15 ืคืขื‘ืจ') ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง. -- ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึทื“ืจืขืกืŸ, 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžืจ' ืคืึทืœืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 
ืื™ืฆื˜, ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืจ' ืคืึทืœืœืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ" ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืึทืฐืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉืจื™ื˜, 
ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืžืขืจ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉ ืึทืœืก ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ื ืึธืš ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ืกืงื™ืฆืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื ื—ืช-ืจื•ื— ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฐืึทืจืขื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื’- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ , ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ. ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืคืฉืจ 
ืฆื• ื™ื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ืžืข ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืš ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงื ืก, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืคืึทืœืœืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืงืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ื™ื•, ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก 


ืงืœืึทืจืขื ืก, 17/4. 4, 19112} 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก ื–ึธ 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืกืึธื•ื•ืจ' ืคึผืจืึธื‘- 


544 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ื™ืคืงื” ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืœืขืžื™", ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ (ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข) ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืงืŸ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•" ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ึผื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื“ืขื ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ , ื™ืึธืกืขืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธื•ื™ื™" ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ึผื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจืฒึท, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืึท ืกืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜, 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš. ืึทื’ื‘ (ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ), ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืจ ,ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ืœื ื•ื ื’-ืื•ืŸ-ืœืขื‘ืขืจ" ืืึทื–"ืฐ 
/ืชื ืกืกืช ืข ืกืกืืขืกืช ืžืืกืกืžืžืกื 08 . ืฉืฑืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื“ื™ืึธืžืขืŸ? ืขืก 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืกื•ืจื“, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื—ืจืคึผื” ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ 
ืคืึทืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜, ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. 


ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ืฉ ืขืœ"ื›ื 


9. ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ 


ืงืœืึทืจืึทืŸ (ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ), ืจื™ ื“ื™ ืœืึทืง 15, 12ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1912 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื ื™ื’ืขืจ! 

ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืคึผื–ื•ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืง. 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ , ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ" ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืชึผื ืึดื™ื: 

) ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ. 

2) ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืึธื“ื ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš (ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข), ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื” ืžืฒื“ืœืฐืฒึทื–. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ 
ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ืŸ -- 

3) ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืชึผื™ื›ึผืฃ-ื•ืžื™ื“ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ, ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก: ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฐืึทืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืขืฆืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
(ืึธืคึผื˜ื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ืงืข). ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜? ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื“ืึธ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš 


ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜? ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜? 
ื ื•, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ื– ืึทื‘ืกืึธืœื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืืึทื–"ืฐื•, ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ -- ืืคืฉืจ 
ื ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื ืฒึท ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืฐื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ? 
ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜: ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™? ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ื ืึธืจ: ื•ื•ืึธ ืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืฑืขืฅ? 
-- -- -- (ื–ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 16). ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฐืขื ืงืœืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืึธืคึผื ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ : ื‘ืึทืœื“, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข. 


55 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื›'ืฐื•ืขืœ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ื“ืึทืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ , ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ". 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜! -- ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’. 
ืžืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจ (ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš). ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ืขืจื ืกื˜. -- ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ืฒื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ื˜ื•ืžืึทืจืงื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆึทืฐื™ื™ 
ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜: ,ืžืขืฉื‚ื”! ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื’ื™ื˜! ื•ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ, 
ืžืขืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”!" -- ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื“ืจืึธื˜- ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืึทืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื˜ืึทืžื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉืœื™ื™ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึทืžืข", ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš, ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื‘ืกื•ื“. ื‘ื™ื– ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืžื•ื– ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืกื•ื“. ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ 
(ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜...). ื‘ืื ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึทืฐืขืง ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืก ืžืกืชึผืžื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ. ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืš. 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ื”ืึธืจ... 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ืกื›ึผืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ื ืึธืš, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’. ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ --- ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ! 

ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. --- ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืกื•ื“ 
(ื’ืึธืœืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช!), ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืขืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ,,ืจื™ื˜ื•ืึทืœ" ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื’ืขื”ืจื’ืขื˜ืŸ ืฐืึทืœืึธื“ืงื™... ืึทืœืข , ืื•ืœื™ืงืŸ" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทืฐืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืœ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆืจื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืฐืึทืจืฆื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜: ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืฒึท 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื•ืจื ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข 
, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ" -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืึธืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ 
ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ -- ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ. ื‘ืึทืœื“! 


0. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงืœืึทืจืึทืŸ, 14ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1912 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื ื™ื’ืขืจ! 

0 ื”ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืขืžื˜ 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืœืฒื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืึทืœื“, ื ืึธืš ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš. (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 10-9, ื›ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 14-12, ืœืึธื–ื˜ 


56 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื” ืคื”ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื•ื. ืขืœื™ืคื 


ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ !). ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื’- 
ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื‘ืœืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš. ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืœืฉืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง. ืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ื ืื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืœืขืš, 
ืึทืš! ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืึทืฐืฑ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ? ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืœืขืงืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, 
ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื” --- ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ : ,,ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื! ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ื•ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ืžืœ, ืึทื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืžื” !"... 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฉืข. ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ , ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ". ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืœืข. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืฐืึธืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื , ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืก". ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื ืฒึทืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื›ึผืœื™ื–ืžืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึทืจืกื˜ืขื˜. ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช -- ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืกื•ื“ (ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช!), ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืชึผื ืื™ (ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื ืึดื™ื!), ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜, 
ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทืจืฑืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ,,ื’ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 
ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื“ืึธืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื ืขืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”.. ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ืขื, ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš, ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืจืš! -- 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1. ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


9/6. 5, 1912 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ! 
ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ืขื ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜". ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ 
,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜", ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ! 
ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ -- ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืึทื– ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืขืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื“ืจื’ื”, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืจื ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข", ื ืึธืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข 
ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš --- ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฆืŸ ืึทืฐื“ืื™! ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ื ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืžื™ืื•ืกืข ื˜ื‘ืข, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฅ: ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฆื• ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื™ืึธ 
ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื™ืึธ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 


57 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืืœืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜. ื”ืœืฐืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื“ืจ ื ืึธืš ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื‘ื ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜", ืึท ืคืœื™ื’ืœ, ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ", ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืœืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื ืึทืงืŸ, ืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ืŸ. 

ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื”-ืจืขื”, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ: ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืึธืœื’ืึท ืื™ื• ืงืจืึทื ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ , ืคึผืœืขื‘ื™ื˜", 
ืฐืขื ืึท-ืึธื ืฆื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ (8612 8000482626) ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ 
ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืฐืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืึทื– ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ (ืึธื“ืขืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืžืขืจ) ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. 

ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ืึทื– ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืกื™) ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืคื•ืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,, ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ" ืึทืœืขืก ืฆื• 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ื–ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืชึผืžืจื”ืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ึผื•ื—, 


ืื™ืš ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืฉืœื•ื- ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื”ืœืข : ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ืคึผืึทืงืŸ ืึท โ€ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืคื•ื ืขื 1ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 31ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก ื™ืึธืจ 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืขืงืœ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก : 
ืž2ืžืข!286 ืž!2ืžืž112 1158 


(6ืž11612) ืžื ื ืกื˜ื ,806 .ืก .5 ,561666 06ืžื–8 15 


2 ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ 


ืงืœืึทืจืึทืŸ, 29ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1912 

ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ! 
ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื›ึผื“ืื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•" ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื ื•, ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ, 
ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืึทืคื™ืœื•, ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ึผ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื ืฒึทืก, 
ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ื”ืจืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืงืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธืœืข, ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ-ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืจื™ื’ืข, ืจืึธืฐื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ืฉื™ืฉืึธืง -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงืฐืึธืœืŸ, ื’ืขืœืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืžืžืฉ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืขืจื’ืขืฅ, ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜-ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ืฉืขื ืžื™ื“ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืก 
ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื›ึผืœื”... ืื™ืš 
ืžืึทืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื”ืŸ-ืฉืœื™, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทืœืก 
ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ื›ึผื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ืึท ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 


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ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ , ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ" ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉ"ืข -- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื• ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ? ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื—ืœื•ื ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืฉืขื” 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ืืžืช. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ื›ื•ื•ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ืŸ 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืžืชืข ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ: ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืœื’ ืขืก ืึธืคึผ ืืฑื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืคื™ืœืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ,,ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜", ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืข. ื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืขืก, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืึทืคืŸ? ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืคืึทืจ 
,ื‘. ื˜ืฉืึทืจื ื™-ืœื•ืจื™ื" ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึธื‘ืจื•ื™ืกืงืขืจ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ื“ืœ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืฉืึทืคื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ -- ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ -- ืงื™ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. -- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื—ืกื™ื“, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื‘ื™ืŸ. ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ? ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ? 


2. ืฆื• ืฉ. ื“ืึธื‘ื™ืŸ 


ืงืœืึทืจืึทืŸ (ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ), 5/23, 6. 19112ืŸ 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ืึธื‘ื™ืŸ! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืจืึทืคึผืึธืจื˜ : 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึท ืกืš. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜: ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ื•ื˜ ืงืจืึทื ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ,ืคึผืœืขื‘ื™ื˜" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท 
ืคื•ืก. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ื‘ืฒึทื ืคึผืจ' ืจืึธื• ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ. ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท ื ืก, ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืฒืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืข ืฐืึธืš, 
ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ. 

ืžื™ืฉืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ืึท 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ , ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ", ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข , ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงืŸ ื‘ืขื˜. 
-- ื ื•ืžืข ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกืึทืžืข ืคื™ื ืคืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื’ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ 
ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื! ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš -- ืึทืŸ ืขืกืœืขืคืœ. -- 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ื‘ืขืœืึท ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, 

ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜? ืžืึทื›ื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืึท , ืกืขื ืกืฒื™ืฉืึธืŸ". ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ื‘ืžื—ื ื™ื›ื ? ื“ืขื ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ื ื•ืžืขืจ 108 ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืงืึธื ืคื™ืกืงื™ืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 48 ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืก"), ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื‘ืจื, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืŸ , ืคึผืึธ ืกื˜ืึธ ืกืึธืจืึธืง ื“ืขืฐื•ื™ืึทื˜ืฑ"... ืึท ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”: ื’ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ , ื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ืขืจื˜ืข ื“ืึทืžืข" ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ืฉืคึผืึทืก" ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืงืึทืฐื•ืข-ืœืขืคืขืœืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš ืงื•ื™ื, ืงื•ื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš!.. ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ 


549 


ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš? ืฐื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฐืฒึทืกืข-ื—ื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืงืขืก ? 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ,ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“' ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ืขื ,,ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ" ? ื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื ื” ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืึธื ื˜ืจืข 
0 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืš. ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“"ืจ 
ืžืึทื ื“ืขืœื‘ืขืจื’ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืจื—ืœืขืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืœืžืŸ-ืื™ื˜ืฉืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš. ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ื™ืึธืกืขืœืขืŸ, ื›ืขืžืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืงืŸ? -- 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


.2.8 ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš. ืฉืึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒื™... ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ื•ืš ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ.. -- ื™ืึธ, 
ืึท ืกื‘ืจื, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ,, ืฉืคึผืึทืก" ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืจื•ืก' ื‘ืึธื’ืึทื˜ืกื˜ืฐืขืฒ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ ืงืึธืจืึธืœืขื ืงืึธ ืึท ืกื›ึผื ื•ืช. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจืกื•ืŸ -- ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืข 
ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ. ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœืข, ืฉืœืขื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ ืึทืŸ ืขื–ื•ืช-ืคึผื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ืึธืคึผืฆืึทืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš 
ืื•ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื—ื•ื›ื ื•ืึทื˜ืœื•ืœื ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ -- ื˜ืคื•! 
ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข. ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืœืฑื“ืขืจืฒึท! ืึท ืžืึธื“ื ืขืจ 
ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ: ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ. 


ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4. ืฆื• ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช 


{ืงืœืึทืจืึทืŸืŸ 28ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1912 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืขืœื™ืึทืฉืขืฐื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” , ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช"! 

ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืก ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืจื•ืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš. 

,ืขืžืš ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคึผืจื ืกื”"... 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืึทื– ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, 
ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’-ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืืึทื–"ื•, 

ืชึผื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืง, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืขืœื‘ืขืจื’ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ: ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ -- ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜... (, ืคึผืึทืจื“ื•ืคืข" ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืคึผืจื ืกื” ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ืจืฒื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืคึผืขืฐืึทื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื ืึธื– ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜). *** ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ืึท ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืคึผืจื ืกื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืš 
ื’ืขืขืงืœื˜ ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทื ืึทื ื“. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, 


550 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืขืจ ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ -- ื ื•, ื•ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื›ืŸ ? 
ื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื›ืŸ ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก: ืืกืขื—ื”ึผืช ืขื—ื’ืชืกื“ืŸ 
10 8 ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช! ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง 
ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆืขื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืึทืฐืขืง ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื–ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทืคึผื˜, ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืš, ืคืฒึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ื ืก, ื–ืขืงืก ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ (ืึธืคื˜ืœืขืš -- ืฆืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ), 
-- ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข-ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืจื•ืช, 
ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช-ื—ืกื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ืคึผืจืึทืฐืึธื•ื˜ืฉืขื ื™ืข" ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืคึผืจืึทืฐืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืึธ" ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืœืง ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ,ืึทืœื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’-ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ืคึผืจื ืกื”". ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ, 
ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ 
ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ...), ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืžืคึผื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื”. ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื™ืึธ ืœืขื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ 700 ื›ึผืคึผืจื•ืช. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืžืš ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคึผืจื ืกื”, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ...ืก , ืคึผืึทืจ- 
ื“ื•ืคืข" ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืœืึทื›ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš, 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืกืš ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืงืึทืœื™ืงืข, 
ืฐื™ืœ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก ! ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•: , ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืžืึทืขืกื˜ืจืึธ ?" ื“ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืขืกื˜ืจืึธ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ : ,,ืืžืช, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคึผืจื ืกื” ?"... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท 
ืืฒึทืš, ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคืึธื ื™: 860066 ืกืื”ื”ืงืกืช 8. ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืœืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืœืึทื›ืŸ! ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืกืœื•ืš" ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืื™ืกื˜ืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ืึธืจ ืœืึทื›ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ,,ืื™ืกื˜ืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืง" ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื! ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื! ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข- 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืœ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ? -- -- -- ื•ื™ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜'ืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืื•ื™ืš ? ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืœืึทื ื“: ื‘ืขืจืŸ, ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ, ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืึทื˜ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. 
ืืคืฉืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐื•ึผ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ? ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ืคึผืึทืจ- 
ื“ื•ืคืข" ?... 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


554 


ื›ื‘ืจื“ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ื• ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 


5 ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ 


ืงืœืึทืจืึทืŸ, 2ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1912 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื ื™ื’ืขืจ! 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ,,ืคืจืฒื™ื ื“" (ื ื•ืžืขืจ 182), ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื”' ืฉื ืขืขืคืึทืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
0-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืึท ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืก-ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืงื˜. ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" (ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’) ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืฆื• 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ : ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ืฃ. ืœื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ึผ -- ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืกืขืžืขืกื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ , ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกืขื ืฉืึทืคื˜" (ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 1). ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื—ืชืžืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 
ืฉืœื•ื. ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ื ื‘. -- ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœืžื—ื ื ื•, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืชึผืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืš ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื ื™-ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืฒึทื˜! 
ื”ืœ 


6. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืงืœืึทืจืึทืŸ, 5ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1912 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ,, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข" ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ! ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ืฅ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืงื ืึทืคึผืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ-ืžืึทื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. -- -- --, 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื’ื–ืœืŸ! (ื“ืขืจ -- ื“ื™ -- ื“ืึธืก). -- 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื” --- ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก. 


7, ืฆื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจืึธื–ืขื˜ 


ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, 16ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1912 


ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆ"ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘! ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ : ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึทื™ืœ ืกืึธืœ-ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ืขืฐื•ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืขื“ืึทืœ, |ืื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืขื•"ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 


ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืฐืœืึทื“ื™ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–"ื”ื™ืชื‘ ื“ืขื 


552 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


7ืกื˜ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ืจื™ื“' ืคืึทืง"ื˜, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื“ื™ื™ืŸ-ืืžืช... ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืจื•ืš-ืฉืคึผื˜ืจื ื™! 
ืื™ื• ื“ืึธืš ื’ื•ื˜? -- ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืขื 15ื˜ืŸ (ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืคึผืจืึทืฐืึธื•ื˜ืฉืขื ื™ืข", ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื”ื™. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ 
ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืš ืึทื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ -- ืื•ื™ืก ืงืึทืคึผืขืœื™ื•ืฉ- 
ืžืึทื›ืขืจ ? ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึธืกื™ืง -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืกื™ื, ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื‘ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 9ื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 10ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืกืขืงืจ' ื”"ื” ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืžื•ื”"ืจ ื“ื™ืขื›ื˜ืึธืจืึธ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ,, ื–ืึทื˜ืฉื™ืกืœืขืŸ", ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคึผืฒึทื ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืง ืึท ืฉืฒึทื ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ืŸ 45 ืจื•ื‘ืœ (ื›ึผื ื’ื“ ืึทืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” 
ืžื›ึผื•ืช) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืฆืขืœืึทืจื™ืข, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืึทืงื˜ ืึท 
ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข: , ื”ื™ื•ืช, ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ื–ืึทื˜ืฉื™ืกืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจื•ืก- 
ื’ืขืžืฉืœื—ื˜ 45 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืคึผืจืึทืฐืึธื•ึผื˜ืฉืขื ื™ืข! ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืฐื•ื™ื“ืขื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื ืข 
ืึท ื›ึผืฉืจื”, ืึท ื–ืึทืฐืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ืฒึทื ืงืึธื ืกื•ืœ" -- ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืงื ืึทืงื ื™ืกืœ, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ื•ื˜ -- ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ืฉืข ื ื™ื˜. 
ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืง ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึทืคึผ ืึทืฐืขืง ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ, ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึทื ืฆืขืœืึทืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ' ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืึท ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึท ืฉืžืขืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ืคืจืขื’ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜, ืึท ืฐืึทืกื™ืœืง'ื™ ืžืขืฉื˜ืฉ' ืžื™ื›ืึทื™ืœ ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ? ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ? ืื™ื– ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ื—ื‘ืจื”-ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, ืื™ื– ืืคืฉืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึท, ืฆื™ ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืขืงื–ืึทืžืขืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืึท ืฐืึธืš, ืื•ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื•ืขื™ืŸ 
ื›ึผืฉื‘ -- ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! ืึท ืคึผื ื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื›ืึธืœืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฐื™ื‘ืึธืจืขืก ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืจืึธื–ืขื˜, ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื‘ืึธืจืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืœืึทืคึผื•ืจื™ืžื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืจืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืจืขื ื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืงืึทืœืึธืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืข ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืจื’ืœื™ื ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ื“ื" ื›ึผืœ ืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ืคึผืึธืจื™ืึทื“ืงืข", 
ืžืžื ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืก. ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืึทืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘"ื‘. 


8. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื•ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1912ืŸ 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™! 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืžื’ื™ืœื”. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก 


555 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•{ืคื”ื• ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ,ื•ื•ืกื™ืึธ ื•ื• ืคึผืึธืจื™ืึทื“ืงืข" --- ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืฆื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ื•ื”ื›ึผืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ ื•ืงื™ื™ื ? ืฆื™ ืœื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื™ืžืœ? -- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, 
-- ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื—ื•ืœื™ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืŸ ืงืœืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ืึธื˜ืงืจื™ื˜ืงืขืก, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืึธื˜ืงืจื™ื˜ืงืขืก. 


9, ืฆื• ื. ืคึผืขื˜ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื•ื• 


20/7. 12. 1912 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืึท. ืคึผืขื˜ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื•ื•! 

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ึผื ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื 10.25 ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืขื“ืึทื’ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงืœืขืงืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ืจ 
ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืฒื™ืœืฐืฒึทื–. ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืขืฐื“ื™ืง ืฆื• 
ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 

ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืฉ-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0., ืฆื• ืึทื‘(ืจื”ื) ืงืึทื”ืึทืŸ 


.ืขืขืกืฆ .ื ืž6ืช140 .ืกื”8 .ื–ื–ืช 
112 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท! 

ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื—ื™ืคึผื–ื•ื ื“ื™ืง, ืขืœ-ืจื’ืœ-ืื—ืช, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืจืขืžื“ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ-ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืœืฒื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืืฒึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”: ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฐื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืฉืึธื“ืŸ, ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ื ืก ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจ' ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ? ืคืึธื ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: 


554 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


;ืœื•ื˜ืฉืข ืคึผืึธื–ื“ื ืึธ ื˜ืฉืขื ื ื™ืงืึธื’ื“ืึท", ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืคืึธื ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึท ืชึผื•ืจื”. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืจ' 
ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืึทื– ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืชึผืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจ, ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืึทืคึผืขืจื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืœืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืึทื– 
ืึทืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜. ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืกื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืœืจืฒึทื˜! -- ืืฒึทืš 


ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


:ื ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงืึธื ืคื™ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ. 


1 ืฆื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง 


ื•ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ), 6ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1913 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”' ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžื•ื ื’ ,ื“ืขื ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉ. 
ื˜ืฉืึทืจื ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื ื™ื’ืขืจ" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืึท ืคืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืœ"ืคึผื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืžื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืึท ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐื™ืงืœื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจืข ,,ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜, ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืœืขืš ืืฑื™ืคืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš -- ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื’ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš, ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ -- 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืคืœื™ึทืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ืขืจืŸ (ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื•ื™ืŸ 1500 ืžื˜ืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืš, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื’ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืื•ื ืชึผืžื•ื–, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื›ึผื ืช-ื ืคืฉื•ืช !). ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข , ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ 
ื ื™ื’ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื•. ืื™ ื“ื™ ืงืฉื™ื: ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื™ืฆืจ-ื”ืจืข 
ืื•ื 'ื˜ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื 'ื˜'ืื•ื™ืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืชึผื›ืœื™ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ? 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฅ: ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• -- ืึทื–ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื, ืฐื•ื™ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืคึผืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื‚ื›ืœ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš. ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืœื™ื—ื”, 
ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื’ื“ื” ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืž"ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืœื•ื— -- ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ-ื™ืึธืจ. 
ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื‚ื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื˜ื’ืœืฒึทืš ? ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ื’ืจืึทึธืฉื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš -- ืึท 
ืชึผืขื ื•ื’! ืึท ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ! ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ,,ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคึผื˜ืจื ื™" ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจืข , ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช" --- ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ื’ืขืจืŸ -- ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ! -- 


ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


555 


ื‘ืจืœื•ื•:ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 
2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืข (ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ), 10. 1. 19113ืŸ 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข ื™ื—ื•ืงืืœ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง! 

ื‘ืขืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึทืคึผ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื ื™ื’ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืฆื• ื ื™ื’ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื 
ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™-ื™ืึธืจืง, ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข! ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืื™ื– ืขืก ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข , ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ? ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ-ืฆืขืงืึทืจื“ืึทืฉืขื˜ ื ื™ื’ืขืจืก ื‘ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื” ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ,,ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช", ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื”ื ืื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืชึผืขื ื•ื’ --- ืืžืชืขืจ ืชึผืขื ื•ื’ ืจื•ื—ื ื™! 
--- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ, ืึท ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืึท ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ-ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ื“ืจ, ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืกืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ื—ื ื™ืคื” ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœืฉืข ืขื ื™ื•ื•ืช -- ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืŸ ืึธืจืขื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, ืึท ืงื‘ืฆืŸ! ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜! ื’ืฐืึทืœื“, 
ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ? ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜! ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ , ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืจืขื ื“ืœืขืš" (ืฐื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืคืจื•ืžืึทืงืขืก ?) ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืฆืจ ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ! 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื. 
ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš -- ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ืืžืช, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงื™ื ืฆืœื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืงืฒื˜. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš! ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ, 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ, ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจ ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึทืžืขื ื™ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืกื˜ืึทืฐื™ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืจื•ื™ืฉื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™, ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” --- ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื–ืึท 
ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจืขืŸ ? ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” (ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ). ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึทืจืŸ-ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข -- ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข-ืจืึทืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ืกื™ื“ ืžืฉื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืขื˜ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขื ืื™ืกืคึผืจืึทืฐื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืกืขืกืขืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื™ืฆื™ื, ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 


56 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื‘, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก ื“ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืกืง, 
ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืงืขืจื‘ืœ ืื™ื– ืžืžื–ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืŸ-ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืฆืงืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืฉืงืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœ-ื‘ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคึผืจืึทืฐืœืึทื™ืขืฉื˜ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข! ืึทืœืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึทืœืข ืงืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคืจื™ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืš. ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื›ึผื•ื—, 
ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืœืึทื›ืŸ (ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒื™ 
ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง), ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื”ืŸ-ืฉืœื™, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืข, ื‘ืขืช ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ 
ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื- ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื“ื™ ืฆื“ืงืช ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฑื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 100 ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื—ืœืฉื˜. ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ -- ืจื‘ื•ื ื•-ื™ืฉืœ- 
ืขื•ืœื ! ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื”! ื ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข --- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืžืฒึทื ืข! ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐืึทืจืขืžื˜ ืึทืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืืžืช. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืง 
ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึทื–ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข , ืจืขื ื“ืœืขืš", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจื˜ (ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ 
ืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜), ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืจืฒึทื›ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื•ืš, 
ืฐื™ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ,,ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช". ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข , ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ? ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ื•ืš ? ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ -- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืคืขื˜ -- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธื’ืขืจืขืจ, ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ. ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื™ืขื ืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ! ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ื•ืœื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœ- 
ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. 

|ืฉื˜ืœื•ื ืขืœ;ื›ืžืŸ 


3, ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ 


ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, 10ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1912 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ! 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ, ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, 1500 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš (ื ืึธืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ). ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžืฉื•ื’ืข. ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜: ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ? ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™, 
ืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื -- ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ? ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ? 
ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ? ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืขื‘ืŸ? ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ -- ืึท 
ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืžื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื—ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื›ืœ. ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš -- ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื‘ื™ 
ืจื‘ ื–ืจื—ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜: ืžืข ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ื™ืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืฉื™ืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ื–ืจื—ืœ, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืขืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืขืกื˜. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ 
ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ื. ื“ืขืจื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืึท ืฉื•ื˜ื”. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืฐืขืง ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ื™ืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึท ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืจื‘ ื–ืจื—ืœ. ืึทื™, ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืืžืชืข 
ื˜ืึทืงืข. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืขืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจืœื™ื™ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขืŸ, ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ืŸ, 
ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื• ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜. ืžื™ืœื, ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ -- ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ -- ืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ? ืึทื– ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, 
ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืข ืคึผืœืึทื ืขืŸ, ืžืข ืฐื•ืขืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš --- ืคืข! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื! ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื ืก ,ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช" (ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง) ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผืขื ื•ื’! ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ --- ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื -- ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ , ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื”ื ืื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืขืก ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืก, ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืฐื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึท ื ื‘ื™ื, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ,,ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื“ืขื ื—ื–ื ืก". ืืžืช, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” 
ืื™ื– ืืžืช. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืึท ื ืขื 
ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ,,ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ" 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ. ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜? ื™ืึธ ืจืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸืŸ?.. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš, ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜. --- ืฆื• ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ. ืึทื™, 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ! ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืืฑืฃ ืึท ื‘ืจื–ื• ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. -- 
ืื™ื™ื‘ ืงืึทื”ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืจืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืก", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื›ึผืœ-ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ื•ื™ืงืึธื˜ื™ืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื–ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืกืงื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ืึธื ืงืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืึทื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืจื•ืฃ. ื’ื-ื–ื•-ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4, ืฆื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง 
1 1. 1913 


ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื–ื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ (ืžื™ื›ืึทืœืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื’ 1500 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืข (ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ โ€ ืœืขื–ืขืŸ"), ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื‘ื•ืš 


2 


58 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:- ืฆืœื™ืคื 


ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื™. ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. -- ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื”, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื–ื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ 
ืงืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท. ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ืงืึทืฐื™ืึทืจื ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืœืขืฐื•ืงืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ,,ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช". ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš : ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ? ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืœืขืฐืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืงืึทืฐืข. ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืงืึทืฐืข ? 
ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืžืึทืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืก ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ,ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช" ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื™ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืกื˜ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืฉื•ืคืœืึธื“, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึทื˜ืจืึทืฅ? ืขืก ื–ื™ื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืจืฆื™ื—ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืก ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืกืžืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจืึทืงืขื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ืกื˜ืฐืึธ ื’ืขืœืงื—ื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืกืข ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืœ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืงืฒึทื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื™ืงืขื˜ืข ื ื™ื‘ื•ืœ-ืคึผื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฆื™ื‘ืึทืฉืขืฐ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื” ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ื“ืกื˜ืฐืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜, 
ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืš, ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืจ 
ืึท ื’ื–ืœืŸ -- ืžืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื ื’, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ,, ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ื–ืœืŸ". ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึทืคึผืœื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ืืฒึทืš, ืฆื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข , ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช", ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืœืึทื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆึดื™ 
ื‘ืึทืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ? ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ืขืŸ, ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ืœืขื‘ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“... 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


655, ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ 


ื•ึฐืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ), 16ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1913 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื ื™ื’ืขืจ! 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืžืช -- ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืจื”, ืึท ื‘ืœืึทื–ืขืŸ-ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜. ืžืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืข- 
ืจืึทืฆื™ืข! ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜. ืื™ื– ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉืขื” ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืฒึทื ื‘ืึทื ื”ืฑืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืŸ 
ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืึทืœืขืก, ืœื•ื˜ ืึทื“ืจืขืก: 41916 ื˜ืค ืžื ืคืฅ6ื– .91 .ืกืืŸ 2081818 110461 ,192ืื•ืกืžื ื˜ื”ืขื ื. 


559 


ืคื›ื™ื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ 

ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืจื•ืช. ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฉ ื ื™ื˜! 

ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


{(ื‘ืึทื ื”ืฑืฃ ืขื’ืœ, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸืŸ 
7ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1913 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื ื™ื’ืขืจ! 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ. 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ --- ืฐืฒึทืœ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืžืึทืš ืื™ืš ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื” 
ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉืขื ืขืจืข ืœื•ื•ื™ื”, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืงืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึท. 


ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงืึทื˜ื™ืง 


3 46 ,ืื–6ื 


ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื”. 
141201620116286 10 1804-141602-2008021068 , 668001ืž11 


2 .ืกืื  205010241ื˜211 ,ืž/26 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ! 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึท ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘. ืื™ืš ื˜ื• 
ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืœื™ื‘, ืกื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื•ืจื, ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ : ืื™ืš ืฉืจืœื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ. 
ืžืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืึทึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ืึธืš, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1908, ื‘ืขืช ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืœืึธื– 
-- ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืœืึธื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜: ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜: 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜'ืก ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืฉืœืขืคึผ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืจื•ืช. 
ื“ืึธืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืคืึทืจืฆืฒึทืขื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš ืงืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึท. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทืฐื•ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข 


50 


ื‘ืจืœื•ื• ืคื ื• ืฉืœื•ืื”ื’ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ. ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืื™ื– ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืžืขื ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทืฐื ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื™ืœืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืืฑื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืกื•ืฃ- ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืขืœืคืŸ?! ื‘ืึทื ื’ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืœืึทืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช! 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ืึทืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


,14122162011696 ?106 00-141602-8080241060 , 66001ืž 11 
2 .ืกื 211720801441 ,ืžื–26 


8618, 668. 3 

ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ! ื–ืฒื™ื“ืข! 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืจืึทื ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ืึธืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืขืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืึทื ื’ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืœื™ื‘. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื ื™ืง. ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื 
ืžืœืืš-ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ, ืื•ื™, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืœืึทื›ืŸ ! ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“. ืึท ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ื—ืช 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข. ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ืš! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื™ืงืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9, ืฆื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง 


5 123 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง! 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’! ื ืึธืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืคืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจืŸ! -- 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืžื‘ืงืจ-ื—ื•ืœื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืฆื• ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš: ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


501 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•/ืคื”ืžื” ืฉืœื•ื" ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


0 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


7 2, 1913 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง! 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืง... ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืึทืจื•ื ืคืึทืจื ืึทื›ื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. 
ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜, 
ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข, 3, 3, 1912 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš -- ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง, 
-- ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืคึผืจ' ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš -- 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜-ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœืžื ื” ื–ืึทืžืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ืŸ, ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง ; ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ,ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ืขื“ืขืŸ" -- ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ! 


ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœืœื›ื 


2 ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข, 3ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1913 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! 
ื›ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ื’. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื‘ืึธืจืึธื›ืึธืฐ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื ืขืจ --- ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืึทื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืžื›ึผื” ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ื’. ืฐื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ? ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืจืฑืกืง ? ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืจื•ื™ืกืง ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื•ืฑื™ืงื˜? ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ,ืœื•ื•ื™ื”" ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐื™ืŸ -- ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื›ึผื“ืึทื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืฆื• ืงืจืขื ืงืขืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื”ืึทืจืฆืœืขืš, ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืึท ื–ืขืงืก-ืื•ืŸ-ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง ืื•ืŸ =- ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ 
-- ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐื™ื ื˜!!! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


562 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื“ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


3. ืฆื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 12ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1912 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืœ, ืจื‘ ืฆืขื™ืจ! 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ? ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ! ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืฐืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืœืึทืกื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ืกื˜ 
ื“ื•, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืจื˜ืขืจ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื›ืฅ ? 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ? ื’ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก. ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืคืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื 
ื”ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืžืึทืŸ, ืึท ื‘ืŸ-ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 

ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉืฒื“ืขื ืขืจ, 

ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4 ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ 


(ื ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 29, 3, 1913 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงืจ ื•ื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืจ ืฉืจื™ืจื ืฉืœื™"ื˜ื! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ืืžืช ืึท ืจืขืฉ: , ืฉืœื—ืชื™ -- ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืŸ -- ืขืœ 
ืฉื ื‘ืชื™" --- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืึธื“ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืœืฉื•ืŸ? ื“ืึธ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืจืึทื˜ืŸ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฉืจืจื•ืช, ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึทืคืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืก ืฐื™ ืžืึธื ืึทืจื›ืŸ, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืก ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžืึธื“ื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ (ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš, ื–ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ 
-- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื•ืจื !). ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืื™ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืฉ, ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–, ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉ ? 
, ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทืฉื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื™ืคื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืึทืœื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื’ืืึท" -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืฐื™ ืึท 
ืžื–ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ (ื‘ืกื•ื“-ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ) ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืึธืœื™- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืจื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ืชื’ื“ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ! ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืœ 
ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ (ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื’ื“ืœื•ืช, ืฐื™ ืคืึทืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ) 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ,,ื‘ื—ื™ืคึผื–ื•ืŸ", ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ืคึผื–ื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื—ื™ืคึผื–ื•ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. ื•ื”ืจื™ ืึทื ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ืš ืื•ื”ื‘ืš ื•ืืกื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ื›ึนึผืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™: ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœืงื•ื. ื”ืœื•ืฐื•ืึทื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื›'ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืœื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘. --- ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" --- ื“ืึธืก ืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืฐืึธืก 
ื›'ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ. 


563 


ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื• ?ืคื•ื•! ืฉืœื•ื-ืค ืœืฒึทื›ื 


5. ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืขื“ืŸ-ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, 1ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1921 

ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ! 

ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, 

ื›'ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜", ืฆื• ืคึผืกื— ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืกื—, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืžืช ! 

ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”' ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืœืกืึธืŸ. ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื“ืจืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืคื™ื ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: 
ื–ื™ ืง ืึธื  ืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข... ื–ื™ ืง ืึธื ืขืŸ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืคึผืขืจ ื‘ืฑื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื˜ืจื™ืฆืŸ.. ื–ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืฑื’ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.. ื–ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื– 500 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึทืฐืึทื ืก ืื•ื™ืš... 

ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ืึทื˜-ื“ืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทื˜ืœ ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ,, ื–ืขืงืก-ืื•ืŸ-ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง". ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืžื•ื—, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืฒืŸ : ืคึผื™ืง, ืฆื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืฅ ? ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš! 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื : ื™ื™ึดื“ ืืฒื™ื ืขืจ! ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ! ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 

-- ื˜ืึทืงืข ? ื ื•, ืึทื“ืจื‘ื”! (ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืœ). 

--- ืฐืึธืก ืึทื“ืจื‘ื” ? 

-- ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜. 

--- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ? 

-- ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืง ืึธ ื  ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ืง ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜. 

ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฒึท ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืžืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก -- ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืืžืช. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืก. -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื”' ืงืœืžื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ -- 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื ืก ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’. ืงืœืžื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ 
ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ. ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืžื™ ื ื“ื—ื” ืžืคึผื ื™ ืžื™ ?... 


6 ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 5. 4, 1913 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืจื™ืจื! 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืฆืจื•ืจ ื”ื›ึผืกืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื˜ื‘ืข, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืฆืึธืœืŸ, ืฆืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ: ืžืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืฒืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžืงื•ื™ื ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืžืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืขื“ 


564 


ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืคืœื™ืคื›ื 


ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืืฒึทืขืจืข , ืื™ืกื˜ืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืขืก" ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทืคื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื—ืช ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื ื—ืคื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืจื‘ืขื™ื -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ? ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืงืœืฒื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜! ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜, ืฆืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจื˜, (ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืก -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืข), ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ -- ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ -- ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื• ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื—ืงื! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš -- ืœื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึทื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ --- ืึท ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช-ื—ืกื“ -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืึทื’ืข, ืึทื– ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืก ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฒึท, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ, ืžืข ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืฉืช-ื”ื’ื•ืฃ 
ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืฐืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื•ืฑื™ืขืจืึท, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืขืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ -- ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื ืขื›ื˜: , ืžืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขื–ืจื™ ?" ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืฐืงืึทื–, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืœืื”ื•ื‘ื™-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืžืœื™ืฆื”: , ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ื‘ืึทื”ื™ืœืคื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ.." -- ื ืฒืŸ! ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข! ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื ืึธืš 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ื˜ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืึทื– ื ืึธืš 
ืฉืจื™ืจืึธืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ. (ื”ืœื•ื•ืึทื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ!..) ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึธื“. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ; ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืจ ! ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื—ื ื™ืคื”. ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื•ื˜ื” ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื ืึทืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื ื™ืคื”. ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื”ืŸ-ืฉืœื™, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข (ืขืก 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืœื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ) ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. ืึท ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ : ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ โ€ ืึทืฐื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึท 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืืžืชื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ. ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืžื•ืขืก. ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืฆื• ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึท 
ืกืคึผืึธื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืจืขื“: ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ื ืึทืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท โ€ ืžื™ื˜ืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ.. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืข ืึทืœืข ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืจื‘ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ. ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืงื ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช... ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจื˜ืึทืจืขืจืึทืžื˜, ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ (ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ. 
ื ืึทืคื˜-ืงืฐื™ื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืก) ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ, ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธื•ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ : 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ืื ืก1ื•ืกื” ื–ืข ื ืžืžืกืงืกื”ื‘ ืกื ืžืžืฆื. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
(ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ) 


5 


ื‘ืจื™ื”ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ื˜ ืœื™ื›ื 


7. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


6 1913 
(ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ) 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืึทืฐื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข", 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื ืฆื™ืขื ื“... ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ืึธืš ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืชื’ื“ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžืžืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึธืจ, ื’ืึธืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜, --- ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืึทืœืขื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐื•ืึทืงืกืŸ (ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ) ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก, ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ื’ืึทืœืขืจืฒืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก; ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข, ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ ืงืึธืœื™ืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืŸ --- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข, ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. , ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ" --- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื ืฒึทืข -- ,ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื—ื•ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ืฆืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ื ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ". ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ื•ืš ืžืฒึทื ืก, 


ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืึท ,,ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข", ืึท ืกื™ื“ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ,ื•ื• ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื•ืš ?". ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ -- ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื“ื™ืงืข ื—ื“ืฉื™ื-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜. ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ืคืึธืจืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ -- ืึทืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืกื•ืง ,ื•ืขืœ ื—ืจื‘ืš ืชื—ื™ื”". 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืœืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ. ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืจื™ื•ื•ื—. ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขืžื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื›ื ืกื”. ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข 
ืคื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึท ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉืฑืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึท 100 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื“ืจื•ืงื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ (ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 25 ื‘ื™ื– 20 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก), ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ 200 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒื™, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ (,, ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜") 1 ื‘ืฑื’ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ -- ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืขืก ืึท ืงื™ื™ืžื-ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 2 ืึธื“ืขืจ 25 ื™ืึธืจ -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ืขื! ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืš 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืฆืœื™ืคื 


ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ (ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ) ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคึผืจื ืกื” (ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืกื— ืึธืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘) -- 
ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐื•ืฒึทื–, ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,,ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข". ืื™ืš ืจื•ืฃ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธ 
ืึธืŸ ,ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข", ื ื™ื˜ , ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข", ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ,ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข", ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ. ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืงืขื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืจืฒึทืข 
ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืืฒึทื ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืึธืคึผื ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ? ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท 
ืžื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืข ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ 
ื™ื•ืฉืจ. ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืžื•ืช. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžืกืชึผืžื ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ึผืœื™ืกื•ืฃ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ืคืึธืจืขื, 
ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš -- ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ! -- -- -- 

ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ,,ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ". ื‘ื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืกื˜. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ืึทืจืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ื‘' ื“ื—ื•ื”ืž"ืคึผ ื”ืชืจืข"ื’, 26. 4. 1913 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ! 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืคื ื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื’. ืึทื–ืึท ืฉืžื•ืจื”ื ื™ืง ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื“ืจืฒึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ 
ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื—ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื›ื˜ ื˜ืขื’ ืคึผืกื— ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ื”ืึทื™ ืขืœืžื. ืื™"ื” ื ืึธืš ืคึผืกื— ืจืขื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 8 ืขืžืกื˜ืก'ืก ื˜ื™ื™ื– 6ืžืž1:8058 ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ" ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. 


ืจืฆ"ืคึผ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ืฒื™, ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืขืคึผื™ ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืฑืข ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข 

ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


567 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•: ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื•ืื’ืœืฆืœื™ื›ื 


9. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


(ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ) 4.30, 1912 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื 6 (19) ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ืึทื”ืขืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ -- 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืึท. ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒื™ื ืคึผืขืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžืกืชึผืžื 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ, ืึทืœืก ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, 
ืึทืœืก ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื”ืชื—ืœื”, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึธืก ืขื•ืฃ ืคึผื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืœืข, ืึท ืžื™ืŸ 
,ืขืžื‘ืจื™ื" ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ, 
ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜-ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜ืŸ ื•ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ, ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจืŸ ื›ึนึผื—ื•ึนืœ ืึทืฉืจ 
ืขืœ ืฉื‚ืคืช ื”ื™ื, ืึทื’ื‘, ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืœืึธืจ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึทืœืก ื‘ืŸ-ืึธื“ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึทืœืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ --- ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืก, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“(ื™ืฉืขืจ) ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืืžืชืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืข ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืึธืœื˜. 
ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ืœืขื–ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืกื™ื ืขืžืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืกื•ื—ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื‘ืขืจื–ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืืžืชืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 22-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•ืขืจ (ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฆืขืจ) 
ื‘ืขืจื–ืข ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื›ึผืœืœ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœืœ-ื˜ื•ืขืจืก: ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื, ืึทืกื™ืžื™ืœืึทื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธ- 
ื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ืœ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ -- ืึทืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืฐืฒึทื–ืข -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืž ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ืึทืœืก ื‘ืŸ-ืึธื“ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืงืœืึธืจ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืฆืจ (ืฐื•ื™ ืœืžืฉืœ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืžื•ืืœื™ืงืŸ) ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›ึผื™ื•ื•ืŸ -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืœืฅ ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก ืฆื•ื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง. -- ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืึธืฐืขืจ ืœืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื•ื™ ืขืก ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทืš ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืึธื“ื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ ื˜ืึธืจ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืง. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก". 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜, 
ื“ืจืฒึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืก. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืžื” 
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึทืกื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜, ืึทื– 
ืึทืœืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืึธืกื˜ (ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื‘ืึทื ืง- 
ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’) ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื•ื 14/1 ืžืฒึท ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืขื“ 14/1 ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”. 
ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ'ื”ืจืข ืึท ืžื˜ื•ืคึผืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืข 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื•ื”- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืขืจ --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื›ื ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš" (ื–ืข , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜", ืขืจื‘ 
ืคึผืกื—, , ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื”ื™ื˜ืœ") ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ึผ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจืฒึท ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš, ืžืฆื“ื™, ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึทืฐืึธืœื™ื ืงืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืึท ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืึทื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื“"ื” ื‘ื™ื– ืกื•ืฃ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1914 
(ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ืขืจ) ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™"ื” ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ. --- ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื ืขื ืื™ืš 
ืึธืŸ ืึทืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงืึธื ื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื ืกื”. 
ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืžืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื’ ืื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ (ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’) ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื—ื“ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคื•ืŸ , ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜" 
ืื•ืŸ , ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“". ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ. ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื™ืกืŸ. 
ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืึธ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ? ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ืคื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”" ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขื ื“ืจืึธื•ื•ืก ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜. ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึทืœื–ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืก, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื—ืฉืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ื‘ืฒึทื , ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ" (ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™, 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก, ื ืึธืฐืึธืœื™ืคึผืงื™ 7) ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืœืข"ืข, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜, ืึท ืฆื• ื”ืึทืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืกืŸ. ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,,ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ" ืฆืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 5000 ื‘ื™ื– 
0 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ (ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ), ืื™ื– ืขืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข 
ืคื™ืจืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทื ืก , ื™ื”ื•ึผื“ื™ื”" ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœื–ื” --- ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ" ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 14 ื‘ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš 6, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1915 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 20 ื‘ืขื ื“. (ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 75--100 ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจืŸ) ืึท ื—ืชึผื™ื›ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” 
ืœื”ืชื›ื‘ื“! ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ? ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืึทืœืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืขืก ื‘ื•ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืจืขื›ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ , ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ", ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข. ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ,,ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”" (ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทืŸ) --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทืŸ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฉืชึผื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืก ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืื™ืŸ ,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืฉื•ื-ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ืขืจ 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก 
ื™ืึธืจ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื™ืžื™ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื-ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืคืึทืจ ื ืฒึท-ื™ืึธืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜", 
ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ , ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”" ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ืš-- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื-ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ืฆื˜ื ืคืึทืจ- 
ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืก ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืคืึทืจืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ืืฒึทื ื˜ืฒืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš 
ืื™ืŸ 5, 6, 8 ืึธื“ืขืจ 10 ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืงื—, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืš. 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืจืฒึท ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ , ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ"-ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’, ืœื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ื ืก ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’. (ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ.) 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืงืคืœื•ื›ื 


ื‘ืึธื ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ (ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ) 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ ืขื˜ ืงืึธืžืคึผ", ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืงืึธื ื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทื ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ , ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ" ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ (100 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ). 


ืกืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืกืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื— ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธ- 
ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืึทืœืก ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™, ืืึทื–"ื•. 

ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื. ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืึธ ืžืึทื›ืŸ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืกืคืึทืœืŸ ื‘ืึธืงืึธื. ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•: ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื™ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ ืžื™ืš, ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ. ืœืžืฉืœ -- ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืก ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฉืžื•ื’ืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื˜ื•ืŸ 
ื›ึผืœ-ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื›ึผืœ-ื”ืคึผืึทืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืขืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืœื™ืกืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืŸ (,ืึทื’ืจื™ืžืขื ืก" ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืืฑืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื ื‘ื”ืฉ ืœืฉื•ืŸ). ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ืึทื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคื™ืœื™ืึทืœืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืง ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคืŸ. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื›ึผื“ืึทื™ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืขื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, 

ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืื™ืš ืจืขื–ื•ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ: ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท 
ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืฆื•ื , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜", ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ-ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื‘ื•ื›ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’. 
ืœืžืฉืœ : ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทืŸ ืึทืœืก ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื•ืš ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึทืœืก ื‘ื•ื›ืคืึธืจืขื ืคืึทืจืŸ ,ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ" ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืืฑืš 
ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉ ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ" 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข ื™ืึธืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, ืื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืึธืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื™ืขืจืœืขืš ืฆื• 5--6000 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ? ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืžื™ืกื—ืจื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืกื•ื—ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืชึผื•ืจ ืขืฆื”, 
ืึทื– ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื” ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ. ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึทืŸ ืขืฆื”. 

ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืกื•ื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื ืึทืจ, 
ืึท ืงืœื•ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข -- ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข -- ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก. ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื›'ื“ื•ืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืกืคึผืึธื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืืฒึทืš, ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช (ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืจืื™ื” ? ื—ืœื™ืœื” 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืึทื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื”!). ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข: ืขืก ื’ืขื ื“ื•ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืขืก ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ 


50 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคึฟื ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืค:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืึท ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืŸ, ืึทื’ื‘, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฆื•ื ืฑื™ืคืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจ 
ื’ืจืึธืฉื ืก ื›ึผื™ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ !.. ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ -- 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื”ืขื•ืœื" -- ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืฉื‚ืจื” 
ื›ื˜ืœื ื™ื, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜. ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. 

ืึทืŸ ืขืง, ืึท ืกื•ืฃ. ืžืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืœืŸ. 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืึท ืกืš ื’ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืฑื™ืš 
ื”ื ืื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ -- ื˜ืคื•! ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš  --โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


(ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ) 23/10. 5. 1913 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ! 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืชึผื ืึทื™: ืึทื‘ืกืึธืœื•ื˜! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ , ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜" ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ : ืึท , ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข" ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ (ืคืึทืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ื’ื•ืคืึธ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืึทืœืก ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืฆื•ื ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ , ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก" -- , ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ" -- 
ืœื™ื“ืกืงื™ --- ืึทื’ื‘ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื , ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜" 1500 ืจื•ื‘ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืึทื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื›ืึทืŸ ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆืฒึทื˜ -- ื ืึธืš ืฆืขืŸ, 
ืขืœืฃ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื -- ืฐื•ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืกื˜ ืžืึธืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื• ? ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•, ืื™"ื” ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื-ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืขื ืขืจ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜: ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท 
ื ื“ื‘ื” ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื•, ืึทื– ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜". ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืฉื ืึธืจืขืจ", ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืึท ืคื™ื ืฃ-ืจื•ื‘ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื’ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ืึท ื“ื•ื‘ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงื‘ืฆืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืคื™ื ืคืื•ื ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื‘ื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื : ืึทื ื™ ื”ืขืฉืจืชื™ ืืช ืึทื‘ืจื... ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืึท ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื™ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ ืืฒึทืš. ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ: ืฐื•ึผ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ? 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืงืจืฒึทืš ? ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืึธืœ, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืœืฉืžื”, ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืึท ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืจ" ! ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ. -- ื ื•"ื ื•, ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืžื”ื›ื™-ืชึผื™ืชื™. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ,,ืขืคึผืขืก" ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 
ืฐืึธืก --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ. -- ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ 
,ืื™ื–ืจืึทืขืœืฆืขืก" ืึทืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช... ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข- 
ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš (ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืขืจืฐืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืข-ื–ืึทืœ), ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืงื˜ 


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ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 200 ืคืจืึทื ืง -- ืึท ื—ืชึผื™ื›ื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื›ื‘ื“, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืขืจืข 
-- ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืชึผื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช. -- ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืก ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉื‚ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


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ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜, ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ! 

ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืจื•ืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜. ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉืขืžืขืŸ. ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื•ืข ืคื ืื™ืŸ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื“ืจื‘ื, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ? ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ ื“ืขื ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืžื™ ื™ืชึผืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจื‘ื• ื›ึผืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ! 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ, 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš 
ืึทื‘ืกืึธืœื•ื˜ -- ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ึผืื“ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉืœื•! ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 10--12 ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจื•ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ืึทืจืฉืข ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื , ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ" ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 14--1913 (ืฐื™ ืึทืœืข ื™ืึธืจ) 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื’ื‘ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื–ื•ืžื ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’"ื— ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ืจื•"ื›, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”' ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทืŸ ื‘ืขืœ-ืคึผื” ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ. ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืฐืขืง. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืคืึทืจ- 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืึทืœืก , ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข? ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 1 ื™ืึธืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฐืขืจืง ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ --- ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ --- ื—ืกืœ! 
--- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ืจื™ื™ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ืฐืึทืกืขืจืคื™ืจืขืจื™ืŸ" ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™"ื”, 
ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆืึธืคึผืึธื˜, ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฐืึทืจืฉืึท (ืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ) -- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื–, 
ืึท ืฉืขื” ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืฒึทืœ 2 ืฉืขื” ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, 2 ืฉืขื” -- ืžื ื—ื- 
ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 1 ืฉืขื” -- , ื™ืึธืกืœ ื˜ืึทืจืขืจืึทื", ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื•ืฉื‚ื-ื—ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืข. ืึทืœื–ืึธ 
ืœืึทื ื’ื–ืึทื, ื ื™ื˜ ืจืึทืคึผื˜ืขื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืึทื”ืจื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง, ื›ึผืืฉืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™. ืจืง ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื“ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื“ืขืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ? ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš. ืืคืฉืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทื–ึน: 

, ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". -- 


572 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื ืฆืœืœื™ื›ื˜ 


ืื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื™ ืฉืฒึทืŸ! 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื โ€ ื”ืชื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื", ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš 
6 1160 ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ,ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ" ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ,,ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข" 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืœืขื›ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื›ืขืจื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืคึผืงืข, ืฐื™ ืก'ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, -- ืกื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—"ื•, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ, ื•ื™ ืžืข 
ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžื ื—ื ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืึท 
,ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื›ื ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš", ืื™ื– ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืึท ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืขืจ. ืึธื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ: ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืกืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืึทืฉื -- ืฐืขืจ ? ืฐืึธืก? ื•ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ? 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš! 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ 


ืœื•ื–ืึทืŸ (ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ), ืคื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1913 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ ! 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’. (ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืขื ืคึผืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜"). ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืž ืฒึท ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ,ื™ืึทืฐื ืข 
ื•ื™ืึทืกื ืข", ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจื˜. ืื™ืš ืžืขื’ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื”ืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืขืœ- 
ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืœืฉื ื’ืขืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทื ืขืŸ, -- ื–ืึธืœ 
ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืข.. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืืฑืฃ ื‘ืขืœ- 
ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชืŸ: ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ! ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทื ืก ื’ืขืœื˜, ืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ , ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜", ืฐืึธืก ืงืจื™ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ, 
ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ื•ื™ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื›ึผื”ื ื” ื•ื›ึผื”ื ื”, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ 
ืื™ื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืœ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ 
,ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™".,,. ืคืึทืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืึทืœืฅ! ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืจ, ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืคืฉื™ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื•, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื›ึผืœ ื”ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืฐื™ ืคื™ืœ 
ื’ืขืœื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฉืึทืคืŸ,. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืึทื– 
ืขืจ ืฉืจ ืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืฉื‘ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืืœืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืœืฉืžื”. ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ -- ืกืื™ื– 
ืึท ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืงื–ืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’. ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉื•, 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆืึธืœืŸ, ืึท ืกืš ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜! ืึทืœืข ืงืจืขื ืง 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืฉืœืขืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ-ื™ืžื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ืฐืฑื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ. ืึทื– ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก ืึธืŸ ื˜ืึทื ื“ืขื˜, ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื’ื ื“ืกื˜ื ืก 10 ืžืึธืœ, -- ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื ืฒึทืก, ืึทื– 
ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืก ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ 10 ืžืึธืœ 
-- ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื ืฒึทืก, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึทื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื ืฒึทืก, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ,,ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ", 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜", ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืœืฉื ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜, ืฐื™ ืœืฉื 
ืึท ื ืฒึท ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ,ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ"; -- ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื (ื˜ื™ื™ืœ), ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœืœ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืคืœื™ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ืฆืงืึธืคึผ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืึท ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ,,ื™ื™ึทื“" ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜, -- ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืžืก ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืก. 
ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื”... ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืš! ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืึทื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืœืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ืฒึท ื˜, ืึทื– 
ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื ืขืžืขืŸ , ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืขื ืฅ" ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท , ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉืงื•ืŸ", ืฐืึธืก, 
ืฐื™ ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืขืก , ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉืึทื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ, ืื•ืžื’ืขืฐื•ืึทืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืกื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ 
ืึทืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืฆื™ืข"... ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื ืขืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธ ืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืื•ืกืข ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืขื ืฅ, ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ื•ื ื’, ืงืึทืœื™ืข ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผ, ื‘ืึทืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืกื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคึผืจื ืกื”!!! ืื™ืš ื™ืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ --- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆื• ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืœื™ื‘, ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ 
ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ ืขื ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื ื™ื’ืขืจ -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืขื-ื”ืึธืจืฆื™ื, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืข ืงืขืคึผ, ืงืจื•ืžืข ืžื•ื—ื•ืช, ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื™ื–, ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืคืึทืจืขื™ืคึผื•ืฉื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืœืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืฒึทื ืกื˜ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉ-ื”ืจื™ื— ืžื•ื– 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืืฑื™ืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืจื™ื—... ืื™"ื”, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืฒึทื ืขืจืฅ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื ืขืจืขืจ ืึทื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืข, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื—ื•ืฉ-ื”ืจื™ื— ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ.. 


ืขืก ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ, 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืก. ืึทืงื•ืจืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืกื˜: ืึธืœื’ืึท, ื˜ื™ืกื™, ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท. ืื•ื™ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท! 


578 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


3, ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ 
(ืกืึธื“ืขืŸ, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“) 29. 6, 1912 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ! 
ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ -- 
ืึท ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื—ื•ืœืึทืช-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฒึทืขื›ืฆืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคึผืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“, 


ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืขืœ ื”ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ื‘ืžืึทืจื™ืขื - 
ื‘ืึทื“,. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 
ืฉืœื•ื ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™: ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ. ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธืŸ! ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง, ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืึทื ื“, 


4, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 


ืฐื™ืกื‘ืึทื“ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ืœืœืึท, ืจื•ืคึผืคึผืจืขื›ื˜, 18ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1913 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™! 
ืื•ืžืจ ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืึทื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืžื ื” ืึท ืžื›ืชึผื‘ืœ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืึทื–"ืฐื•, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื ืึธื˜ืŸ (ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ) ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืจืง ื ืฒึทืขืจื˜ ืื™ืš ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฑืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื–ืึทืš ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ (ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš) ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœื“, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ืŸ (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง), ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืจื•ื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคึผื•ืฆื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืืœ ื”ื›ึผื•ืœืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœืŸ, ืฉืœื•ื ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืฉืœื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืฉืœื•ื ืฆื•ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืœื‘ื ื” --- ืึธืžืŸ! (ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืœื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืœืึทื›ืŸ !). ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืขืจ.. 
ื‘ืขืจ... ื‘ืขืจ... ื‘ืขืจ --- ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉื›ืขืŸ ืžืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื“ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก! 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9 --- ืคืึทืจ --- ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธืœืœืจืฒื˜, ื•ื™ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขืกืŸ.. 


55 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•:ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5. ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ 


(ืฐื™ืœืึท ืจื•ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜, ืฐื™ืกื‘ืึทื“ืขืŸ) 20, 7, 1913 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ! 
ืึทืฐื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”: ืฐื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืชึผื•ืž"ื™ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•- 
ืœืขืš -- ืื™ื™ื ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืขืงืึธืžืึทื ื“ื™ืจื˜ --- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“. ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ, 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืžืึทื ื“ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœืช ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ ืžื™ืื•ืก ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜, 
ืึทื– ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืขื ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ืคืงื“! ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• 
ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื• ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึตื“, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกื™ืžื ื™ื: ืึท ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ืึท ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึท ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึธ- 
ื’ืขื ืขืจ, ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 66 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1000, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš ืืึทื–"ื•. ืืึทื–"ื•. 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆืขืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืชึผืคื•ืฆื•ืช-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืึท, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืงื•, ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“, ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื™ืขืฐื•ืจืึธืคึผืึท", ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ, 
ืฆึท ืงืฉื™ื ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืžืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืขื ื“ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ? ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืึท ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“, ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ืฐืึทื’ื ืขืจ. ืืฒึท ื“ื™ ืงืฉื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ? ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜: 
ื”ื ื” ื›ึผืคื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ืขืœื™ื—ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ ื ืœืฃ ืจื•" ื› ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื™"ื” ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืขื•ืช, ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืฃ ืจื•"ื› ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ื‘ืชึผืฉื•ืื•ืช ื—ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ึผื ื”ื•ื’, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ 
ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ. ืข"ื› ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืชื•ืž" ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ 
ืฐืึทื’ื ืขืจ ื‘ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื˜ืขื’ ื ืึธืš, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฒึท-ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื—ื•ื‘ ืข"ื™ ื‘ืึทื ืง- 
ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื ืื™ืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืžื–ื›ึผื” 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื˜ืงืจื™ื˜ืงืข --- ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืœืึธื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ. 
ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


(ืฐื™ืกื‘ืึทื“ืขืŸ) 23. 7. 1913 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ! 
ื“ืึทื ืงืข ื”ืฉื™ืช"ื‘ -- ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•! 


56 


ื‘ืจ"ื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื: ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก. (,,ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก ื‘ืขืคืึธืจ ืคึผืœืขื–ืฉื•ืจ !") ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก ืœื™ื™ื’ 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืืœืฃ ืจื•"ื› ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืชึผื”, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื‘ ืืžืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉ ืจ ื™ ืจ ืึธ. ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ 
ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆืฐื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึทืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 2 ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ, (ื“ืขื 14/1 ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 14/1 ื™ื•ืœื™) 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•, ืœื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึท ืคืึทืจืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ! 
ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืงืึธื ื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืคื™ื ื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจื˜. ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืึทื– ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœื” ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื‘ื•ืš" (ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฒึทืขื›ืฅ) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ื™ 
ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื’ื™ืžื ืึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”! ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืึธ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืจ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 1ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื’' ืžืื•ืช ื›ึผืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจ 
ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึทื ืฆื•ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืึทืจืฑืกื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™"ื” ืึทืจื•ื ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”-ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึทื– ืกืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจื’ืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืึธื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ื•ื. ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™ ! ืคืึทืจ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืงืึธืžื™ืฉ. ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš. ื“ืึธืก ืจื™ืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืœืึทื ืขืก, ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข (ื”ื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืข"ืค ืœืฉื•ืŸ 
, ื”ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ื™") ืข"ื› ื ื ื•ื ื ื™ืงื™ืจื™ ืชื•ืž"ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ืžื›ืชึผื‘ื™ ืคืึทืจืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื‘ืึทืงื• ืข"ื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช 
ื‘ึผืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื” ืข"ื“ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ (ืœืžืกืคืจื) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืขืกื˜ืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ืึทืจืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ื ืคืึทืœืก ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. 


ื•ืชื‘ืจื›ืš ื ืคืฉ ื™ื“ื™ื“ืš ืื•ื”ื‘ืš ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื” 
ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™: ื’ื ืึทื ื™, ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ, ืื™ืš ืจืฒึทืก ืžื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื ื“ืข 
ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื ื™ืžืืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืึท, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื˜ืฑื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืช- 
ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“ ื‘ืขื’ืœื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ื‘ ื•ืืžืจื• ืึธืžืŸ. 


7 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
(ืฐื™ืกื‘ืึทื“ืขืŸ) 29, 7. 1913 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืœื™ื ื“ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ! 
ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื•ื• ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜! ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ; 


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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื -ืค ืœืœื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ (ืืœืฃ ืจื•"ื›) ? ืฆื™ ืฐืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ? ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ? ืฆื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ,,ื‘ื•ืš" ? 
ืฆื™ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•? --- ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”' ื–ื•ืกืžืึทืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“, ืฐืึทื’ื ืขืจ. ืึธื˜ ืึท ื ืึทื™ึทืฐื•ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืกืžืึทืŸ! ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– 
ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื“ !... 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


ืฐื™ืกื‘ืึทื“ืขืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืข 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“! 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืž101650866 /618:0ืž11 3118ืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืึทืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ , ื‘ื•ืš", ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทื– ืกืข ื–ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึท 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฒึทืขื›ืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฒึทืขื›ืฅ -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ. ืืžืช. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9. ืฆื• ืึทื“ืฐืึธืงืึทื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื 


ื‘ืึทื“ืฐื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ืขื ื”ืึธืฃ ืื•ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ื’ืึธืขืงืข 21ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1912ืŸ 


ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ื›ื ืžื•ืคืœื’ ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžื•ื”ืจ"ืจ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื "ื™, 

ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื, ื‘ืงื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ืฉื-ื™ืชื‘ืจืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื”ืึธืจื›ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื‚ื•ืจื•ืช-ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช 
ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชึผื•ืš ื›ึผืœืœ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ -- ืึธืžืŸ 

ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื ืืžืช: ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ื•ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ. ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื. ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ: ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืึทืฐืขืง ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืงื•ืงื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ, ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ -- ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ื ื™ืชื˜ืข! ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ? ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื‘ืึธื“, ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื‚ืจื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื. ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ืขื ื”ืึธืฃ ! 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜! ื•ื™ ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืึทืฐื•ืขืง ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ืŸ? ืฆื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจืึธื‘ืก -- ืžืฉื•ื 
ื”ืึธ ? ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ื™ืš ? ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืฑืฃ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ื ื™ืช. ืžื™ืœื, ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ! 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™ืขืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ? ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ! ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืขืœ-ืจืึธืฉื•ืŸ ืจืึธืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ-ืึทื—ืจื•ืŸ ืึทื—ืจื•ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืขื“ื•ืงืึทืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ืึทื’ื‘ ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืžื™ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœืขืคืขืœืข, ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื›ื ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึธืคึผืœ. ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”: ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืš-ืืจืฅ 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื‚ืจืจื•ืช, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืชืจื™ืœืขื•ื•ืงืข ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธ ื“ืขืจืงืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ, ืขืก ืžืขื’ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ื ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฆืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืก ื“ืื’ื”, ืฆื™ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืœืขืคืœ, ืฆื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึธืคึผืœ ืฆื™ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ -- ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืงื˜ืข 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฒื™ื›ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืึทืš. ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ: ,ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ?:" ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ. 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื“ืขืŸ ? ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ืคืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ : ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืฉืคึผืงื— ื”ื™ื”, ืžื” ืจืื” ื—ื›ื ืœืฉื˜ื•ืช ื–ื• ? ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜, ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืœืขืคืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึธืคึผืœ! ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืงืœืึธืจ 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืง. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื›ึผืคื•ืœ-ืฉืžื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื”ื’, ืžืข ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ ืžื™ืื•ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก, ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืกืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›ึผื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธืคึผืœ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทืš, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืžืžื”-ื ืคืฉืš, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืึธืคึผืจื•ืคืŸ, ืืœื ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ? ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ? ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ื - 
ื’ืึทื˜ืฉืขืก, ื”ื•ืœื˜ืฒึทืขืก, ืฉืึทืจืœืึทื˜ืึทื ืขืก ? ื ืึธืจ ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ -- ืžืึทืš ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ื ื™ืช, ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฉืชึผื—ื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš. 


ืžืžื ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื›ื โ€ ืฉ ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™ : ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื“ื•ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึท 
ื™ื™ึทื“, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื“ืงื“ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœืขืคืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื’ืึธืคึผืœ, ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืคื™ืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ื ื™ืช: ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื›ึผื“ืจื›ื•, ื“ื”ืฒึทื ื•? ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ 
ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื”ื’, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื ืงื‘ื” ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื›ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื–, -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ ื“ื™ ืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, -- ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื›ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืงื‘ื” ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืึธืจืขืžื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืึธืจืขืžื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืœืึธื– 

ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืึธืจืขืžื˜, ืึทื‘ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก. 
ืžืžื ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื›ื ื” ื’ "ืœ 


59 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0. ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ื•ืฐื•ื™ืกื‘ืึทื“ืขืŸ, ื›"ื• ืืœื•ืœ ืชืจืข"ื’ืŸ 


ืึท ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”-ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืฉืึทืจืคืขืจ ืึธื ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืจื“ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ึผืœื™- ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืจืกืขื ืึทืœ: ืฐืึทืงื›ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืข, ื–ื ื•ืช-ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฉืžื“- 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื‘ื•ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืžืกืจืŸ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•'. ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืจื’ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื“ื™ื, 
ืฐื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื“ืึธืœื‘ื•ื ืึธืฐื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืชืจื™ืœืขื•ื•ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืึธื›ืžืึทืœื ืข ื’ืึทืก -- ื˜ืคื•, ืก'ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ! ืœืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืชึผื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ืชึผื—ืชืžื•. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ 
ื”ืืจ ื7ืŸ 7 ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1 ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ! 
(ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข) 


ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžืึธืก, ืึทื– ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืžืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื–ื•ื›ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื—ื˜ืึธื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช, ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ื˜ืึธื’-ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื™ื– ื—ื•ืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฉืžื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื–ื™-ื‘ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืฐืฒื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืœืขื–ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืฆื ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื›ึผืื™, ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื™ื‘, ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื›ึผืื™ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขืจืŸ-ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, -- ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœืขื–ืขืจ --- ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒึทืกืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืงืœื˜, ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืœ, ืคืึทืจื“ืึทืจื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื ืข 
ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืš -- ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืกื™ื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืึทืŸ ืขืจืŸ-ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื“ืจืš ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืžืึทืจืง ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจื™ื•ืึทื˜ืข ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช -- ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื—ื™ื‘ 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืš -- ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’! ื ืื˜ ื–ื™ 


2, ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ 


ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, ืคึผืึทื ืกื™ืึธืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ืึธืก (ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1913ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ! 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ื ืฉืžื”. ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš! -- ื”ืœื•ื•ืึทื™ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื! ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง --- ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ: ืฉืจื™ืจื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ื“ ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื’ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜?.. 


580 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™, ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืขืœื˜! (ืึท ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืš --- ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ !...), 

ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผื ืงืก", ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึทืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื, ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ,ืคึผื ืงืก". --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ 
ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง ? ืึทืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงืึทืœื™ืข ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“. ืึท 
ื ืึทื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ! ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ,ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื" ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”" -- ืื™ื– ืขืก ืึท 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืœืฐื•ืึทื™ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื” , ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš" -- ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื‘ืึทืจื’, ืื•ืŸ ื‘. ืึท. ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ, ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื, ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜. 
ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ื›ึผืงื“ื. 

ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 

ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืก. --- ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืฒึทืขืจ ,, ื–ื•ื’ืชื™" ? ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืจื•ื™ืกืง ? ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืชึผื›ืœื™ืช! ืื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืจื•ื™ืกืง, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืข! 


2, ืฆื• ื. ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ 


(ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ) 6. 12. 1913 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš: ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึท ื™ื™ึทืš 
ืึทื–ืึท ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ืขืžืึท ืึทื–ืึท 
ื–ืึทืš, ืฐื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ,ืฉืคึผืึทืก" ? ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืึทืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก? ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืฐืขืง. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช: ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืขื” ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก? ืืฑื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืขืก) ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜? ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื–ืึทืš: ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ื ืึธืจ ืืฑืฃ 
ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืฑืกืœืึทื ื“? ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


4. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


(ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ) 6. 12. 19113} 
ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ, ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ: 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ (ืื™ื ืกืฆืขื ื™ืจื˜ ืคื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ -- 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ?). ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜: 


581 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื–ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืข/26/018 ื–ืืกื ื”ืงืก 8 ื–ืขืฆืขื™ื“ืงื”ื ืžื–ืขืขืชืกืกื˜ืขื–ืืกื ,1686 2ืขื–ื ืกื ื’ืžืขื•ืฅืก1ืŸ 
.ื–ืืกืงืกื“28 ...ื”ื”ื” 2110116112082118 , 176246268/-ื–ืืกืžืก111 .ื–ื™ืกืก 


ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ืื™ื• ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ , ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืก", ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืจืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ (50 ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ), ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทื ื˜ืึธืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ืึทืœืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืกื™ื ืขืžืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ -- ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ื ืื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ : 
.ืžืฆื™ืกื” 68628682 1 ,20282 
-11110116 ,4/6114618/-ื–ืืกืชืก111 .001 ,ืขืขืž1ืกืชืกื” { 8 ื”ืื’ืงืŸ ื’ื”ืืกืกื˜ืขืงื˜ื•, 
-ื–ืืกืงืกื™ื™28 11110082118 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ,ื—ื•ื”, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืš 
ื ืฒึทืข ืกืฆืขื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข ืึท โ€ ืกืš. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉ. ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืฆื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื•ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ? 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืกืš ืฆืขื ืขืจ, ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืขืขืจืก ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ? ืื™ืš ื•ืึทืจื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจืฉื•. ืืคืฉืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ? ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜, ื•ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ- 
ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืขื•ื•ืœื”ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. ื˜ืฒึทื ืื™ื– ืžืึทื ื™, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื™ืขื ืงืœ ื’ื ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืึท. -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”-ื–ืึทื›ืŸ? ื ื•, ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ? ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ื’ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


(ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ) 8. 12. 19113} 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ ! 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืง 
ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ, ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื™ื ืกืฆืขื ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืึธ ืก. ื“ืขื ืืžืช ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืœื™ื™ื’ ืื™ืš ืึท ืกืš ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ ืš. 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืฐื•ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ? ืื™ืจ 
ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืึธื’ืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื-ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืง ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฅ ื‘ืจ ืžืฆืจ : ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฅ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืกืง, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื’ ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึทืœืขืก ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 


582 


ื‘ืจื™ื–ื• ืคื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืจืขื–ืฉื™, -- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืึท ืกื™ื ืขืžืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืกืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืขืก ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืกื•ืžืข ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืžืึทืกืก, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืกืš ืึท ืกืš ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ! -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ ? ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ 7 ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ 1 ืึท ืงืจื™ืกื˜ ? ืึท ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ? 
ืึท ืคืึธื ื™ ? ืึท ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ-ื™ืึธืจ ? ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืฆืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ? ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื‘ืฆืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ? ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฑืกืœืึทื ื“? ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข ? ืคึผืึทื˜ื”ืข ? 
ื’ืึทืžืึธืŸ ? ืื•ื ื™ืึธืŸ ? ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ 13/12 1 (ืœืžืฉืœ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ 
,ื•ื•ื™ืœืœื™ ?) ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข 22 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืคึผื™ื™ืกื™ ื“ืขื ื—ื–ื ืก! ืื™ืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกืฆืขื ื™ืจืึธื•ื•ืงืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 1106 ืกื–ื‘ึผืžึผืขื”ื–ื™ืก8ื ืก 613 1102 


ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืคื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ 
(,ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืง"), ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืกืฆืขื ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•". 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืขืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


.0,2 ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื–ืœื ื™ืง (ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜) ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืœืขืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ (ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’). 


6, ืฆื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง 


)31820 110161 261:26/ 5. 21215 04 6 
1211, 4 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง ื "ื™. 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–ืฉ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืข. 
ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ? ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 
ืื™ื– -- ื ืึทืฉื˜ืึธ ืžื ื™ืข ืคึผืึทืกืคึผืึธืจื˜, ืงืึธืœื™ ื™ืึท ืกืึทื ื˜ื•ื˜ ? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ื“ืึธืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืกืชึผืžื ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ืขืก ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื 12ื˜ืŸ, 15ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืขื ืคืึทืจ- 

ืœืึธืจืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง... 


ืึทืœื–ืึธ ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื:-:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


583 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•8 ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7, ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึท 


(ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ) 20/7. 1. 1914 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ! 
ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื. ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืงื™ื™ืŸ , ืจืึทื–ื“ืขืฉืขื ื™ืข". ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, -- 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื• -- ื™ืข ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึทื–ืจืขืฉืขื ื™ืข -- ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทื–ืึท ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืข ืงืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืึทื– ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ื˜ืฉืœืขื ืึธื•ื• ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ืจื™ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืื™ื ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ื•ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืข 
ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ... ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืงื™ืจื™, ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืึธื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืึท ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช-ื—ืกื“ ื ืขื ืื™ืš 
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื—ืกืš ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืชื•ืž"ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื‘ ื—ื™ืคึผื–ื•ืŸ (ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™"ื” ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื‘ืช"ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜) ืื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœื–ื” ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ื›ึผืืฉืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ืกืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคึผ. ืึทื“ืœืขืจ 


ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, ืคึผืึทื ืกื™ืึธืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ืึธืก, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1914 


ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื™ื ืคื˜ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข, 
ืžื™ืคื˜ืขืจ ืจื–ืฉื™ื™ืงืึธื‘ ืคึผ. ืึทื“ืœืขืจ. ื ื™ื–-ื™ืึธืจืง. 


ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ! 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ื–ืฉื™ื™ืงืึธื‘ ืกืึทืคึผื™ืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืขื™, ืฐืึธืก ื›ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืกืš ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ื˜ื™ืคึผ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืฉืžื”. 

ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ! ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืขื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืขืคืขืงื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ-ืจืฒึทืกื ื“ืข ื˜ืจืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืกืฆืขื ืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข-ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื - ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืชื™ืžืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืคึผืึทื˜ืœื˜ืข ืžื•ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทื“ื”ืฑื™ื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื‘ืึทื•ืขืจื™; ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทืงืจื™ืฅ-ื–ื™ืกืข ืคึผืึทื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš, 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ , ืžืฉื”ืก" ืคึผืึทื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ื™ื–ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข 
ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืึท ืงืฐืึธื“ืขืจ ; ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจื“ืขืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ืขื ืข 
ืฆื ื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ; ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืข ื•ื•ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ืฆืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื›ืฐืขืก -- ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืฐืึธื“ืขืจ, 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืงื•ื ืฆืŸ -- ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืึท ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ -- ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืึท ื›ึผืฉืจืขืจ, ืึท ืœืฒึทื“ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข, 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ. ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผืฆึทื•- 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฆืจื•ืช. ืึทืœืข ืคื™ืจ ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจืึท- 
ื’ืขื“ื™ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื–ืฑ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง: ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ- 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 4 ืึท ืงื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื. -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึทืจื‘ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข, ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ืึธืŸ 
ืคึผืจืขื˜ืขื ื–ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืขืคืขืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ-ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืœืึทื›ืŸ-ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืข- 
ื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ืกื˜ืข ืจืึธืœืขืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ, ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜-ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ื˜ืจืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจืฑื ืจืึธืœืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืข --- ื”ืœื•ื•ืึทื™ 
ื ืึธืš ืœืื•ืจืš-ื™ืžื™ื --- ืึธืžืŸ ื•ืึธืžืŸ! 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืกื˜ืข ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจืก 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก, ื‘ืฒึทื ืืฒึทื ื˜ืฒืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื”ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ 
ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืžื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกืขืก ืึทื“ืœืขืจ. ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืขืก -- ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”. ืงื•ืจืฅ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ-ืคึผืœืขื™. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9, ืฆื• ื. ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ 


(ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ) 21. 1. 19114ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ!ึผ 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืึธื - 


585 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืคื™ื˜ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ื“ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ 
ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื›ึผืกื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืœื ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื•ื—ืจ. ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืฐืขืง. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืคึผืฆื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก: ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ 1000 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืึทืœื‘ื™ืจืŸ: ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ืื•ื™ืคืคื™ืจืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืขืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืฐื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ืึทื– ืกืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกืึทืจื™ืึธ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ : , ืฉื™ืงื˜" 5081086, 
ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 2 ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ โ€ ืฉืœื•ื:ืขืœื™ื›ื 


.2.5 ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึท ื–ืึทืš (ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืจ- 
ืœืขื–ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืคืคื™ืจืŸ) ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืฆื”. ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืึทื›ืœ ? --- ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืกื–ืึธืœ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื. -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ? 


0 ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคื™ื ืกืงื™ 


ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, 6ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1914 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™! 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืึทืกื˜ -- ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืœืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™. -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜. ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื, ืึทื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท , ืคึผืœืขื™" ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืกื™ืึธืŸ ืึธื ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืฑืขืŸ. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืขืจ : ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืึท ื‘ืจืึทืฐืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™, 

-- ืฐื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ? 

-- ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื”. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก. 

ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื™ื• , ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ" ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืœื™ืงืŸ. ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืึทืจ, ืึทื– , ื˜ื‘ื™ื”" 
ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืงืึธืŸ, ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืก ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ืึท ืฉืึธื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคึผ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข -- ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื–ืŸ-ืจืึธืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. --- ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธื– ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก 


586 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจื•ื™ื˜ืก ืื•ื™ืคื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื—ืฉืง , ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ" 
ืฆื• ืคึผืึทืจื•ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจื•ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืœืึธื“. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ", ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืžืจ, 
ื“ื–ืฉื™ื™ืงืึธื‘ ืคึผ. ืึทื“ืœืขืจ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ -- 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื™ืึธืจ! ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– , ื˜ื‘ื™ื”" ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืคื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ืง. -- ื ื•, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื - 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข, ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืคืจืขื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืกืชึผื ืึธืŸ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืžื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืคื ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ -- ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš, 
-- ื“ืึทืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ,,ืคึผืœืขื™" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืงืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืขื ืขื“ื–ืฉืขืจ, --- ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง, ืึทื– ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื“ืœืขืจืŸ -- ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืง 
ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืขืก ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ื’ืจื™ื, ื‘ืฒึทื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืคื™ืจืŸ -- ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, 
ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ. -- -- -=. 


ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผืœืขื™' ืื™ืŸ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืก ื˜ืขื› ื˜ืขืจ", ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืึทืงื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ: ื˜ื‘ื™ื”, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื’ืึธืœื“ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ื ืฃ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ 
ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื ืึทืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ืขืคืขืงื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืจืœืขืกืงืข 
ื•ื•ื™ืฆืŸ, ืคึผืึทื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš, ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื” ืื™ื–, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉืข, ืื™ ืงืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื™ ื•ื•ื™ืฆืŸ, ืื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ 
ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืกืฆืขื ืขืก, ืื™ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ -- ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืึทืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจื”ืึทื ื’ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ื›ึผืœื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื 
ืœืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืœืขืจ, 
ืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืจืึธืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืฒึทื 
ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื! ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขืŸ (ืžื™ืกืขืก ืึทื“ืœืขืจ) -- ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืจืึธืœืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ 
ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ืจืึธืœืขืก ืคืึทืจ ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ (ื”ืึธื“ืœ, ื—ื•ื”, ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ืฆืข, 
ื‘ื™ื™ืœืงืข). ื”ื›ึผืœืœ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธืœืจืฒึทื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงืึธืžื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืงื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงืึธืžื™ื–ื, ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื’ืขื–ื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื–ื, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ืจื ื“ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ื–ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš 
ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• -- ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืก ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืก ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืก ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ! ืึทืœื–ืึธ -- ืื™ืš ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข, 
ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™. 


ืฉืœื•ื” ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


57 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9. -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื™. ืคึผ. ืึทื“ืœืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื ื“ื•ืจื›ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื' ื‘ื™ื– ืช'. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืœืฒื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท , ืžืกื•ืจ", -- ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ? 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ, ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืš. 

ื”ื "ืœ 


1. ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ืฉื˜ืจืึทื ื“-ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, 17ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ 1914 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื‘ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืงื•ืจืฅ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึทืจืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข. ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ืึทื“ืจืขืก! ื“ื• ืคืจืขื’ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึทื ืกื˜ื• 
ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ? ืึธื˜ ืึท ื ืึทื™ึทืฐื•ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 
ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืžืข ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท , ืจืึทื–ื“ืขืฉืขื ื™ืข" ? ื–ื™ืฆืกื˜ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 
ืฆื™ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืงืจืึทื ืง ืึท ื–ืึธื’ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืžืฒืกื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœ ? , ืคึผืึทื ื™, -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ืฉืขืก, -- 
ืคึผืึทื ื™! ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืžืึทื™ืขื˜ื™ืข ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืจืขืคืขืจืึทื˜ ื˜ืึธืฐืึทืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื™ ืงื™ืฉ-ืงื™ืฉ-ืงื•ืจื™ ื ืึท ืกืฐืึธื‘ืึธื“ื• ? 
ืื™ ื ืข ื ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื ืึทื™ืขื˜ืกืึท! ืฆืข ื ืข ื‘ืึธืœื™ ืžืขื ื™ ื“ืึธื‘ืจืข ื‘ืจืึทื˜ื™ืงืœ ื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืึทื™ืขื˜ ืคึนึผืึธ ื ืึทืฉืขืžื•, ืคึผืึท 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ืกืงืขืžื•, ืึท ืžื™ ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ื˜ืฉื™ืงื™ ื“ืขืจื–ืฉื™ืžืกืึท ื–ืึท ืกื˜ืึธืจืึธื ื™ ืื™ ืงืึทื˜ืฉืึทื™ืขืžืกืึท ื ืึท 
ื–ืขืžืœื™ืึท !ื™... ืึธื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื• ื˜ืจืขื˜ืกื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืŸ-ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ: ,,ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืจืึทื–ืจืขืฉืึทื™ื• ืื™ ืงืึธื ื™ืขืฅ!". ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื–ืขืกื˜, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ื–ื™ืฅ ื‘ืฒึทื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ --- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘. ืžืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ื•, ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ? ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš, ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ! ื‘ืจืึธืฆืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื” 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ ืึท ืงื‘ืฆืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื”, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ.. 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ืึธืš, ื‘ืจื•ืš- 
ื”ืฉื, ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืกืŸ, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืœืื•ืจืš-ื™ืžื™ื -- ืึธืžืŸ ื•ืึธืžืŸ! 


ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™: ืฐื•ึผ, ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ื•, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืœื™ืขื ืขืŸ? 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจ ? ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ,ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ? ืืฒึท, ืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืฉื•ื˜ื”! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืกื’ืขืฉืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“", ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก , ืคึผืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“" ืื™ื–, 
ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก. ืึท ืงืœืึธื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ! 


2, ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ 


ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, 8/26. 2. 1914 

ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ! 
ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ : ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืžืข ื‘ืขื˜ ืึท ื’"ื— ืึท ื‘ื—ื™ืคึผื•ื•ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื›ึผืืฉืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™, ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืคืฉื™, ืœืกื•ืฃ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 


588 


ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืค:ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืžืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ! ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ? ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ ! ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ? ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ! ื ืึธืจ 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื, ืึทื– ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทืง, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ืฉืงืขืกื˜ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืงื•ืคึผืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื•, 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ืข, ืงืึทืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขื›- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’ -- ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ื™ืึธ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜; ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข!--ืข! ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืคืึทืจืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืึธืก --- ืึทืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืœืข ? ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืœืขืš ? 
ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืœืขืš ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜? ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ! 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ 
ืืฒึทืš, ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื”ื ื” ื•ื–ื” ืœื 
ื—ืกืจ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ --- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ! 

ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข (ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ,,ืžืฉื™ื—ืŸ" ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ!) ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึทืกื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ 
ื™ืึทืฉื ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื™ืึทืฉืึทืŸ ืึท ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ 
ืœืขืจืขืจ. ืึท ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜, ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืขืจ, ืื™ื– 
ื™ืึทืฉืึท ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื—ืฉืง ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ -- ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ื–ื™ืฒื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึธื ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืึทืœืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืก, ืึทื– ื™ืึทืฉืึท ื–ืึธืœ 
ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ (ืงืึทื‘ืึทืง ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ; ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ) ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืŸ. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ืึทืฉืึท ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื-ื”ืึธืจืฅ. ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืฉืจื™ืจืึธืก ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื-ื”ืึธืจืฅ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื™ืึทืฉืึท! -- 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ : ืืฒึทืš ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื“ืจืึทืžืึท 
ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืข --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ืคึผืจื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืื™ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ! ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืฒึท ื ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืกืคึผืึธื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืžื™ืœืช-ื—ืกื“ื™ื, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ื“ืจืึทืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื”! ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืฆื• 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื™ืขื“ื ืคืึทืœืก, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืœืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ 


ื™ืœ 
ืจื‘ื“ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ืฉ. ื“ืึธื‘ื™ืŸ 
4 ,((501586) 6ืžืž4ื’125 ,1161105 6510 


ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื‘ื™ืŸ! (ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™). 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. 


589 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ? --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืฉื•ืœืข" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืื™ื“. ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืžืช 
ื”ื ืื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืœืึทื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš, ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึทืคื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ืง, ืึทืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ,,ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืจืข", ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืึทื–ืึท ืจื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ืืžืช ืึท 
ืฉืึทื ื“ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืงืจืœึทื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืฒึทื–ืœืขืš ,, ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ" : ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ืจื’ื•ืŸ!. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืฉื•ืœ", ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจ! 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื—ืกื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืœืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืฉืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ,, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ", ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืืฒึทื ืคืœืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ- 
ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื› ืึท ืคึผืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึธืคื˜ 
ืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ -- ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืจืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึทืœื‘-ืึทืกื™ืžื™ืœืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœืึทื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืขืก ื‘ืจืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ื”ื™ื“ื“-ืคึผืึทื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืขืงืฉื ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช. ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ! ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ. 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืงืœืึธืจ. ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืขืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜. ืขืก ื’ืขื ื“ื–ืœื˜.. ืึทืŸ ืขื•ื•ืœื” ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ (ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืžืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฉืึธืฐื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ) ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจืข -- 
ื“ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฆืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš -- ื—ื“ืจื’ื™ืงืขืก ,ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึท ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ืึทืจืฑืกืจืฑื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฉ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืขืงืจืข- 
ื˜ืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ... ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ : ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฐื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
-- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜. 

ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืจื—ืœืขืŸ ื’"ืค ืื•ืŸ ื›ืขืžืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜-ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื› ื—ืชึผื™: ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ,ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ" -- 
ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก --- ืื™ืš ืœืึทืš ื ื™ื˜ -- ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืื™ื˜ืฉืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•? -- ืึท 
ืคืึธืœื’ ืžื™ืš ืึท ื’ืึทื ื’! ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืŸ -- ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืึทื– 
ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืžืกืชึผืžื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื‘"ื” ื‘ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ื”"ืฉ. 


ื ืึธืš ืึทืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง, ืจื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืžืก 
ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืœืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฉืึธืฐื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื™. 

ื ืึธืšืจ ืึทืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™ืœืข: ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก? ืึทื ื• 
ื˜ืจืขืคื˜! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื•ืึท ืฉื‚ื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืก ืืฒึทื ืคืึทืœืŸ! ืื™ืš 
ื’ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข, ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืœืขืžืขื ื™ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจื—ืœืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืืคื ื”, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืจ! 

ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขื™ืงืจ:-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™ืก: ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฒืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ 
ืฆื• ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื‘ืจื” ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ 
ืึทื– ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคืึธืจ ืึทืจืฑืก (ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืคืึธืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ) ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ , ืจื™ืกืขืŸ- 
ืœืึทื ื“"... (ืึทื“ืขืก, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืœืึธื“ื•ืฉ, ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืงื™ึทืขื•ื• ืื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืขื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. --) ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืก'ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื•ื•ื•ึผ, 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ- ืฉื›ืชึผื™, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ื ืฒึทืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืจื—ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ: 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ --- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืึท -- ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. ืื™ ืคืึทืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ ื™ื™ื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืข? -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขืกืง! ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืฆืขืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื—"ื• ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื‘ื™ื– 120 
ื™ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ. ื˜ื™ืกื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ. ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืข ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ (ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื˜ื‘ืข --- ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ !) ืœื™ืึธืœื™ืึท ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœืœ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ --- ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•- 
ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืœืึทื›ื˜, ืžื™ืฉืึท ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื™ื•ืจื™. ืขืžืึท, ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ืึท ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, 
ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ , ืœืขื˜ืขืจ". ื ื•ืžืึท ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื’ืขืฅ -- ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืฉืึธืš ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื— ืื™ื– 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”. ืึทื—ืจื•ืŸ ืึทื—ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ --- ืœื™ืึธืœื™ืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข, ื‘ืขืœืึท, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื‘ืขืœืึท ! 
ืึท ื›ึผืคึผืจื”, ืึท ืžื™ืชื”-ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง ืคึผื•ืจื™ืฉืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื›ืฆื™ืง ื–ืึทืžื™ืกืœืึธื•ืกืงื™ืก ืคืึทืจ 
ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข, ื‘ืขืช ื–ื™ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงื•ืงืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ! 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜! (ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฆืฐืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืจืขืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืŸ. 


ืฆ ื ื 


ืฐืึธืก ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื“ืึธื‘ื™ืŸ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆืขื’ืฐืึทืœื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื˜! ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืึทืœืข. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜... ืึท ืคืจื•ื™ -- ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื™ืœืข -- ืงืฒื‘ืึทืœื™ืข ื‘ืœ ื ื™ืฆื, ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืึท 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื– ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืื™"ื” ืึทื”ื™ื. 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืึทืœืข ืืฒึทืขืจื™ืงืข. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื™ืึธ, ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™: ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืขื ื˜ืœืขืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึถืœื’ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ืงืจื•ื‘ื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 


591 


ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืึท ืฐืฒึทื‘. ื–ื™ ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืจื—ืœืขืŸ. ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ? 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ? ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ? ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืœืžื”"ืฉ 
ื“ืขื ,, ืฉืคึผืึทืก". ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก: 
95 ,10 06 ืกื’ื•ืช (501586) 806ื–12ืก 


4 ืฆื• ื. ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ 


ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง, 29/15 ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1914 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ! 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื". ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข -- ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ -- ื‘ืจื™ืกืง -- 
ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง. ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืฐื™ืœื ืึธ -- ืžื™ื ืกืง --- ื’ืจืึธื“ื ืึธ --- ืกื•ึผืฐื•ืึทืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึทื” ื™ื™ ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืึธ 1161105 ืž280810 (5019856) 06ืž1:898 ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผืขื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืœืขืš ืคืึทืจ ืกื™ื ืขืžืึท. ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืึทื’ื‘ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืงืกืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ. ืœืžืขืŸ-ื”ืฉื ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒื™ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ืข"ื™ , ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืึธื™ืข", ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื’ืึท, ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืคืึธืจื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื ืขื“ื–ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš. 


ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


.2,5 ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 2, 3, 4 ืžืฒึท. 


5, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 


4 ,8ืกื’ืžื ื 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ! 

ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืก -- ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื -- ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง! 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’. ื–. ื“. ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ 4 ืžืฒึท ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ 4 ืžืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ 6 ืžืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืึทื“ืจืขืกืข. -- 

ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืกืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 2 
ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, 

ืื™ืŸ ,, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข, ืึทื– ื“ืขื 28 ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื™ื’ืข. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. --- ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกืึทืจื™ืึธ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืฆืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืžืžื™ื˜ืœื‘ืึทืจ. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2,854 ืื™ืŸ ืคึผ"ื‘ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ,,ืขืฆื”", , ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก 


592 


ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ?ืข ืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืขืฆื”". ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืง ื“ืขืจืฆื•.. -- 
: 8110ื”:ืกื–ื™ืขืฆื™ืกื ื”ืื•ื ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื•ื“ื”ืช ืก1/ : 260 
.ื—ื’/ .111 ื”ืง ืขื–ืืกืืกืคืกืฆืกืข 3 .}/ :ืกืžืคื”ืขื ({ 
/ ื–ืžื”ืกืงืก ืกื ืื‘ื 3 ื–ืžืกืกืกืขืก ื™ื™ืก 
.2 111 ื”ื”ื” ืฆ{ืกืืกืขืก 1 26 .ืงื— ืขืืกืขืžืขื˜ื’2 ,ื–ืงืฅ1161606 .0 (2 


6. ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืึท, ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื— ื”'ืชืจืข"ื“ 


ืึท ื’ื•ื˜-ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืฒึทืš, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฒื™ื“ืข! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื–ืงื•ื ื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท 
ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜-ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืžืข ? 
ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืก ืึธืคึผืœืฒื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผื ื™ื-ืืœ-ืคึผื ื™ื. 
ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื—ื•ืœ-ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกืึทืจื™ืึธ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ.. ืึท 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืึทืจื“ืจืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉ ื•ื•ืึทืจืฆืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืคึผื™ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข, ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข. ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก. ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– -- ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื, 
ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ -- ื‘ื˜ืœื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืฆืขื‘ื˜ืœื ื™ื. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืก'ืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธืœืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœืึทื›ืŸ 
ื”ืœื•ื•ืึทื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืœืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืœืึทื›ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง. ื•ื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื›ึผืœื™ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ --- ืึธืžืŸ! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืืฒึทื ื™ืงืœ 
ืฉืœื•ื- ืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


7. ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื— ื”'ืชืจืข"ื“ 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ! 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื• ืžืขืœื“ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื—ื•ืœ-ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืคึผืกื—, ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธื’ 11 ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ื”ืฉื, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธืฃ ื“ื™ืš ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืกื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทืงืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก! ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคึผืกื—, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš 


593 


ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื• /ืคืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ื˜ืœืœื›ื 


ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜, ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืกืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธืš ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืกื—ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืฆืจ-ื”ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืกื—ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืฉ, ืงื ื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, 
ืืฒื™ืขืจืœืึธืงืฉืŸ, ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคึผืœ-ืงื•ื’ืขืœืขืš, ื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขื›ืฆืœืขืš, ืœืึทื˜ืงืขืœืขืš ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื” ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืขื ืข ืžืึธืœืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืข 
ื•ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ืžืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืžืื›ืœื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื– ืกื—ืœืฉื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืึทื›ืฆืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก (ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืฑ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ?), ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืึธื˜ืจืึทืฐืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืึทื“ืึทื ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืขื ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขืจืขื --- ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืึธื˜, ืึทื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ (ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื”ืึทืคื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึท ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืึทืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืึทืงืฐืขืžืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜ืŸ, ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื‘ืึธื“ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•), ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ (ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’- 
ืœืขืš) ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคึผืกื—. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื• 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฉื‚ื’ื”. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื›ึผืฉืจืŸ ืคึผืกื— ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื“ืึทืก ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทื“ืึทื. 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8, ืฆื• ื. ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ 


4 /ืก0ื11/? 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ! 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ. ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผ"ื‘ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”' ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืก. ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒื™ 
ืื™ื -- ืžืข ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืขื ื’ืขืจืŸ, ืฆื• ืจืขื›ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืึทืœืขืก. ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื’ืขืจ 
ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขืœืคื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืขืก ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ืš ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผ"ื‘. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 7556 ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš : 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ื ืึทืžืข ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื–ืŸ ? ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท 
ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืืฒึทื ื ืึทืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 800 ืจ', ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช 600, ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
0, 7500 150 ืจ'. -- ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื ื“ืŸ 150 ืจ' ื“ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 1000 ืจื™ ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืฐืึทื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื–ืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ืคื•ืŸ 1000 ืจ' ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœืคื˜. ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืข ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


598 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื•ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื™ ื›ื 


9, ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ 


ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืึธ, 5ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1914 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ! 

ืžืŸ-ื”ืกืชึผื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืชื”ืœืš 
ื‘ื” -- ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฐื•ืขืœื˜: ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ, ื‘ืจื™ืกืง, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืจื™ื’ืข, ืžื™ื ืกืง, ื’ืจืึธื“ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืงืจืึทื ืง ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืึท ืคืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื ืคืœื•ืขื ืฆืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ื“ืจืฒึท, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืขื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ืžืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื 18ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืงื•, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ 8ื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืื™ื– ืข"ื› ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืึธืš ื™ืžื™ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, 
ืชึผื—ื™ืœืช ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™"ื”, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉื•ืžืึท ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื• ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืž ื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ --- ืึธืžืŸ ื›ึผืŸ ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ! 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทื ืึท. ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– 
5 265104 ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืึทื”ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืฆื•ืคื”ืขื {8ืง6:2606 ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. 

ื ื’ืจื•ืก ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผ"ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0 ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจืขื‘ืขืจืง 
ื“ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืง, 19/6. 6. 19114),, ืคืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืง 


ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืจืขื‘ืขืจืง. ืึทื–ืึท ืขืžืคึผืคืึทื ื’ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืงื–ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ (ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜), ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืขื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืข 
ื‘ื•ืงืขื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื’ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึทืจืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืขื˜ ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืงืึธืจื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ! ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื”ื™ืœื›ื˜. ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ, ื–ืฉืึทื ื“ืึทืจ- 
ืžืขืŸ, ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉื•ื ื’ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืžืคึผืคืึทื ื’. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืจื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืคึผื”-ืœืคึผื”, 
ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืึท, ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืฆืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืืฑืฃ 
ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืง. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ืก, 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


1 ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ 


ื“ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืง, 20ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื™ 1914 


ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ! 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืขื ื“ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืœ 


595 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•/ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืืงืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’, ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื‘ืฒึท ื˜ืึธื’, 
ืคืึทืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข"-ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘. ืขืœ-ื›ึผืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืžืกืชึผืžื ืึทืจืึธืคึผื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข ืคืึทืจื–ื•ื›ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืงื ืขื‘ืขืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืข, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืกืœื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ืฒึทืขืจื˜ืข 
ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืœืขืš (ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืœืขืš), ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทื“ืœืขืžืœืขืงืึท, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื ื™ืฆืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืกืžืขื˜ืขื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื“ืึทื ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 
ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธืคืœืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื—ื™ื”, 
ืึทื– ืžืข ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทื ืข-ื’ืจืฒึทืคึผืœืขืš. ื ื•, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืกืขืจื™ื™! 
ืžื™ืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื•ืœืœ-ื•ืกื•ื‘ืื ื™ืงืขืก... 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2 ืฆื• ืœื•ืื™ืก ืžื™ืœืขืจ 


ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื“ืกืžืึทื ื“ืก ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, 28ืกื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1914 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืžืจ, ืœ. ืžื™ืœืขืจ! 

ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ื“ืจืš"ื ืก ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœ-ื‘ืึทืจื‘ืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ืึทื”ืขืจ, ืื™ื ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืึธืจ 
ื’ืึทืกื˜ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืึทืจืง, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ -- ืึธืžืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ื ื“ืึธ, 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœืขื–ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืขื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืœืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ-ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืฆื•ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื–ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก, ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœืก -- ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืกืขืจ ืขื“ื•ืึทืจื“ ื’ืจืขื™, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ืึทื’ื™ื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขื ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ-ืคืจืึทื’ืข -- ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžืกืชึผืžื ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืจืึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึทืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืืจืฅ- 
ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืก ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ , ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ-ืคืจืึทื’ืขื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš -- ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืœื•ืช. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืกืฒึท ื•ืกืฒึท ืฐืขื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืขืŸ ืื“ื’"ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืœื•ืช-ืžื“ื™ื ื” 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืจืฉืขื™ื -- ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจืŸ ืžืึทืกื ืฐืฒึทืŸ 
(ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1492, ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืŸ). ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื•ืช-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ -- ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ,, ื‘ืขืœ-ื™ื•ืขืฅ": ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื›ึผืœืœ-ื˜ื•ืขืจืก ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ (ืื™ืฆื˜ ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ) ื“ื™ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืึทื’ื™ื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืื™ืจ, ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข, 


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ื‘ืจึผื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื™ื ืข ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข --- ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึธืœืจืฒึทื˜. -- ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืฐืขืžื‘ืขืจ-ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง. -- ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื‘ืขืง (ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“), ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ. 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


3 ืฆื• ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื ื™ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, 21. 12, 1914 
ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”' ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ! 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืงืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืฐืœ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืึธื•ืœ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึถืœืจืฒึทื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืœืขืš, ื•ื™ ,,ื—ื•ื”", ,ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึทืžืขืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ (ืฆื•ื ื‘"ืฉ: ,ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’", , ื ืขื‘ืึทืš 
ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข", ืื•ืŸ ื“"ื’ืœ). ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื“ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืžืึทืžืข-ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืืฑืกืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, 
ืฐื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 2: ืฐื•ืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ ื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ -- ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ: ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 2 ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื: ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืžืข ื›ึผืœื™ื–ืžืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื›ึผืœื™ื•ืžืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืง. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืึทื– ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื•. -- ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ , ื“ืขืจ ืกืงื•ืœื‘ืึธื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ,,ืžืึธืจื™ืก 
ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“". ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜! -- ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืข- 
ื–ืขื ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ ? --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ืคึนึผืึธืจ 
ื“ืึธืœืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืจื•ืช! ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’, ื ืึธืš 
ืคืึทืจ ืึทื›ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงื‘ืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืึทื ื’. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ื•ืจื— 
ืื•ื™ืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึท , ืคึผืขืงืœ". 


ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก 
ืฉืœื•ื ืœืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผ.ืก. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜, ื–ืข ืื™ืš, ืคืขืœืง ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึท ืœื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืžืึธื˜ื™ืฐื•: ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท 
ื™ื™ื“ (ืึทื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ืจืฆืขืจ: ืฉื•ืงืขืจ ืฆื• ื•ืœืืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“)? (ืื•ื ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ื“ืขื ืจืขืคืจืขืŸ, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืขื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง: , ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ"). ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก 
ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ,,ืคึผืœืขื™", ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื”ืขืœื“ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ืึธืจ -- ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 


57 


ื›ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืกืจืขืฆืœืงื™ืคื 


ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืกื˜ืงืขืก -- ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžืึธืœืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ -- ืื™ืžืขื ื™ื ืขืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–. -- ืฐืึธืจืขื ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ -- ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึธื ื™ืข-ืœืึทื ื“, ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“. ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืกืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜. 
ืกืข ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ ื–ืึทืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืึท ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš, 
ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืžืึทื“ื™ื. ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ , ื—ื•ื”", ,ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขืŸ? ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืœืึธื›ื”. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 


4 ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืœ-ื”;ืงื•ื ื“ืก" 


ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1914 
ืžืฒึท ื“ื™ืจ ืกืขืจ: -- 
ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฐ-ื™ืึธืจืง, 
ื•ื•ืขืจื ื“ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืฒึทืœ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธื’ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืขืจ-ืงืขื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืขืกืขืจ ? 
ืื™ืš, ืึทื– ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืจืืฉื™ืช-ื—ื›ืžื” 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ,ืงื•ื ื“ืก", ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืจื–ืึทื›ืข: ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’, -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ื ืื”, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ -- ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ,, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงื•ื ื“ืก". ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ ืงื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื ื“ืกืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ืจืึธืœืข ืขืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ,, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงื•ื ื“ืก" ื‘ืคืจื˜. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืข ,,ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ" 
, ื”ืึธืฐื•ื™ืฆืขืจืก", ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืข , ืฆืขืคึผืขืœื™ื ืก" ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืกื˜ืึทืคึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ืฉืฒืœืขื›ืข ืžืœื—ืžื” 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคึผืœื•ื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืึทืจื™ื–ื. ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ืฒึทืกื ื“ืข ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ! ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืžืœ, ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืึทื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืกื™ืจืงื•ืœื™ื™ืฉืึธืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงื•ื ื“ืก" ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืกื˜ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืงืจื™ื’. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืึท 
ื’ืจืึธืฉืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ื ื™ืงืœ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 


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ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืฒึทืœ ืฆื• ืคื•ืก ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืคืจืึธืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื•ื™ ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื›ึผืœื”, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึทื“ืฐืขืจื˜ืฒื–ืžืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืงืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื˜ืึธื’, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึท ื“ืขืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืง, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืœืขื–ืœ 
ืฐืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืฐืึทื ืึทื“ืกื™ื’ืึทืจ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืกืึทืคึผืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ื‘ืฒึทืกื˜, ื‘ืฒึทืกื˜ ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื›ึผืœืœ, ืึทื– ืขืก ื‘ืฒึทืกื˜ ืงืจืึทืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ืงืจืึทืฆื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜... ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ -- ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืึถืœืจืฒึทื˜! 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึธืœืจืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคึผืึธืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ -- ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜. 


ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ ืฉื‚ื›ืœ, ืึทื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฉื‚ืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขื™ืงื‘ ืฉื›ื—ืชื™: ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื’ืข: 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ? ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึทืœื–ืึธ ืึทืฐื•ืขืง- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืจืึทื’ืข, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ: ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš --- ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ,ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืงื•ื ืจืก". 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5 ืฆื• ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ื™. ื–ืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืชึผืฉืจ"ืง) 


ื ื™ืฒืึธืจืง, 9ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1915, ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื— ื”'ืชืจืข"ื” 

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืชึผืฉืจ"ืง! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืจื•ืคืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืงืฉื” -- ืžื—ื ื™! ืื™ืŸ , ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื”ืœืฉืข ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ืงืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ืžื•ื”ืœื™ื. ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจ ื ืฒึท-ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืก. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึท- 
ืœื™ื˜ืขื˜. ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืึทืœื–ืึธ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ, 

ื“ืึทื ืงืขื ื“ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื›ึผืฉืจืŸ ืคึผืกื—. 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


6 ืฆื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืึธืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืฉื• 
ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1915 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืฉื•! 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 


599 


ื‘ืจื™ืœื— ืคื•ืŸืฉืœื•ื:ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืคืขืจื“-ื’ื ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืขืจื“"ื’ื ื‘ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขื™ืง. 
ืื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘: ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื ื˜ื•ื. ืžืึธืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทื ืขืจ. ื“ืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ื‘ืฒึท ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืึทืจืคืข 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ, ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืœืึธืจืข, ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืข, ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒึท ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื ืขื ,,ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธ?. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ-ื’ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ. ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืึทืง ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืœืึธืŸ-ืงื™ืคึผืขืจ, ืžื™ืกืขืก 
ืจื™ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ืฆื“ืงืชืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืฉื™ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืกืฆืขื ืข, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื–ืฉื™ื™ืง ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึทื ื™ื‘ืจืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื’ืœืขื–ืœ ืžืฉืงื”, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืึทืฆืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ืงืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืขืงืขืจื™ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืก. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจืก, 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืก. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ืฐ-ื™ืึธืจืง. ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜. ื–ืขื˜ ืฆืขืฐืึทืจืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืึทืš. ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– ืžืึธืœืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืžืขืจื™- 
ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื ื˜ื•ื. ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืจืฒึทืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขื ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช-ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผืจื™ ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ, ื“ืึธ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ- 
ื ืขื ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ืึธืš. ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื™ื•ื ื’ืข". ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžืึทื ื™ืœืฒื‘ --- ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ื–ื™ืก! ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื“ืœ ืฉื˜ืึธืง -- ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉืฒึทื˜ืข ื ืงื‘ื”! 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืŸ ืกืœืึธื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ, ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ 
ืื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทื ื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ืœื™ื“ืขืจ: 


,ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืึทืคื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ, 
ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“..." 


ื•ื•ื™ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒึท ืขืจืข 
ื™ืึธ ืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ, ,,ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ"! ื”ืึธืš! ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึทืฐืึธ! ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ื•ืจืึท ! ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื“! --- ืจื•ืฃ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ, -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึทืงืกื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึท 
ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืคึผืึทึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ืฉืจืฒึทืขืจืก... 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื .ื‘. ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ-ืฉื›ื—ืชึผื™: ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ืขื˜ , ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ 


00 


ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ,,ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ?.., 


ืฉืœื•ื:-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


7 ืฆื• ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ 


ื ื™ื•"ื™ืึธืจืง, 27ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1915 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืึท ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ: -- 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ ืœื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืจืขืกืคึผืึธื - 
ื“ืขื ื˜ ื–... ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึท ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืืึทื–ืฒื•, 
ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜, ื“"ื” ืึทื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ื ืคืฉ ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžืึธื ืขืŸ : ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ื•ื•ื•ึผ, ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑืŸ ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึทื ื“, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืึท-ื“ื•-ื™ื•-ื“ื• ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึทืœื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ืืžืช, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ืข, ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข, ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืขืœืŸ, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื–ื’ืขื ื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ 10--12 ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจืฉืฑืŸ, 
ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื ? ืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืŸ ? ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื ืขืœ ื•ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜. 


ื“ืึทื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก 
ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜: ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


8. ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื 


ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, 28ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1915 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ! ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ! ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ? ืขืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ? ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขื™ืงืจื™ื. ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ืŸ. ืžืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืืจื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™- ื“ืจืฒื™ 


001 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ? ืžื”ื™ื›ื-ืชึผื™ืชื™. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืึทืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ. ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ืขืฐื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืžื™ื˜. ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืึทืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ื’ืขืงืจืขื ืงื˜ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื™ืฉ. ืฉื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ; ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ืงื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืึธืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืึธืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื–ืขืจืœืขืš. ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื•, ืฐื•ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื” : 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ืงืจืึทื ืง. ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจ- 
ื ืึทืœืŸ. ื ื•ืžืข, ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื–ื™ื ื™ืง, ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืึท ืžื–ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ -- 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ! ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืžืึธืœืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ -- ืขืจ 
ืžืึธืœื˜ ืงืึทืจื™ืงืึทื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืึทื›ื˜-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท, ื˜ื™ืกื™ืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, 
ืงื™ืคึผืœื™ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉืขืงืกืคึผื™ืจืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืึธืจ,. ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ, ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜? ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ื–ืฒื™ื“ืข! 


ืื™ืขืจ ืฉ ืœื•ื ื–ืขืœื™ื›ื 


9. ืฆื• ื™ื”ื•ืึธืฉ 


ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึธืŸ, ื "ื™, 14ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1915 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข ื™ื”ื•ืึธืฉ! 
ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืขื ืึธื“ --- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’. ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืก 
ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืึธืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ื. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


0. ืฆื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืœืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ 


2. 7, 1915 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื—. ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืœืึธืฐื•ืกืงื™! 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืš ืฉืึทืฅ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฆื“ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ , ืžืึทืžืข-ืœืฉื•ืŸ". ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ืžืขืจืงืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ , ื˜ืึธื’" (, ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืจืขื•ืฃ 
ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“"). 


02 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


1. ืœืžืื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ-ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื”ื“"ื ? ืžืžื”-ื ืคืฉืš, ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืฉื™-ืชึผื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ,ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื", ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืฑื™ึทืฉืŸ , ืœืึท-ื”ืึท-ื“ืึทื" ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 

2. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ , ื‘ืจืขืฉ" ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจืขื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ: 
, ืฉืคึผืึทืœื˜" -- ืื™ื– ืึท ืกืš ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ 
,ื‘ืจืขืฉ" -- ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื•ืง (ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืขืคึผื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ !). 

2 ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก , ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืกื˜ ืคืจืฒื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทืคึผืœื˜ ืคืจืœื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜" ? ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– , ืฉืžื•ืขืก 
ืคืจืœื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ,, ืคึผืœืึทืคึผืœ ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜" ืื™ื– ืงื™ืจืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ? 

4. ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืงืึทืจ ืืึทื–"ืฐื• -- ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืึทื–ืึท ืคืึธื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
,ืฐื•ื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ" (ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืขืจ) ืคืขืคืขืจ ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึธืœืจืฒึทื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื• ? 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


.25 ืื›ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›' --- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง , ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืฆืขืจ". ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืฆืึธืœืŸ 


1 ืฆื• ืžื ื—ื 


ื‘ืจืึทื ืงืก, ื "ื™, 24ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1916 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื ื—ื! 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืึทื–ืฑ ? ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, 25, ืขืคื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ื‘ืึทื–ืึทืจ", ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, 24, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืš ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ -- 
ืฐืฉื•ื™ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ = - - 
ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืึธ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืš ืึท ืคึผืึทืกื™ืงืข ื–ืึทืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: 


ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข ืจื™ื™ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-"ืขืœื™ื›ื, 


ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ, ื“ืึทืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื• 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึธื ืงืก, ืงืขืœืœื™ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ 968, ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ื“ื•ืจืš ืกืึธื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึธืŸ --- ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 9 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
9 ืึธื“ืขืจ 10 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืœืจืฒึทื˜ ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ -- ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึท ืžืœืžื“, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ืึทืจ-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข 


ืฉืœื•ื. ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืก. --- ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“'ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ?... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื•ืžืข ืจื™ื™ื–ื™ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืก ืžืึธืœ ?.. 


603 


ืคื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืคึผ-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


2, ืฆื• ื™ื”ื•ืึธืฉ 


ื ื™ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, 23ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1916 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ืึธืฉ! 
ืึท ืฐืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดืฉืจ- ื›ึผื•ื— ืืฒึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืฒึทื–ืข-ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ -- ืœืขืช-ืขืชึผื” ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘. ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš. ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš-ืึท ืกืš! 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


32. ืฆื• ื•ื•. ื˜ืฉืึทื’ืึธืฐืขืฅ 


ื•ืžืึทืจืฅ-ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1916 ?ืŸ 


ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข, ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืœืึทื ื“, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข! ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื™ืก ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื™ืก ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ื™ื ืงืŸ.. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื™ืก ืื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก, ื“ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทืงืขืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืขื’ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ 
ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜, 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืคืึทืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืœื™ืง ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืคืขืกืึธืจ, ื“ื•ื“ ืกื™ืžืึทื ืกืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืข- 
ืžืึทืจืง, ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืึทื ื“ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืงืจืึธืœืึธื’ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ, ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืจื—ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื‘ืฒึทื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“. 

ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงื‘ืœืช-ืคึผื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ื™ื™ึทึดื“ืŸ! ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื›ื ื™ืก-ืื•ืจื—ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงืึธืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก! ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ! 

ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืึท , ืจืขืกืขืคึผืฉืึธืŸ" -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืœืฉื•ืŸ ,ืึทืŸ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜". ืื™ืŸ , ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ื™ื•ื ื™ืึธืŸ" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืœ ื“ืึธ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื‘ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ; ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื , ืงืึทืจื ืขื“ื–ืฉื™ ื”ืึธืœ" ืื•ื™ืฃ 
0 ืžืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ! ื“ืึทืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื™ืึทืฐืขื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกืึทืจื™ืึธ (,,ืžืขื ืขื“ื–ืฉืขืจ" ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ), ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืจื•ืžืคื™ืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ,, ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืŸ" ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื ืฆื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคื™ืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ, 

ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืขื ืขืจ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฆืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึทืจืฑืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 


604 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ (,ืึท ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื”"). ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึท ืกืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข 
ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข-ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, 

ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข, 

ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš 
5 ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทืฐืข ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ,ืึทืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขื" ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื”ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘- 
ืœื™ืง". ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. 

ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืกืจ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทืฐืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืžื•ืจื, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒื™, ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ืขืจ (38818 4601 ืข ื‘ืงืกื). 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžืึทืขืกื˜ืจืึธ ืื™ืŸ ,66/, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชึผื•ืš ื’ืึธืจ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ 32 ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื : 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


5, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืึทื”ืขืจ ืฆื•. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท 
ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. 


05 




























ืฉืฉ ื™ื™ ื ืฆืื”ื˜ + ื˜ื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื˜ื˜ื™ืื˜" ื•ืื™ื˜ืข ,ื™-ื™ื•ืฉ ืื– ื–ื 
ื™ื™ 6 : ื™ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ืขืฉื™ื˜+ ื–ื™ื•ืกื˜ืืืฉ = 2 

07 ืฉื•ืฉื˜ืค"ื–ืฉืžืœื โ€ /ืฆื• {: ื•ืกื˜ืฉ ื™ืฉืขืจื™ืืฉื˜ ืขื• 
ื™ื ืฐืฉื™ื“ื™ืกื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืฉื– = ืฉื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื– ื™ื˜ ื”ืืจื™ ืฉืื˜ 
ื”ื™ ืืœ ืื™ 4 ื™ื˜ ื•ืขื˜'ืข ื–ึฐืฉื™ึนืึตืช ? ื 
ืึธื˜ ื™ืœ 9 ื–ืœืืœื˜ื–: ืกืข;ืืคื“ื–ื”ืฆืจื™ื”ื•ื– ืกืืœ ื™ื•ื’ ื 
ื•ื•ื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื˜ืื™ื™ื•ื–ื˜' ื–ื ืื™ ื™ื“ ืขื“ื™ ื™ืฉ ื– ืฉื™ืื• ื•ื™ 


+, ื™ื˜ ื ืืื™ื˜ ืื™ ื ืŸ ืขื™ =" 
ืจ ื 26 2 








ืฉึผ ืื˜ ืื™ 1 6 


ื™ืฉ 4 + = ื™ืฆ (+ 
ืืก !1 ื˜ 





== ื™ืง" = =+ ื™ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืื™ื”ืฉ 4 ื–ื™ ืฅ : 
ื™ืฉืฉ" -ืฉื™ืŸ 4/ื ืืœื“ ื•ื“ื—.. ืคืฉื™ื+ ืื˜ืขื’ ื™ื–ื ื™ืข 
7 ื™ื™ 6 -ืฉื™ืกื™ื” ื ื™ ื™ืข ืจื™ื˜ ,ื™ื™ ื™ืฉ + ื™ื™ 
1 1 : ืฉื™ืจ ืขื” ื”ืจืŸื•) 6 ื—ื™ืฉ ื : { 6 8 
ื• / ืขืจ ืืฉื™ ืืฉ - ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ืœ 
ื”ื” 7ืก ื“ื— "ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื˜ืœ ืื‘ ื™ 


ืื™ : : 0 ืขืœ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ ืื˜ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ 
ืงืืคืฉืฉืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ ื–ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ื™ื– ืฉืฉ ืฆืฉื˜ื™ื™ื™ื 


2 ื ื 1 4 0 ื•ื 
ืขื™ ื™ืข ื™ืข ื ืื™ื™ืฉ ืืขื•ื•ืืงื ื™ื˜ 
ืื˜ ื™ืืจ ืื™ ื•ื˜ ื™ืฉ ื™ืึทื– ืฉื™ ื ืฉื™ืืœ 

| 5 ืื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ืืฉ ื™ื™ ืฉืฉ ื™ื™ ื 


6 ื”ื• 
ื“ืฆ ื™ื™ , 


: +.5 = ื”ึผ ื–*ื™ืจ 


* ื ืจื ื™ ืฉื– ื—ืช 


ื’ื ืื™ ื— 
ื 
: ื ื™ื™ 
: 5 
- ืขืจื” ืจ 
ื™ - 3 
: 
) 
ื• 
: : 
="ื•ื™ ื™ื™ 
ื : : 
, ' ' 
ื• 
ื™ื™ 4 
: .ึด 
: ื™ ื–ืืœ 
' + : ื–ื™ืจ ื™ื™ื• 
' : 
ื™ื™ 5 ื• ื™ืœืฉ ื™ื 
: ื• : { 


ืงืืฉ ืืจืŸ. = ืจ 


ื•ืœ 0 ืฉื™ ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 





ื” ืขืจื•ืช 


ืืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื• ื ื•ืžื™ ื” 


ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื›ืจืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ื›ืชื‘"ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื›ื™ื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืกืึธืคื™ืขื•ื•ืงืข 
(ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข), ืฐื•ึผ ืฉ"ืข, 20 ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืžืœืš 
ืœืึธื™ืขืฐื•ืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™. ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ืงืจื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืฆื“. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืœ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 2 
ืฐืึทืœืฃ -- ื•ื•ืขื•ื•ื™ืง ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ (1844--1939). ื™ืึทื ืงืœ -- ื™ืขืงื‘ 
ืกืึทืœืขื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืึธื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžืึทืžืขืก ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืฒึท ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื•ื•ื™ืง ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜ืฉืงืขืก. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื—ื• ื ื•ื? 3 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื ื—ื•ื ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข (ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ). ื–ืึทืœืึธื˜ื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ -- 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ื—ื‘ืจ, ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืึทืจื™ื“". ื—ื ื” -- ืฉืœื•ื'ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžืึทืžืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 4 


ืืœื™ื”ื• -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ. ืึท ืฐืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฐืึทืกืขืจืฐืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื , ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืขื ืขื ื™ื". ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื˜ื ืข (,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜", 
ื ื•ืž' 22, 1884) -- ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื”ื™ื’ื™ืขื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืžื”ื ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื , ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜". 
ืœืึทื ื“ืฑ (ืœืึทื ื“ืึทึฟื•), ืึทื“ืึธืœืฃ ื™ืขืคื™ืžืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1842--1902, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" (ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื ื’) ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1882--1898. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 5 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท โ€ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ื‘ืฒึทื ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจ ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™. ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืกื™ืžืขืจืขื ืงืึธ (ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข). 
ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ืก ื’ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงืึทื˜ืขืจื™ื ืึธืกืœืึทืฐืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืขืจื“-ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜. 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื’ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืœืึธื™ืขื•ื• ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ , ื‘ืฒึท ื™ืขื ืขื". 


ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื? 6 
ืฉื‚ื“ื” ืœื‘ืŸ -- ืคืึทืจื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ (ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ) ื‘ื™ืขืœืึทื™ืึท ืฆืขืจืงืึธื•ื• (ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฆืขืจืงื•ื•ืข), ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 8 
ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข (ื—ื™ื”-ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข-ื˜ืฒึทื‘ืœ ืœืึธื™ืขื•ื•) -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ื”, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 


ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฆืฐืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืžืึธื™ืกืฒ ืกืึธืฐืขืœื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉ"ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 


607 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืึทื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืžืึทื–ืึธืจืก ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ 
ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื”? 10 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจืœืกื‘ืึทื“ 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉ"ืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืจืœืกื‘ืึทื“ ืงื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื—ื• ื ื•ื? 12 
ืฉืขืคื˜ืขืœ -- ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืฒึท, ืฐื•ึผ ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ื‘ื™ืคึฟื™ -- ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืึธืœื’ืึท. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 12 

ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™, 1858--1925, ืคึผืจืึธื–ืึทื™ึทืงืขืจ, ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ-ื–ืึทืžืœืขืจ, ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" (ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 1888--1896) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ;ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘-ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš" (ืฆืฐืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉื 0 ืคึผืจืฅ). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 14 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื“. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขืงื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘ื? 15 
ื‘ืึทื™ืึทืจืงืึท -- ืึท ื–ื•ืžืขืจืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืฐื•ึผ ืฉ"ืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื“ื™ 


ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. 


ืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืข ื ื•ื”' 16 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. ืฉ"ืข ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ : ื˜ื™ืคื™ (ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข), ื’ืขื‘ื™ 
4, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ; ืœื™ืืœื™ (ืฉืจื”), ื’ืขื‘' 1887, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ;: ืขืžื, 
ื’ืขื‘' 1888, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื™ื™ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื’ ; ืžืึทืจื•ืคื™ (ืžื•ื–ืึท, ืžืึทืจื™ืฆืึท), ื’ืขื‘' 1892, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ 
ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ; ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท (1889) ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืึท (1901). ืžื™ื˜ื›ืืœ ืงืึทื–ืืง ื–ื ื“ื•ื ืึทื™ืขื" (ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืึท ืงืึธื–ืึทืง ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ื ืึทื™) -- ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“. ืžืึทืจื™ืฆืึท ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืš-ื”ื›ืœ 
ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ, 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ื”ื˜ื• ื ื•ืž' 15 

ืจื—ืœ ืœืึธื™ืขื•ื• -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืคืจื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืจืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื”ื•ืกืœืึทื•, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึทืกื˜. ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ื ื—ืช-ืจื•ื— -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ,,ืžื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื ื™ืœืื ื‘ืึทื‘ื•ืกืงืึทืฒ (ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜), , ืื™ ื™ืึท ื˜ืึธื–ืข" 
(ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš). ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ,,ืฉ" ืื•ืŸ ,ื–ืฉ" ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึท ืคืึทืจื’ืจืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,ืก" ืื•ืŸ ,ื–". 


ืฆื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืจ ื ื•ื”? 15 
ืžื™ื˜ ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืึธื”ืœื™ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉ"ืข ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1890, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฆื–ืึทืžืขื ืคืึธืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืœืขื’ืึทื˜ืŸืฃ 


008 


ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืคื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื - ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืึธื”ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื”ื•ื™ื–. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”-ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ืึท ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืง, ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 


ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ื”ื•. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ , ืžืœื™ืฆื”", ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉ"ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื” ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคึผืึทืกืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 21 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข. -- ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื–ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืงืœืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
,ืื™ืžืขื ื™ืขืก" ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืœืขืš ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ืžืึธืกืงืึทืœื™ืึธื•ื• -- 
ื“ื™ืจื™ื’ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื›ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. 


ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื• ื ื•" 23 


ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืึท ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœืงืึท -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข (ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ) ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. ื›ืขืจื˜ืึท -- ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื•ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 29 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“, ื‘ืขืช ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืข- 
ืœืขืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜ : ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทื™ืึธื ื˜ื™ืง (,, ืื™ืžืขื ื™ืข") ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืกื•ืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 29 
ืฆื™ืฆืึทืก -- ื‘ืึทืœื“, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 31 
ืฉื˜ื™ื ืงื•ืจ -- ืึท ืกืึทื–ืฉืœืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 


ืฉื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 55 


ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืฆืฐืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข ืคืึทื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืึทืก ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืžืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืกื˜ืงืขืก. -- ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืึท ื‘ื™ื ืข-ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืœืึทืจื™ื ืึท" -- ื ืึธืš ื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืึทื ืึท ืœืึทืจื™ื ืึท ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ื ืก 
,ื™ืขื•ื•ื’ืขื ื™ ืึธื ื™ืขื’ื™ืŸ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 34 
ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ (ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ) ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 35 

ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, 1860--1941, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจืก, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง" ืื™ืŸ 10 ื‘ืขื ื“. ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ,ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืฅ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ;ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ", 1908, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ โ€ ื‘ืขืจืขืœืข" ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
,ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 36 


ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื ืึทืจืงื™ (ืคึผืกืขืฐื“' ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืงืกืฒ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืคึผืขืฉืงืึธื•), 1868--1926, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืคึผืจืึธื–ืึทื™ืงืขืจ. 


09 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 40 


ืžืึทื“ืึทื ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื™ืฅ. ืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• 
ืึท ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืจื•ื™ืกืง ืื™ื– ืฉ"ืข ืขืœื™ืคึผื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืคืึทืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท โ€ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืึทืกื™ืคึผืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. 
ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืชึผื—ื•ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง -- ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืื•ืžืœืขื’ืึทืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ื•ื ื“", 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 41 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ,, ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜?, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืง ืึทืจื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืื™ื ืขื ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืจื•ืฉื. ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœืึทื ื˜ืŸ-ืคืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคึผึฟืขืจืก -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืžืึทืจืง ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ 
ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืข. ื“ืึธืก ,ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ืจ" -- ืึท ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆืึทืจ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื™ื•ืจืฉ-ืขืฆืจ ืึทืœืขืงืกืฒ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ,ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’"ื˜ืขื’" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืจืขืฐื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืฒึทื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ื•ื ื“". ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1908, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉ"ืข ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืงืึธืจืขื’ื™ืจื˜. ื“ืึธ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ , ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืึทืœืขืงืกืข?... 


6 1 

ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืึทืœืขืงืกืข, ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืคึผืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืจื ืคืึทืจ ื™ืึทืคึผืึธื ื™ืข -- 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑืŸ ! ื–ืฒึท ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทืจ -- 

ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ! ืก'ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืก'ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืึธื ื™ืข, 
ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื–ืฉืข, ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ืŸ! ืก'ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฆืึทืจ. 

7 2 

ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ, ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืข, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืึทืกืขืก ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ! ืžืึทืš ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’! 

ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืงื™ืกืจ ื–ืึธื’ ื–ื™ ืฆื• ืึท ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข -- 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื 'ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึท ืคึผืฒึทื’. 

8 3 

ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื—ื›ื, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืคึผืœืขืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, 
ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืก'ื˜ื™ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืœืš ืฉื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฉื™ืกืŸ ืึทื ืึทืจื›ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœืึทื ื“ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ, 

9 4 

ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืื-ื™ืจืฆื”-ืฉื ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืึทืœื ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉืœื™ืกืŸ, 
ืจืขื ื˜ืขืก ืคื•ืœืข ื–ืขืง, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืึทืฆื™ื ื“, 
ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืก ืึทืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืง. ื“ ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, 

10 5 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทื ื“ืึทืจืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื–ืึทืงืŸ, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื”ืึทืฐืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืŸ, 
ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, 

ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืึทืงืŸ, ื”ืึทืงืŸ, ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ 
ืฉืžืฒึทืกืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, 


10 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื- ืขืœื™ื›ื 


11 ืคืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืงืึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืคืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ, 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ืคืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš, 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืก; 
ืž'ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ, ืž'ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืžืฒึทืกืŸ, 13 

ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืŸ , ืงืจืึทืžืึธืœืึท 

ื ื™ืขื–ื™ื‘ืœืขืžื™ืš ืึทืกื ืึธื•ื•"... 

12 ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืึทืœืขืงืกืข, ืก'ืื™ืš, ื ื™ืงืึธืœืึท, -- 
ืคืจืึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืข ืค'ืึทืœืข ืขืงืŸ, ืก'ืœื™ื“ืœ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ. 


ืกื™ืกื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก ืึท ืกืš, 


ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ื ื”ื" 42 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ ืฉ"ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜" ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘ื' 43 


ืฉ"ืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึทื–ืึท ืคืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•: ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ืึทื• ื ืึธ ื›ืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜. ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึทืฐื™ืฅ -- ืึทืœืข ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื• ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืฉ. ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (,,ืกืคื•ื’"), 1879--1929, 
ืคื•ืŸ 1922 ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. ืื™ืกืึทืง ืึทืœืขืงืคืึทื ื“ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’ -- ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืขืกืงืŸ. ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคึผืจืฅ, 1880--1948, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžืž' 44 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืกืคึผื™ืฐืึทืงืึทื•ื•ืคืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื ืึทื“ืœืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ , ืงื•ื ืกื˜- 
ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ". ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ (ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึทืจื›ื™ื•ื•), ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืงืึทื ืงื•ืจืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ,ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ", ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทื™-ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืข ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ื‘ืขืช ื“ื™ ืึธึทืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ-ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. ,ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’" -- ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 46 


ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืึท ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึทืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข. ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืœืึทื’ืขื ืข 
ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื•ืชื™ื™ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ-ื˜ืขืžื™ื. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ , ืื™ืกืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžืฉ" (ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ืขื•), 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข -- ,,ื‘ื•ืขื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืžื“". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘ืž' 47 
ื‘ืึทืจืึธืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืจืึธืŸ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ื– 35 -- ื‘ืึธืœืฉืึทื™ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืกื™ืœืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงืึทื™ืึท 25, ืฐื•ึผ ืฉ"ืข 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. ืžืึธื‘ (ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ) -- ืฐื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ, ื‘ืึทื ื“ื™ื˜ืŸ. 
ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 48 


ื‘ืขืจืงืึทืฐื™ื˜ื˜ืฉ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ื‘, 1885--1967, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขื, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืคึผื™ื›ื ืึธ -- ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜, ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ , ืงื™ืขืฐื•ืœื™ืึทื ื™ืŸ". 


11 


ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื˜ื• ืฉืœื•ื•ื ืงืข ืœื™ื›ื•ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘ื' 49 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื”ื™ืœืขืฐ-ืคึผืึธื“ืึธืœืกืง, ืฐื•ื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืขื” ืืฒื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 50 
ื“ื™ ืขืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืคื™ืข ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ืึธื” ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ , ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ึผื“ ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ" -- , ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืึท 
ื™ื™ึทื“ ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ" ; ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ , ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 'ืขื‘ืจื™-ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ" -- , ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ- 
ื“ ืฒึท ื˜ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ"; ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ,ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืึท ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ" -- ื’ ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท 
ื”ื•ืžืึธึทืจื™ืกื˜ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ"; ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ,ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืจื•ืช" -- , ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
--- ืื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ --- ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืจื•ืช" ; ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ , ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื˜" -- , ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื 
ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื˜"; ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜, ื’ืขืงืฐืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ" -- 
, ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜, ื’ืขืงืœืึทื˜ืฉื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ"; ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ,ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธื˜" -- , ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ ืขืงืจ ืขื ืงื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธื˜". ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึทืจื›ื™ื• 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึท โ€ ื“ ืจื™ื˜ืข ืจ ื•ืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืคื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึทื›ื˜ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื”, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคื™ืจ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ; 
ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ: 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ 

ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืข-ื•ื ื“, 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืจื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. 
ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ, 1885--1959, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึทืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืึทื™ึทืงืขืจ. ื‘ืŸ-ืึทื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืจ, 1866--1921, 
ืคึผืขื ื ืžืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื-ืœืฒื™ื‘ ืฉืึทืœืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ. ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ 4 ื‘ืขื ื“. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื” ื ื•ืž' 52 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืจืฒึทื–ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 
ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื‘ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืฉ"ืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1905 ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื“ื™ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืึทื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึท 
6 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒืฆืึทืจื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืงืจืฒึทืš, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“. ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1906 ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ื ื•ืžืึท ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฐ-ื™ืึธืจืง. 
ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ, 1881--1946, ื“"ืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขื. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 59 

ืงืจืึทืžืฐืขืœ, ืึทืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, 1599--1658 ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืจืึทืขืœื™, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, 1804--1881 -- ืžืœื•ื›ื”-ืœืฒึทื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืึท ื“ืขืฆื™ื“ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืข. 

ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 63 


,ื›ืจืึทื ื™ืงืœ" -- ืœืึธื ื“ืึธื ืขืจ , ื“ื–ืฉื•ืื™ืฉ ืงืจืึธื ื™ืงืœ", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ,ืื•ื ืขืจืงืขืกื™ื™ -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืœื•ืจื™ืข -- ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืจื™ื, 1871--1937, 


12 


ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ื›ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ-ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ,ื“ืึธืก 
ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง". ื›ืจืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ -- ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ื™ื•ืกืฃ-ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืจ, 1881--1921 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ, 1881--1948. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 64 


ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ , ืจื‘ืงื”" ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฐืึธืก ,, ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืกื™: ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ. ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ , ื’ืขื ืฃ" ืื•ืŸ ,ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ" -- ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ืฃ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ , ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก" ื‘ืฒึทื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืงื™ื•ืจ ื ื•ืž' 607 


ื’ืจืึทืฃ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึทื™ -- ืœืขื•ื• ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึทื™, 1828--1910, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 73 
ืึท ื‘ืึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ื•ื•ืข -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื"ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ -- ืจื—ืœ ืœืึธื™ืขืฐ. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 74 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื‘ืึทืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. -- 
ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžืขืจืงืŸ ืึท ื ืขื’ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืื™ื. 
ื’ื•ืจื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ืฐื•ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ -- ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืงื•- 
ืจืขื ืฅ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ื•ืคื : ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ (ื“ืึธืก โ€ ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
,ืžืึธืจื’ื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ") ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืžื™ืœื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›ึผื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ืฉื‚ื•ื ืื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึท ื˜ ืฆื•ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจืก 
(,,ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ืขืจื ืึทืง", ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกืฐื•ึผืจืฃ", ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืึทื“ืœืขืจืก ,ื’ืจืขื ื“ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ 
,ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™", ืึธื“ืขืจ , ื™ึดื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ", ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ื˜ืึธืžืึทืฉืขืฐืกืงื™ืก ,ืคึผื™ืคึผืœืก ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ"), ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ,,ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง" ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ : ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ , ื˜ืึทื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืื•ืŸ , ืžืึธืจื’ื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื–ื™ืœื–ื•ืœื™ื. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฉ"ืข ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืœ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ : ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืขื ืข ืจืžื–ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื’ืึธืจื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก. ื“ื™ ,,ื•ืึทืจื”ืฒื™ื˜", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ื’ืึทืจื“ื™ื ืก ืœืฒึทื‘ืึธืจื’ืึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื™ืžืฆืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ , ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ืขืจื ืึทืง" ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื˜ืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืึทื–ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,, ืคืึทืจื–ืขืขื ื™ืฉ". ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท ืงื‘ืœืช-ืคึผื ื™ื ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉืง ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื‘ื•ืœ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,, ืฐืึทืจื”ืฒื˜", ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ื˜ืึทื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธื›ื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ โ€ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ" (ื•ื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื™ืข ,,ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืคึผื™ื™ืกื™ ื“ืขื ื—ื–ื ืก"). ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืฆืฉื˜ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืึทืœืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื’ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ 
ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืง ืคืจืขืžื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืœืึทื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ึทื™ 
7 ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข. 


13 


ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื˜ื•ื” ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื˜ืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืจ ื‘ึฟื•ืž 75 
ื“ืึธ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ-ื˜ืึธื’ -- ื“ืขื 18ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ (3ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ). 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ื‘ื•ื. 7 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึทื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื—ืœ ืœืึธื™ืขื•ื•. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืฉ"ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 78 
ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืึทืคึผื™ืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ืžืึธืจื’ื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ" ืื•ืŸ , ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ". 
ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ,ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืึท ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 


ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื  ,,ืคื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ". ื“ืึธ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก , ื˜ืึทื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 79 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ,, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืฆืจ", ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื‘ื“ืขื” ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืึทื“ืœืขืจืŸ. -- ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื ื™-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ-ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทืจืฑืกื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ , ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ". ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืชึผื ืึทื™, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืขื˜ืข, , ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขื ืฅ". 
ื’ืึทืจื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘, 18523--1909, ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’, ืจืขืคืึธืจืžืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ื“ืขืก, ื™ื•ืกืฃ, 
7+--1928, ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ-ื™ื ื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฉ'ืึท. ืžืึทืกืœื™ืึทื ืกืงื™, 
ืฆื‘ื™-ื”ื™ืจืฉ, 1856--1942, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ-ืžื˜ื™ืฃ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธื’ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" (ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ). ืœื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื• -- ืึท ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึทืจืง, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืื™ 80 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืื•ืฆืจ", ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืฆืจ". ื›ึผื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ-ืจืขืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ืึทืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ , ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช", ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ื’ืจืขื‘ืขืจ" 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 


ืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื• ื ื•ืž" 80 


ืคื™ืจืงื™ืŸ, ื ื—ื•ื-ืžืฉื”, 1878--1918, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ืคื•ืŸ 1907 ืึท ืงื™ึทืขืฐืขืจ ืชึผื•ืฉื‘. 
ืžืึทื ืจืขืคืึท -- ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ: ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 85 
ื™ืขื•ื•ื’ืขื ื™ ืœืฐืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ -- ื“"ืจ ืฉืงืœืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืจ ื ื•ื' 87 


ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฒึท 1908 ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคื ืึทืžืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ืชึผื—ื•ื". ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข), ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืงืจืึทื ืง 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืœืึธื–. ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืึทืจื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 


614 


ื‘ื”ื™ื ื• ืคื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืž:ืขืœื™ืคื 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ,, ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ" ืขืฆื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ (ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืข- 
ืจืข), ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืึธื ื”ืึทืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ-ืงืจืึทื ืงืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ (ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 25, 1908) 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ (ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ), ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึธืคึทึผื•" 
ืœืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™-ืคืฒึทืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ. ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื-ืคึผืฒึทืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืจืึทื ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืึทืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคืึธื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืื™ื ืขื ืจืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ื•ื™ ืึท ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืžืชึผื ื” ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™. -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื 
ืืฑื™ืกื‘ืจืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžืœื”ืžื” ืื™ืŸ 1914, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ื™ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงื•ืจืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื›ื ืกื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข (ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข) ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื, ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืฒื™ื ื™ืง, ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ืœืึทื’ืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜. -- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึทืจืคืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึทืคื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ื›ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 89 

ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืงืฒื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™. -- 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืคืึทืจืžืึทื›ื˜. (ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื—ื“ืฉื™ื 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ). ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ืคืงื™, ื ื—, 1858-- 1924 -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ; ืคืึทืจ- 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜, ืฆื•ืฐื•"ืึทื ื“, ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง. ื‘ื•-ืขืžื™, ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™, 
(ืึทื“ืึธืคึผื˜' ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—.ืž. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ), 1854--19232, ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ-ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข. ืคื•ืŸ 1922 ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืึทืŸ -- ื“"ืจ ืžืฉื” ืฐืฒืฆืžืึทืŸ, 
ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจืŸ ,, ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ : 
, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืžืขืœืงื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืขื•ื". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•! ื ื•ืž' 94 

ื ื•ืžืข (ื ื•ืžืึท), ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืžื™ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงืึทืจื’ืข 7 ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืœ"ื˜ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ (ืฉื‚ืจื”), ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืขืŸ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” 
ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 52). ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ื ื” ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 92, 95 

ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคึผืึทืจื˜ืจืฑื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืžืึธื™ืกืฒ ืกืึทืฐืขืœื™ืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ืกื™ืึทื–ืฉื ื™ ืคึผืึธืฐืขืจืขื ื™, ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคื™ื ืึทื ืกื™ืขืœืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืžืขืจืงืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก 25-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืžื™ืกื—ืจ-ื”ืขื ื˜. ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืึท ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืฑื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ , ืึทื“ืจืขืกืŸ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ 


15 


ื‘ื ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืืœืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก 
ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™. ื“ื•ื›ื ืึธื•ื•, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 35. ืคื™ื ืกืงื™, ื“ื•ื“, 1872--1959, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืึนื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืœ ื ื•ื? 101 
ื‘ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ,, 1880--1952, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืึทื™ืงืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 102 
ื“ื™ื ื˜ื–ืึทืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘, 1919--1956, ืคึผืจืึธื–ืึทื™ืงืขืจ, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 104 


ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื›ืจืึทืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท 
ืงืึธื ื˜ืึธ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืคืึทืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืœื™ื›ืžืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 106 
ื“"ืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื. ืคึผืึธื“ืœื™ืฉืขื•ื•ืคืงื™ -- ื›ึผืœืœื™ื˜ื•ืขืจืก, ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื• ื ื•ื 107 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืึทืคึผื™ืข -- ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืขืงื–ืึทืžืขื ืก. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
-- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงื™ ืžื™ืจ"ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. , ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ" ืื™ื– ืกืฒึท ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ: 
ืคึผืขืจืขืฐืึธื“ื™ื˜) ืกืฒึท ืงืึทืœื™ืข ืžืึทื›ืŸ. ,ืžื•ืจื™ื”ื™-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘-ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ , ืžื•ืจื™ื”" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 114 
ืฉืึทืฉืข -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืึธืกืข (ืฉืึธืกืฒื™). ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืฐืึทืงืขืก ืคืึทืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืึท ืกืžืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉื™ืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 116 

ืืœื™ืึทืœื™ืก ืงืึทื ืฆืขืจื˜ืฒ -- ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืžืขืจื™ื ืงืข, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืจืึทืฐืขื˜ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื”, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท , ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜", ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ,,ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 120 

ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’ืขื›ืฅ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื˜ืขื’- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ืึธื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืึท ื“ื™ืจื”. ื˜ืจืึทื ืคืคึผืึทืจื˜-ืจืึทืžืึทืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ , ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืœื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 122 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ,, ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜". 


ืฆื• ื‘ื”ืฉื• ื ื•ืž' 125, 126 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื”ื ื—ื”, ืึทื– , ืงื™ืขืฐื•ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜" ืฐืขื˜ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜. 


016 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ึนืื™*'ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 11 ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ืขื 13ื˜ืŸ (26ืกื˜ืŸ) ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1910. ืฉ"ืข 
ืึนื™ื– ื“ืึทืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ,ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืขืจ ืกื–ืึธืœ ืœืึทื›ืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 127 

ื“ืขืจ ื›ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืึทืจื›ืึทืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœื•ื’ืึทื ืึธ, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1910. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“", ืฐืึธืก ื—ืชืžืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ;ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ", 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืงืึทืจืขื’ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ,ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ืึทืœืึท" -- ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืขื™ืึทืกืœืขืฐืฐื•ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืš. ,ื›ื‘ื™ื™ืจื™ืŸ 
ื›ืึทืจืึทืฉ ืึทื‘ืขื–ื™ืึฟืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืฒื ืฉืงื•" -- , ืคึผืจื™ืฅ, ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืึทืœืคึผืข, ืึทืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ -- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืึทื–ืข, ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืึทืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื•ืœื‘ืึทื ืง (ื–ืข ,,ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืึทืจื™ื“", ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 52: ,ื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™"). ,ืงื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืœื˜ืจื™ - 
ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: , ื—ื•ื“ืึธื–ืฉ- 
ื ื™ืง". ืึทืžืคื™ื˜ืขืื˜ืจืึธื•, ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืœืขื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1862--1938, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึทื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉ"ืข. ืกื™ื‘ืึทื ื˜ื ืงืึทืŸ 
ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผื™ื ืึท -- ืœืขืจืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ , ืื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืข" (ืฉื•ืœ) ืฐื•ึผ ืฉ"ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜. ,ื˜ื˜ืึท ืคึผืึทืœืขื–ื ืึท" -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. ,ืคึผืึทืœื–ื™ื˜ืขืœื ืึทืฒ -- ื‘ืขืจืš : ืคึผืฑื–ื ื“ื™ืง, ืคืึทืจื’ืจืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ , ืคึผืึทึธืœืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœื ืึธ" : ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•. 


ืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืž 128 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื”ื•ื ื˜ -- , ื˜ืขืจืงื•ืฉ" -- ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ , ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉื ื“ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ". 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจืงื•ื• ื•ื ื•ืžื™ 129 
;ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคึผืจืขืคืข" -- ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืึท ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. 


ืืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจ ื ื•ืž'! 120 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฆืฐืึทืžืขื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ 
,ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืข" ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึทืงืึทืฆื™ืข. ,ืฐืึทืžืคึผื•ืงืึท" -- 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ , ืงืจื•ืžืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ืงืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
,ืฐืึทืžืคึผื•ืงืึท", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ. 


ืืŸ ืฆื‘ื˜ืงื’ ื ื•ื˜' ืฉื›ื• 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืึธื“ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื ื•ื— ืคึผืจื™ืœื•ืฆืงื™ 
(1882--1941, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืŸ. ืคึผืจื™ืœื•ืฆืงื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ 
,ืžืึทืžืขื ื˜?". 


ืืŸ ื‘-ื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื? 155 


ืžืึทืฉืึท (ื ืึทืฉืึท) ืงืฐืึทืจื˜ื™ืจืึท ืื™ืžื™ืขื™ืขื˜ ืžื ืึธื’ืึธ ืคึผืึธื“ื•ืฉืงืึธืฐ (ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืฉืึทืง) -- ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึท ืกืš ืงื™ืฉื ืก (ื ืึทื›ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฐื™ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ ืจืขื“ื˜). ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ -- ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒืฆืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืคืขืกืึธืจ. ืคืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืœืึทื ื“ -- ื“ืžื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 134 


ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™-ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื”ืขื•ืœื" -- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื. -- ืฉ"ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืขื ,ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ" ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ : ,ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื !" ืื•ืŸ 
,ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธ-ื“ืึทื™ืคึผืข" ; ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


17 


ืคื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื” ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”- ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืึทืจืŸ ,,ื”ืขื•ืœื", ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ , ืžื” ื ืื” ืื™ืœืŸ ื–ื” !, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ,, ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”", ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื? 126 


ื“ืึธื‘ึฟื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, 1869--1944, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช-ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ (ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข 1941). 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 139 
;ืื™ืฉ ื—ืคื™ืจื™ื™ -- ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก ืึท ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื’ืึทืจืขืœื™ืง, ืฉืžืจื™ื”, 1877--1942 ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 141 

ืคืึทืจืคึผืœื•ื›ึผื˜ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ -- ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™. ื˜ื™ืกื™ืก ืึทืœื‘ืึธื -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข 
ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื•ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื‘ืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ , ื˜ื™ืกื™ืก ืึทืœื‘ืึธื". 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 142 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืขื“"-ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™, ื•ื•ึผ 
ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜. ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืฑื™ึทืฉืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ. ืคึผืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™. -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 12, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 144 
ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืžืชึผื ื” ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ-ื˜ืึธื’ -- ื’ืขืœื˜. ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• 
ืจื™ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืงืฒื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืคึผืึทืงืขื˜ืŸ, 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืงืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทืฐืข ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜. ื‘ื•ื ื™ืžืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 
-- ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืงื™ืจ. 


- ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 145 

ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืก", 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึทื ืคื™ืกืงื™ืจื˜, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,ืงืจืึทืžืึธืœืข". 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ , ืจื•ืกืงืึธื™ืข ืกืœืึทืฐืึธ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 148 


ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจืขืŸ ื ื•ื”' 149 
ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ -- ืึท ืงื•ืจืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคืึทืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืึธืœื–-ืงืจืึทื ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืฒื™ืฆืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืจื’. ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืึทืžืึทืŸ 
-- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ,, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืก". 


ืฆืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืœื”ืจ ื ื•ืืžื™ 151 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืก", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜". ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึท 
ืคืจืึทื’ืข : ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื , ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืก" ? -- ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึท , ืคืจืขืžื™ืข" ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืคืจืึทื ืง. 


18 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 154 

ืื› ืงืึทื”ืึทืŸ -- ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืงืึทื”ืึทืŸ, 1860--1951, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืขืกืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืคืึธืจืฐืขืจื˜ืก". ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ, 1883--1955, 
ืคึผืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื˜ืฉืึทืจื ื™, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 156 
ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ-ื™ืขืงื‘, 1874--1936, ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 158 : 
ื‘ืขื˜ื™ -- ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืก" -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 160 

ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ -- ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข-ื—ื ื ืจืึทื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1859--1944, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ -- ืฉืœื•ื"ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก 
ืœืึทื ื’ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ", 1891, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ืžืขืŸ โ€ ืึทืœื“ื“ ื•ืžื™ื“ื“". ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, ื—ื™ื™ื-ื ื—ืžืŸ, 1872--1934, ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืขืจ ืคึผืึทืขื˜, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึทืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื•ืŸื• ื ื•ืž' 162 
ื˜ืึทืœื™ -- ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ. ืงืึธึทื›ืขืจ -- ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื—ื• ื ื•ื' 164 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜: ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข. 


ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืจื”ื” ื ื•ื‘? 1660 
;ื‘ื•ื’" --- ,,ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกึทื— ืึทื”ื™ื™ื" ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื˜ืœื˜ : , ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื•ื’". 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื˜ื” ื‘ื•ื‘" 107 

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, 1820--1892 (ื™ืœ"ื’) ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื‚ื›ึผืœื”, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึทืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขื 
ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืคืึทืจ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ. ืึท ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืจืึทื–ื™ื ืข -- ืึทืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ื”ืฑื–. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 168 
ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ! ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš -- ื“"ื” : ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื™ืง ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 174 
ืคืจื•ื™ ื‘ืขืœืึท ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึทืจ ืึทืœื˜. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื” ื ื•ืž' ื›ืœื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒื™ืœื™ืก-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืจ;ื ื•ืž' ืงืงื• 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 179 


ืžืฉื” ื‘ืึธึทืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืŸ -- ืึท ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื•ื”ืœ. -- ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก 
ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉ"ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ 


19 


ื‘ื›ื™ื˜ืฉืคื•ืŸืฉืœืฐืืกืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข : ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึทืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ืžืึทืก ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืžื•ื”ืœ, ืึท ืคืœืึทืฉ , ื›ึผืจืžืœ"-ืฐืฒึทืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืœืขืจ ืึท 
ืคืึทืจื—ืชืžืขื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื, ืฆื•ื ืงื™ื ื“ืก ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœืึทืฉ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ,,ืœื—ื™ื™ื" ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‚ื™ืžื—ื”. ื‘ึผื›ืŸ, ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื”ืœ ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืชื ื™ืง ืœืขื‘ื˜ ; ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, 
ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฐื•ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืคึผืจืึทืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืฉ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ? ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึนื™ื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ื˜ืฉืขื‘ืขืจื™ืื˜ืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœืงื™ื•ื• -- ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกืฐืึธืจืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ืึท ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืก-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 181 
ืงืึทื‘ืึทืง, ืึทื”ืจืŸ-ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, 1883--1944,, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ 1921 ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจืฆ"ืคึผ ืื’ืจืชื• -- 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : ืงื™ื ืึธื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 


ืฆืŸ ืจื‘ืง ื ื•ื” 152 
ืžื•ื—, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ืœื•ื™, 1824--1917, ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืกื’ืœ, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืœื˜ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืจ ื ื•ืž' 197 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ , ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’". ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžื. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 199 

ื‘ื™ืจ ืึท ืงืึทืคื˜ืŸ -- ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜. ืึทื“ืœืขืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘, 1855--1926, ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ 
ืึทืงื˜ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’, ืคื•ืŸ 1887 ืื™ืŸ ื ื™-ื™ืึธืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžืึทืฉืขืฐื•ืกืงื™, ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก, 1866--1939, 
ืึทืงื˜ื™ืึธืจ. - ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคึผืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ? ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื•ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืฆืงื -- ืฐืขืจื‘ื™ืฆืงืึทื™ืึท, ืึทื ืึทืกื˜ืึทืกื™ืึท, 1861--1928, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 200 

ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทืคืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜. ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ืจืขืงืึทืจื“ืก -- ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ"-ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืก" ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฐืึทื›ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืฒึท ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืข: ื“ืขืจ ืึธึทื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœืš" 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืžืึทื ืึธืœืึธื’: ,ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื—ืชื•ื ื”". ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ , ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 183 -- 191 


ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื•ื•ืขื’ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื‘ืขืง, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“, 
ื‘ืฒึทื ื‘ืึทืœื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข. ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžืœื—ืžื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“, ืฐื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ- 
ืœืึทื ื“. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ 
ืึนื™ืŸ ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืขืžืึทืจืง. ื“ืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืงืจืึทื ืงืŸ ืฉ"ืข. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ืฉืœืึทืคึผืงืฒื˜: ืึท ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜ืข, ื ื™ื˜-ืืžืชืข, ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ืฒึทืข ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 


20 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ-ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜ (ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ : ืขืจ ืฐื•ืฆื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜...). ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜-ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื’- 
ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข , ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“" (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ื– ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทื– ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืก"),. ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉ"ืข 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจืŸ ืึท 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ : ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขื ืขืžืึทืจืงืขืจ ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืžืึท, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืœื™ื›ื ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 2ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1914, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ื™ืึธืจ 1915 ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท โ€ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทื™ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ , ื˜ืึธื’", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ,,ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื™ืึทืจื™ื“", ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืกืขืจื™ืข ืžืœื—ืžื”-ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ , ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜" ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ-ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื™ ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข (ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ 1915). ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 1915 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข , ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืก". ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ-ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ , ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“" ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ , ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืก". -- ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉ"ืข 
ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืงืจืึทื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืขื ืข ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข 
ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงืฒื˜, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข. ื“ืขืจืฆื• 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœ (ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืึธืจ 1915 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ,ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’" ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื ืฒึทืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ,,ืฐืึทืจื”ืฒื˜" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜), ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืงืœืึทืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืฆื• ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืึทื˜ืึทืงืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ื™ืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ืงืจืึทื ืงืฒื˜. ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, 1916, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 
,ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืึทืจื™ื“", ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื“ืขื ื—ื–ื ืก", ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึทืžืึท- 
ื˜ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ". ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ื‘ื™ื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืคืึทืจืžืฒึทื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ. -- ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข : ืฆื• ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 202 


ืึท ื’ืจื•ืก ื“ืขื ืื–ื™ื™ื“ื–ื™ื™ -- ื“"ื” ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ : ,ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืึทืจื™ื“" ืื•ืŸ 
,ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 204 
ืคืงึฟืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : ,ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 206 
ืคื™ื™ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืœื•ื™ -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื• ื ื•ืž' 207 

ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืก ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ -- ื‘ืขืจืš ื“ืจืฒึท ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,,ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง" ืคืึทืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง-ื ื•ืžืขืจ , ื”ืชึผื•ืจืŸ" -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื–ืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ , ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืึทืจื™ื“" ืื•ืŸ 
,ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืคึผื™ื™ืกื™ ื“ืขื ื—ื–ื ืก". 


621 


ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื• ืคื˜ืŸืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื'-ืฆืœื™ื™ื›ื•ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 208 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืฉ ื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ"ืกืคืจื™ื (1826--1917), ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 25;ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™. 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1888--1889, ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ, ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข" ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžืข ืงืึธืจืขืก- 
ืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฅ, ืฐื™ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืŸ ,ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ" ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 209 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืืฒึทื ืœืึทื“ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ,ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ", ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ,ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™-ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ. ืฉ"ืข ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื“ืึธืžืึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ , ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืกื—", ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืœืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึท ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืกื™ืžื™ืœืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ,ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ", ืื™ืŸ 1887, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” 
ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื (1842--1910). ื’ืึทื˜ืœืฑื‘ืขืจ -- ื’ืึธื˜ืœืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื-ื‘ืขืจ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื• 
2). ืฆื•ื ื•ืขืจ, ืืœื™ืงื•ื, 1840--1913, ืคืึธืœืงืกื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืคึผืขืกื™ืึทื ืขืœืขืจ ื‘ื“ื—ืฃ 
ื’ืึทืœื“ืคึฟืึทื“ืขืŸ, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, 1840--1908, ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’, , ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ". 


ืฆื” ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ ื ื•ื. 211 
ื‘ืจ"ืงืฆื™ืŸ --- ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื. ืขื–ืจืช ืคื•ืคืจื™ื -- ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฒื™ื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ". 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜" (ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 1881--1890). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืงืŸ ื ื•ื‘. 217 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึทืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 214 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš , ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ", ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื—, ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืึนื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1887, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื. ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืฆื•ื ืคื•ืฃ ื™ืึทืจ -- ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื•ื , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜". ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ืงืขืคึผืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ,ื•ืขืงืขืจ". ืงืœืึธืคึผืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืœืึธืคึผื˜ืข -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 80ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืžืึทืจื™ืข ืœืขืจื ืขืจ -- (ืžืจื™ื ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื™ื˜ืฉ), 
0++--1927,, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืึทื”ื™ื™ื", ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืขืก, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืฉ"ืึท, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืžื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืœื•ื˜ืฉืข -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜: ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. ืึทื ื ื -- ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. 


ืฆื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 5ื•? 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”-ืœื™ื™ื‘, 1849--1915, ื“"ืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ื™ืกื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 216 

ื•ื•ืฒึทืคื‘ืขื•ื’, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ืขืงื‘, 1841--1904, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึทืฉ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ื˜ืฉืึทืจื˜ ื™ืขืฐืึท ืคึผืจื™ื ื™ืึธืก - 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜. ืœื•ื™ -- ืœืขื•ื•ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1842--1905, ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 1880 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜" (ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 2, 7ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื’). ื ื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื•ืคืกื™ -- ืœืขืฐื•ื ืขืจ ื’. ื—., 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ 1864, ืึท ืฉื•ื ื“ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืž"ืจืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, 


ืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื• ื ื•ืž'! 217 
ืคืœื’"ื’ื•ืฃ -- ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืขืจ ื’ื•ืฃ, ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื‘ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ืข ื˜ื•ืึทื™ื ืงืึทืกืึท -- ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– 


622 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืคืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืึธืคึผ, ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืกืงืึธืžืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ -- ื“"ืจ ืกืงืึธืžืึทืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, 1858--1925, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธืคึผ' ื’ืจืขืฆืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข". ื“ืขืจ , ืคึผืจืึธืค' " ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจืึธื‘ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ 
ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข" ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืื•ืกืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื“ื™ ืื™ื ืฆื• , ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœื›ืข ืฉืึทื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฆื• ืคืขืจื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจืŸ". ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกืงืึธืžืึทืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข , ืคึผืขืจืขืคึผื™ืกืงืข". 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸืช ื ื•ื”? 218 

ืฉืžื™ื™ืจ -- ืคึผืกืขืฐื•ื“' ืคื•ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื-ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืฒึทืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1846--1905, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก. 
ื‘ืขืจืงืžืึทืŸ -- ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืž"ืจืก ืฉื ื™ื˜. ืœืขืจื ืขืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, 1847--1907, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. 


ืืŸ ื”ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื‘) 219 

ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ืขืจื’, 1828--1902 -- ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืžืึทืคึผื•ืก ืึท ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ื“ืจื•ืง ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื”ืฑื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ , ืฉืžื™"ืจืก ืžื™ืฉืคึผื˜". ื”ืขืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ -- ื–ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 216, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืงื• ื ื•ื- 220 


,ื›ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจืขืจ ื’ืึทืก" -- ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜", 1888, ื ื•ืž' 1, 
5/1, ื ื•ืž' 3, 22/1, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื•ืž' 221 

ื“ืึธ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธื ืก ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’-ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื’ืจืขืฆืŸ ื"ื˜ ;,ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื™ ื’ืจืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ?", ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื• 
,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜", ื ื•ืž' 2, 1888. ืคื•ึผืฐื•ืึธืจื™ืŸ, ืึทืœืขืงืกืฒ, 1824--1912, ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื ืึธืฐืึธื™ืข ื•ื•ืจืขืžื™ืึท" (ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜) ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืคึผื™ื›ื ืึท -- 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅื™ืžืื”ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืงื™ืขื•ืฐื•ืœื™ืึทื ื™ืŸ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ื”ืœื•ื• ื ื”ื•ืž' 223 
ื–ืึทืžืึทืฉื˜ืฉื™ืŸ, ืคึผืœื˜ื™ืืœ, 1851--1919 -- ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืžื•ื? 224 

ื‘ื”ื™ื™ื -- ืจืึธืฉ-ืชึผื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืง -- ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง -- ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืง (ื‘ -- ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ื” - 
ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ื‘ -- ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’). ืคืจื•ืžืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื ืึธืš ืคึผืกื—, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช. ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœ, ื ื™ืงืึธืœืึทื™ ืฐืึทืกื™ืœื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1809--1852, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ. ื˜ื•ืจื’ื˜- 
ื ื™ืขื•ื•, ืื™ืฐืึทืŸ ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1818--1882, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ. ืงืืจืœ ืขืžื™ืœ ืคึผืจืึทื ืฆืึธื•ืŸ 
38--1904, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจ, ืืœื™ืงื•ื, 1840--1912, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืคึผืึธืขื˜. 
ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, ื“ื•ื“, 1860--1922, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ื–ืึทื˜ืœืึธื•ืกืงื™, ืžื ื—ื- 
ืฐืึธืœืฃ, 1850--7, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคืึธืจื™ื–ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก , ื”ื•ื™ื•-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 226 

ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ื•ืืœ, 1829--1915, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉื‚ื›ึผืœื”-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื•ืฑื™ืœื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ". ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืงืึทืœืึธืฐืกืงื™ -- ื“ืึทืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืข ืกืึทื ื™ื˜ืึทืจ-ื”ื™ื’ื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ. 

ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 227 

ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึทืจ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 13), ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 


623 


ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืคืขื”ื™ื›ื 


ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš , ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" -- ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 1888. ืึทื– ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ, ืฉื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืึทื ืงื•ืจืขื ืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ื”ื•ื™ื–ื™ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืขื“ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ : ,ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜, ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื– 20 ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื•ืจื”... ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ (ืึทืจื•ื 
0 ืจื•ื‘ืœ) ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“", ืฐื™ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืฆืึทื ืงืขืจ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืจืฒึทืกืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ! ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœื˜ ืฆื• 100, 200 ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, -- 
ืงืึทืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ? ื ืึธืš ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืขื•ื•ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธื ืงื•- 
ืจืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื‘ืœืึทื˜". ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืื“"ื’ืœ. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, -- ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ. ื‘ืขืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื”ืจืŸ, 1884-1812 -- ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™- 
ืฆื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™ื–ืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืจืขื, ืืœืคืจืขื“, 1829--1884, ืจืฒึทื–ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืึธืึธืœืึธื’. ื‘ืึทืงืœ ื’. ื˜., 1821--1862, ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ. ืžื™ืœ, ื“ื•ืฉืขืžืก, 1775--1826, ืขื ื’ืœื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืกื˜. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืž' 228 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขืึทื’ื™ืจื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข", ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜", 29ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ 1888 (ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 12211), ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืœ ืขื•ื•ื™ 
ืึทืœืฒืŸ. ื“ื™ , ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข" ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืขืจ ื“ืจืฉื”, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืžืจื•ืช, ืึทื– ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ,ื ืึธื›ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ-ื‘ืจื•ืš-ื”ื•ื" : ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท 
ื‘ืขืœ-ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึท โ€ ื‘ืขืœ-ืจื—ืžื™ื... ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ืฉื˜ืขื›ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜", ื“ื™ , ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืข ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธ- 
ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ", ืœืžืื™ ื™ืขื ืข ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืฐืขืง ืคืึทืจืŸ ,ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ". ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœื•ื™ื‘ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืž"ืจืก ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™. ื—. 
ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืึท ืกืขืจื™ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืข- 
ืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ื ื“ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ืึทืŸ ืขืกืง ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืึทื˜ืขืก", ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
,ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข? ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื•ื™ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืึธ ื“ืขื ื•ืขื’. ื“ื™ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืž"ืจ -- ,ืึท ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื’ื‘ื™ืจ, ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ", , ื“ืึธืก ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืฉืจืข ืžืฆื™ืื”", ื“ืขืจ , ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ืก". ,ืžืื‘ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืจืขืช"! -- 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข" ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœ, ื•ื”ื ืจืื™ื”, 
ืึทื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท ,, ืžืื‘ื“ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื“ืขืช", ืึท ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ, ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืขืœ"-ืคึผื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืงึฟืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ, ื™.ืœ. (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 215) -- ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืก- 
ื‘ืœืึทื˜". ืœืขื•ื•ื™ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 216. ื–ืึทืœืึท, ืขืžื™ืœ, 1840--1902 ; ื“ื™ืงืขื ืก, ื˜ืฉืึทืจืœื–, 
2--1870 -- ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื ืฆื™ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื, ืžืฉื”-ืœืฒื‘, 
3--1910, ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื‚ื›ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. 


ืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื• ื˜ื ื•ื‘ 229 

ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1888--1889. ืžื–ื—, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ืœื•ื™ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ื ื•ืž' 182. ืงึผืึทืœืžื•ืค, ืื•ืœืจื™ืš, ื“ืจืึทืžืขืก-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜, ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 19ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”. 


28 


ื‘ืจืœื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื =ืขืœื™ืœื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 230 


ื’ืึทืจื“ืึทืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 167. ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜: ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข 
ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื. ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 226. ื ืึทืจื“ืึทืŸ, ืžื™ื›ืœ, 1823--1890, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืขื˜. ืฆืขื“ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื, ืืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจ, 1816--1893, ืžืฉื‚ื›ึผื™ืœ, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. ื ืงื™ืฆืœ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื•ื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ,,ืึท ื‘ืจื›ื”", ืฐืึธืก ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจื–: ,ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื–ืข ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฆืœืขืŸ..." 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืชืœื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžื™ 232 

ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฉืœืžื”, 1799---1855, ืžืฉืœื™ื-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื’ืึทื˜ืœืึทื›ื‘ืขืจ, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืขืจ, 1811--1899, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืžืฉื›ึผื™ืœ. ืจืฒื™ื›ึผืขืจืคึผืึทืŸ, ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืœืึธื•ื•ืก ืžืฉืœื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 1ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ื•) 233 


ืงืึทืœืžืึทื ืคืึทืŸ, ืึทืœื—ื ืŸ, 1857--1920, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก 
ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืงืจืฒึทื– , ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธื’". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื˜ื•ื• ื ื•ื? 235 
ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 9ืค. ื›ืึธืคึผื”ืฒืขืจ -- ืึท ืคื™ื ืคืื•ื ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ (ื›"ื”). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื•ื. 237 


ืฉืึทืฆืงืขืค, ืžืฉื” ืื”ืจืŸ, 1825--1899, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืึทืงืคืขื ืคืขืœื“, ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1187-- 
6, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ-ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข-ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืฆื•ื™ื™ืคื˜ืœืŸ 
ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ-ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, 1815--1888, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืžืฉื‚ื›ึผื™ืœ, ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. 
ืœืขืฐื•ื™ื ื–ืึธืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง-ื‘ืขืจ (ืจื™ื‘"ืœ), 1788--1860, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉื‚ื›ึผืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 238 

ื. ื ืึทืœื“ืคืึทื“ืขื ืก ืึท ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื• , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜", 1888, ื ื•ืž' 29, ื–ื–ื™ 
6, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜ 5, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ืขืžื•ื ื’. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืขื ืฅ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“". ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉ. ืคืจื•ื’ (1860--1916, ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ืฆืฐืฒื™ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืง : ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ). 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ,,ืกืขื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื ืง", ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜ ื™. ืก. ื”ืขืจื“ื ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืจ ื™. ื™. ืœืขืจื ืขืจ (1847--1907), ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ,ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืžืชื™ื. ืจ' ืกืขื ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืœืึทื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข. ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื", ืกื˜' ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 
3, ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื• , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜", 1888, ื ื•ืž' 29, ื–ื–' 876-862. ืคึผืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ืคึผืึทื˜ืžืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžืึธื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ื‘ืึทื ื“ , ื–ื–' 
1, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,, ืื•ืคื™ืจ ". ื–ืขืžื“ืขืจืœ -- ืึทืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืง ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’. ืึท ื’ืœืขื–ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื“ืขืงืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื›ืขืœืขืš, ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขื ื–ืึทืžื“, ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข, ื›ึผื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื ื˜ -- ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืœืขืฉืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 239 


ืึธืกื˜ืจืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1823--1886, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’. 
ืกืžืกืžืคื— 168806 -- ,ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืงืขื ื™ื’ืจืฒึทืš', ืฐืึธืก ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืฐื•ืกืงื™, ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง, 
ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•". 


25 


ื‘ืจื‘ื•ื• ืคืฐืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 240 

ื›ื™ื›ืขืจืคืจืขืคืขืจ -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ืžืขืŸ. ื™ืœ"ื’ -- ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, ื–ืข 
ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 220. ,ืฉืž"ืจืก ืžื™ืฉืคึผื˜" -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืฉืž"ืจืก ืฉื•ื ื“- 
ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ,. ืค'ื•ื•ืึทืฉืขื™ ื˜ืึธื˜ืฉืงื™ ื–ืจืขื ื™ืึท -- ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 241 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืงื›ืจ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒ-ืงืึทืžืขืจ. ื™ื”ืœ"ืœ -- ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”-ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ื™ืŸ, 1844--1925, 


ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื–ืึทื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜. ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึทื ื™ืกื˜ -- ืื™ืŸ ืคืื—ื”ืกืฅืฆ 128882ืก1ืกื–ืŸ" 
"001018 ื ื•ืž' 21, ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ืึทืจ 1888, ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜ : 8ืฉื—ื”ืคืฆืข1ืก 
ืกืข10ืกื ื ืกืข) (ืค9ึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’) ืงืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ,,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ื– 


ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ 25 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, 1888. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื—ื• ื ื•ื˜ื' 245 
ื‘ื•ื›ืคื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื-ื™ืฆื—ืง, 1862--1897, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืž"ืจืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 244 
ื“ืึธ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ,ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 


ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,, ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". ,ื“ืขืจ ื’ื˜ื™ื™ -- ืึท ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข, ,ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืจืขืžืขืจ ืขื•ืฉืจื™ื™ -- ืึท ืœื™ื“, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึทืžื™- 
ืœื™ืขืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ 


ืคึผืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืฆื• ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 245 


ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฆื• ืคึผืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข , ืื•ืคื™ืจ", ืฐืึธืก ื“. ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 247 
ืคึผื™ืžืคึผืขืจืœืขืจ -- ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ : ืงืึทืจืœื™ืงืขืก. ืžืึทืจื’ื•ืœื™ืก, ืž."ื’., 1827--1912, ืึทื“ืฐืึธืงืึทื˜, ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ึผืœืœ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 248 


ื‘ื•ื™ืขืžื™ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 89. ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืžืขื“ -- ื™ืจื—ืžื™ืืœ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืžืขื˜, ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ-ืขืกืงืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืจื‘ื™"ืงืฆื™ืŸ (ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ) ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 250 


ืœืขืจื ืขืจ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 218. ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืขื ืขืจื”ืฒื˜, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ,ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืืœ ื”ืขืจื“ื ืขืจ", ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฒึทื ืœืึทื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" (,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜"), ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ืคึผืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ , ืกืขื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื ืง". ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื• 4 ืจื•ื‘ืœ - 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". ืœืขื•ื•ื™ ืคืฒึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ ื˜ืึทื ืฆื˜. -- ืฉ. ืคืจื•ื’, ื“ืขืžืึทืœื˜ 
ืึท ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜", ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ,ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง" 
(ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื•ื , ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ื ื•ืž' 26, 1888) ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฆืขืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง"". ืึท ืคึผืึทืขืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ -- 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ,,ืื•ืคื™ืจ". ืคืึทืœืึทืžืึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืคืจืขืคืขืจ -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ืคืึทืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืง- 
ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,, ืคืึทืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
, ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", 


026 


ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ ื•ื• ื•ืคื•ื•. ืฉื•ืœื“ื•ื ื˜ืข ืœ ื™ื•ื›ื•ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 251 

ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืง, ื™ื•ื ื”-ื–ืฒึทื“ืœ, 1849--1888 -- ืžืฉื›ึผื™ืœ, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ-:ืฐื™ืกื’- 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœืขืจื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ. ืง. ืคืจืึทื ืฆืึธื• -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 224, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ 257 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ-ืฆื‘ื™ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 237. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 253 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐื•ืฒึทืกื›ืขืจื’ืŸ ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 216. ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจ-ืงืฆื™ืŸ (ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธื ืก 
ืึท ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืžืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื ืขื ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ื‘ืึทื ื“ |, 1882, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก". ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ื‘ืึทื ื“ |, ื–ื•' 242-299, 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจืงืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ืŸ 256 
,ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื. ื•ื•ืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ -- ืึทืŸ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืฒ. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืŸืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ึฟ) 257 

ืงื˜ื•ื ืขืจ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–. ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš 
,ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืค. ื–ืึทืžืึทืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื , ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ' ืื•ืŸ ;,ืฆื• ืึท. 
ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืึทื“ืขืŸ". ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืค. ื–ืึทืžืึธึทืฉื˜ืฉื™ืŸ ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 223, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื•ื" 259 
ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ืขืจื’ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 219. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 260 


ื”ืขืจื“ื ืขืจ -- ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึทื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื™. ืœืขืจื ืขืจ, ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 218 ืื•ืŸ 2238. ืงืืžื™ื ืขืจ, 
ื™ืฆื—ืง-ืืฒึทื–ื™ืง, 1834--1901, ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึทืขื˜, ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜. ืงืึทืžื™- 
ื ืขืจืก ;ืึท ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ ืฆื•ื ื”ืขืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ", ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ,ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื‘ื™ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ืึทืงืึทืกื˜ืึท, 1590--1640, ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืฃ, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื“ืึธื’ืžืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื”. ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืจื, ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืžืึธืจื“. , ื“ื™ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ 'ืึทืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืŸ"" -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึทืžืข โ€ ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ืึทืงืึธืกื˜ืึท" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืœ ื’ื•ืฆืงืึธื•ื• (1811--1878), ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื™. ืœืขืจื ืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 262 

ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ืžืขืžื•ืึทืจืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ,ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ", ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". ื“ื™ืง, ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืง ืžืื™ืจ, 1814--1893, ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, 
ืžืฉื‚ื›ึผื™ืœ. ืœืขืฐื•ื™ื ื–ืึทืŸ, ื™. ื‘. ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงืกืขื ืคืขืœื“, ื™. -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 227 ; ื’ืึธืจื“ืึทืŸ, ื™ืœ"ื’ -- 
ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 167 ; ื’ืึทืจื“ืึธืŸ, ืž. ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื“ืขืจื›ื•ื™ื, ืึท. -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 230 ; 
ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฉ. -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 222 ; ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’, ื™. -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 216 ; 
ื’ืึทืœื“ืคึฟืึทื“ืขืŸ, ืึท. -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 209. ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ื™ืง, ื. -- ืึท ืกื•ื—ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื‚ื›ึผื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 263 


ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ืฉืืื -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ" 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึนืกืชึผืจ (ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื). 


627 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 264 
ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ืขืจื’, ืึท. ืฉื. -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 219, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื—ื• ื ื•ื" 205 


ืฆื™ื˜ืจืึทืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ-ืœื™ื™ื‘, 1860--1920, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึทืฉ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืึท ืžืืžืจ ,ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืœ. ืž. ืœืขืฐืึทื ื“ืข (ื–ื™ืœ)". 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืคื•ื” ื ื•ื”? 2660 
ืึท ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื•ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–"-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ื•ื“ 
ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก ืึท ืœื™ื“-ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ ,ืึท ื”ืึทืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืกืŸ". ืึท ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ื ื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขื˜ ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ,ื ื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื•ืคืกื™ืก ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืž"ืจืก ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ" (ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข -- ืฉื•ื ื“ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื•ืช 
ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 216 ืื•ืŸ 218). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 267 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึทืœื‘ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœ ืงืจื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืฉ"ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ 
ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ืžื™ื ื“ืœ ืœืึธื™ืขืฐื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ,ืขืกืง" ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืก ืึท ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ื ื—ื•ื ืกืึทืงืึทืœืึทืฐื•ืก 
(1859--1926,. ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ) ื™ืึธืจื‘ื•ืš , ื”ืึธืกื™ืฃ". ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึทื—ืฉืชืจื ื™ื -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื™ื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 270 
ืžื–ื—, ื™. ื”. -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 182,. ืงื˜ื•ื ืขืจ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืจ ื ื•ื. 271 
ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืงืึทืžื™ื ืขืจืค ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ -- ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึท , ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ ืฆื•ื ื”ืขืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ 


ื“"ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืึทืžื™ื ืขืจ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 260). ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : , ืงืจืขืคึผืœืขืš ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• 
ืขืกืŸ", 5 ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ืž' 272 


,ืคืึทืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜ืข" -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜", 1889, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืŸ 
ื•ืคืกื™ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 216), ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜ 
ืฉ"ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง?. ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื’ ,ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ืฉ"ืข, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฉืึทืจืคืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื , ืกืึทืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 
ืขืกื‘ื™ื›ืขืจื™,. ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื‘ืขื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื ื• ื”ื™ืงืจ ื”ืจื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืคึผืึทืŸ, ื“"ื” ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ,ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ื’ื•ืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืึทืจื˜ืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขืŸ (ืฉืคืช ื ื™ืก), 
ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื ืกืึทืงืึธืœืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืึทื–ื™ื˜ืŸ-ื“ืขืžืึทื’ืึธื’ืŸ -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืฉ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 273 


ื ืึทื˜ืึทื ื–ืึธื”ืŸ, ื‘ืขืจื ืึทืจื“ (ื“ื‘-ื‘ืขืจ), 1832--1916, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื•ื™ื ื–ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜, 
ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื›ืชื-ื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืจื™ื‘"ืœืก , ื”ืคืงืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืงืจ ื‘ื•ื”ื•. 2795 


ืฉื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจื™ื™ื“ ืœืžืื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ , ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’", ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืข ,ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜", 


28 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคืฐื–ื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืจืœื™ืคื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ืื•ืก. ืžืฉื•ื ืขื ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืืง -- ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
,ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืœืขื•ื•ื™ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 216). 5ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื‘ืœืึทื˜ืขื˜" -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
, ืคืึธืœืงืกืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜". ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" (,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜") ืึธืคื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
, ืคึผืึทืœืงืกื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข". 


ืืŸ ื‘ืจื‘ืงืŸ ื ืŸืžื™ 281 


ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืฆื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ? ((, ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ", 1889, ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 98-96). ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืฐื™ ืึท ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, 
ืืœื—ื ืŸ-ืœื™ื™ื‘ (1858--1910) ; ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉืœื•ื"-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ 
ื’ืžื–ื• (1870--1941) ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช -- ,ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืจืึทืžืข ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ื™.-ื™. ืœืขืจื ืขืจ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ื ื•ืž' 218), ื•ืึทืจืฉืข 1888. ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ , ืืกืชึผืจ", ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ,,ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืข ืกืึธืœืึทืฐืฒ". ื–ื™ื™ืคืขืจื“ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืคืขืจื˜, ืžืฉื”, 1851--1922, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 282 
ืฉ. ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ืฐื• (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 92) ืึท ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" 


ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“", 1890, ื‘ื•ืš 9, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ , ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืก". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื”ื• ื ื•ืž' 283 


ื”ืึทืจืงืึทืฐื™, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื•, 1835--1919, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜. ืคึผืจืึทืคึผืขืกืึทืจ ื“ืึทื‘ืจืึธืก- 
ืœืึทืฐื™ื ืก ืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 284 


ื ืžื–ื•, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื, 1870--1941, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" ืื•ืŸ , ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”", 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ (ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 281). ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘, 1858--1910, 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข (, ื”ืฉืœื—", , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ", ื'ืึท), ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืึท ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ืคึผื˜-ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ื"ื  ,ื’ื•ื˜ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ". 


ืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืœื•ืŸ ื ื•ืž 285 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ", ื ื•ืž' 108, 1889. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ ืฆื•ื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก. ืงืึทื ื˜ืึทืจ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”-ืœื™ื™ื‘ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
5 ืื•ืŸ 228. ืฉื•ืœืžืึทืŸ, ืงืœืžืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, 1819--1899. 


ืืŸ ืฆืจื™ืช ื ื•ืž' 289 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ", ื ื•ืž' 123, 1889. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 294 


ืžื ื™ืจ, ื“ื•ื“, 1862--1942, ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 


ืฆื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•/ื ื•ืžื™ 295 


;ืคืขืจืขืœืข"" ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื™ืึธืกืขืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธืฐื•ื™ื™" (,ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืข ืกืึทืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื™"). 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืžืขืฉื” ื ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื˜ื›ื— ืื•ืžืฃื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข 


29 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืื™-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ืงื™ืขื•ื• 1889. ,ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืœื•ืขื˜ืŸ" -- ื’ืขืžื™ืฒื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ,ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช 
ื•ืฆืœืœื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืคึผื‘ืงื”" ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ โ€ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ", ื ื•ืž' 122, 123, 134, 


.215 ,212 ,7 


ืฆื• ื‘ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื' 295 
ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ืœืึทืจื™ืึทื ืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ -- ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืก ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื“, ื“ื•ื“ื™ื”ืœืœ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื™ื•ื• 
ื ื•ืž' 294). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 300 
ืคื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืคึผืึทื’ืœ ื ืฒึทืข -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืจืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 301 
=.ืœ. ืคืœืขืงืคืขืจ -- ืึท ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืงึดื™ื ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืกืงื™ 


(ืคืœืขืงืกืขืจ), 1863--1926. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืึท ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืึธืคื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธื ื“ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ,ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืœืึทื ื“", 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืึนื™ืŸ 1891, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜. ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ืื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ. ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืง, ื™ื•ื ื”"-ื–ืฒึทื“ืœ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 251)., 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจืขื• ื ื•ื‘) 303 
ื“ืึท ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ื•ืืœ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™ืก ,ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืจื™ื™ืŸ" ืคืึทืจืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 305 
ื“ืึธ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืง. ืœื•ื˜ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืžื ื” ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข 2300 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 306 


ืึท. ื›. ื’. -- ืึทื‘ืจื”ื-ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึทื˜ืœืึธื‘ืขืจ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 209). ืึท ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ -- 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ,,ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ-ืขืจื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื”ืœ"ืœ, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื•ื' 507 
ื“ืึธ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“. ืžื’ื™ื“ืก ืœื™ื“ , ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“". ืœืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืึธื•, ืžื™ื›ืึทื™ืœ, 1814--1841, 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 308 
ื“ืึธ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื™ืชื•ืžื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืง. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 309 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืŸ"ื–ื›ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 311 


ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืฒื™ื˜ืขืจื‘ืึทืจื’ืขืจ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืก ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช, ืžื ืฉื”, 
7--1912 -- ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืึท ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœืœ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืก ืึท 


ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ , ืฆื• ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืœื™ื‘ืข ื™ื•ื“ืŸ". 


630 


ืคื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื•ืจ ืจืื˜ ื ื•ื ื˜ (ืฉื”ืœ 
ืžื™ืฆื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื™ -- ื—ื–ื ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธืฐื™ื™". ืœืื”ืฆื™ -- ืึท ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. 


ืืŸ -ื”ืงืŸ ื ื•ืž' 519 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืš ืคื•ื ืขื 


, ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 2ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ , ืฉืจืฒึท- 
ื‘ืขืจืก" : ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืžื™ื˜ , ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžืขืจืœ" (ืึตืœ. ืฆืขื“ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื), ,ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืงืึทืคึผ ืื™ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื™ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื™ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ". ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ื , ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื”" ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืจืคืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืขื - 


ื“ืขืœืขืก. 


ืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื˜ืŸ ื ื•ื”' 321 


ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ื"ื˜ ,ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืก , ืงืœื™ืึทื˜ืฉืข", ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 322 

ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืก ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 80ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ- 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืขืก. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ,,ืึท ืœื™ื“ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ", ,, ืคืจืฒึท ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืืœ" (ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื) ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ,,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", 
6,889 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ืข ื‘ื•' 322 
ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžืขืจืœ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจ ืฆืขื“ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 230). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 325 

,ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืงืขืจ" -- ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1890, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
,ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ". ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืึท ืฉืึทืจ- 
ืคืข ื”ืขืฆืข ืกืฒึท ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืงืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึทืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". ืื™ื ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,ืฐืึธืก ืงืจื•ื, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš" 
(ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜ ,,ืฆื“ื•ืง ืคืจื•ืžืขืก") ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก , ื‘ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš" 
ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื™ื™ึทื“, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธื’ืœ ื ืฒึท ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ,ืึธืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•ืก ืึท ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื“ืœ" (ื–' 427-40). ื ืึธืš ืึท ื’ืจืขื‘ืขืจืขืจ ืจืžื– ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™. ื™. ืœืขืจื ืขืจืก 
ืจืขื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืงืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื“ืขืก ื“ืขื 19ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1889ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ: , ื“ืึธืก ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืื™ื™ื“ืขืžืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืจื™ื”ืฉืึทืคื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืจืขื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ"... ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืข 
ืึทื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื, ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคืึทืจ ื™. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ : , ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึทืฆื™ื ื“ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื ื™ืคื”, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื‘ืฒื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืข" (ื–ืฒึทื˜ 62). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 326 

ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื ืงืจืฒึทืš. -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื–ืข (ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืจื—ืœ ืœืึธื™ืขื•ื•, ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“). 
ืึทืจื•ืžื“ืจืฒืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ื’ืฒืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืข- 


31 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืืžืจ-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืจื™ืึธื–ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึท 
ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื›ื™ื• ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ึผื”ื ืก 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 327 ืื•ืŸ 328 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžื–ื˜ 
ืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืึทื ื“. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื•ื• ื”ื”ื”ื”? 229 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื™.-ืœ. ื’ืžื–ื• ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืžื–ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ืึทื– ืคึผืจืฆืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆืฒื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืข 
ืคึผืจืึธื–ืึทื™ึดืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื•ื™ ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ... ืืฑื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืึทื– 
,ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’" ืืึทื–"ืฐ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
(ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,,ื™ื•ื“' ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืงืฒ 
ืคึผืจืฆืขืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,,ืžืึธื ื™ืฉ"). ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื’ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืจืฆืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึท ืฉืึทืจืคืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืจืฆืขืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ;,ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ 1892ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ,,ืงื•ืœ-ืžื‘ืฉื‚ืจ", ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื•ื ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". ื•ื™ ื‘ืึท- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืฆืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1900 
ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ; ,ื‘ื™ืช ืขืงื“", ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1892 ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื™.-ืœ. 
ื’ืžื–ื•ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 320 
ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ-ืฉื‚ืžื—ื”,, 1864-- ?, ืœื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ-ื–ืึทืžืœืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 3351 

ืฆืขื“ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื, ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 220) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ , ื—ืžืœื™ืฅ", ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื•ื , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ( ืงื•ืœ 
ืžื‘ืฉื‚ืจ") , ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ". ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" -- ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืคืึธืœืงืกื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืš. ื–ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืจืคืงื™, ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ-ื—ื™ื™ื, 1864--1921, ื›ึผืœืœ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ , ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 332 


ืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ืŸ, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, 1876--1953, ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืึทื™ึทืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืคึผืึทืขื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ึทืจื•ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 222 


ืžื™ื˜ ืž. ืคืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 13, 227) ืื™ื– ืฉ"ืข ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึท ื’ื•ื˜-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก 
ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก 


ืคืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". 


32 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืคื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ื”ื—ื•ื• ื ึฟื•ื‘ื• ื—ืกื‘ 
ืกื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ืคืงื™, ื’. -- ืฉืœื•ืื™ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜, 
ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึท ื–ืึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ,ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 342 

ืคื™ืœืื“ืขืœืคื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ -- ืึทึท ืฐืึธื›ื ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ 1894, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก: ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™, 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืึทืŸ (ื—ื™ื™ื-ืฉืจื’ื), 1852--1937, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืœื™ืฅ, ื—ื™ื™ื, 1861--1924, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ 
ืฐื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืฉืžื™ื™ืจ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืœืึธืฉื˜ืฒืŸ), ื‘ืขืงืขืจืžืึทืŸ -- ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืฉื•ื ื“ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก 


ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 343 

ืคืœื•ืฆืงื™, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื-ื™ืขืงื‘, 1861--1918, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉื‚ืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืขืก, ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ". ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืžื–ืจื—ื™". 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืขืคึผืง", ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ -- ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš -- ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 344 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ึนืŸ ื™. ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, 
ืึทื’ื‘, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืข ื–ืึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ -- ,ืžืึธื ื™ืฉ" -- ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ;,ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง"). ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื’ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1891, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืจืฅ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืึท 
ื™ืึทืจื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ : ,, ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจื‘ื•ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฆืขืก ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื• ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึธื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš 
,ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ" (1892), ืฐื•ึผ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื , ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืก ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ", ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคึผืจืฆืขืก ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜ืœ ,ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข", ืฐืึธืก ืึนื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ. -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ื‘ืึทื ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืŸ ,,ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–", ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ืึทืžืคึผืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 346 
ื—ืึท ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช"ื™ -- ืึท ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื , ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 348 

ืงืึทืจืึทืคื™ืง --- ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. ืžืึทืงืก ื‘ืจืึทื“ืจืกืงื™ -- ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ-ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. ืฉื•ืœืžืึทืŸ, ืืœืขื–ืจ, 1827--1904, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ; ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืจืึธื“ืกืงื™ืก 
ืึทืœืก ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืงืึทืกื™ืจืขืจ. ื“ื•ื›ื ืึธ -- ืึท ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ืคึผืึทืœื™ื ืงืึธื•ื•ืคืงื™ -- ืึท ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื“ืขืก, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืกื™ืก -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ,ื™ื•ืกื™ืœืข ืกืึธืœืึธืฐืฒ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 350 

ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืค -- ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื• (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 92 ืื•ืŸ 95). ื‘ืขืจื˜ืข 
ืคืœืขืงืกืขืจ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 301) ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1891, ืึท 
ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ,ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืœืึทื ื“". ื’ืขืคึผืจืฐื•ื˜ ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ืŸ -- ื“ื™ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื™ ,,ื—ื ื•ื›ื”" -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ,ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”", ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ"ืขืžื™ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” 


633 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืฆืœื™ืคื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 89) ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง". ื•ืฑืกืึทืฆืงื™, ืงืœืึธื ื™ืžืึทืก- 
ืฐืึธืœืฃ, 1824--1904, ื ื“ื‘ืŸ, ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืคื™ืจืžืข. ืฉ... -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื ื“ื‘ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ึน ื‘ืึทื ืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ื™ , ืคึผืึทืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 351 ืื•ืŸ 352 


,ื“ื™ ื˜ืฑื™ื‘ึฟื™ื™ -- ืึท ื•ืึธื›ื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1894. ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ : ืžืึทืœืึทื›ืึธืฐืคืงื™, ื”ืœืœ, 1860--1943, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืžืึทื˜ื™ืขืก, ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข 
ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื˜ื• ื ื•ื' 355 


ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืฉืฐื•ืืจืฅ-ื˜ื•ืžืื” -- 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื‘ืขืœืึทื™ืึท ืฆืขืจืงืึธื•ื• (ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฆืขืจืงื•ื•ืข), ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื”. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ -- ืึท ืจืžื– ืืฑื™ืฃ 
ื™.ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืจ -- ,ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘-ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš", 
ืฐืึธืก ื™. ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1894 ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. ,ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืชึผืขื ื™ืช" -- ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ-ืงื•ืœ" (,ืึท ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึทื›ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’"), ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืชึผืจื "ื“ -- 1894. 


ืฆื• ื‘ื›ืงืŸ ื ื•ื? 355 


ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1894 ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ,ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ-ืงืึทืœืขื ื“ืึทืจ", ืึท ื‘ื•ืš 
ืคืึทืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ืึธื ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ, , ื”ืขืจื•ื™ืกื’' ืคื•ืŸ ืž. 
ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ," ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 1894. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื’, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ืž" 360 
ื“ืึธ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ", ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ , ื”ื•ื™ื–- 
ืคื”ื™ื ื”?, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 362 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึท , ืฉืคึผืึทืก" ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ ื"ื  ,ืึท ื–ืขืงืกืื•ื ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื• ื ื•ืž" 263 

ืงืึทืœืึทื ืขืœ ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ -- ืึท ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึทืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืึทื ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึทื“. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืึทืฉื˜ืฉื™ืŸ, ืคืจื•ื’, ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื•ืช 
ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 223, 238, 332, 216, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 364 
,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ"ืฉื"ื˜ื•ื‘ื™, ,ืจื‘ ื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ืœ", , ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึทืจืคึผืึทืœืง", ,ืฒึทืจื™ืฉืข ื ืœื™ืงื•ื™", ,ื“ืจืึทื–ืฉื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ" -- 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืž' 566 
ืคึผืึทื™ืข (ืคึผืึทืœื™ื ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™) ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืึทื ื™ -- ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. ืงืึทืจืึทืกื™ืง -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 248, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 367 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืฐืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“-ืชึผื•ืจื”. 


634 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- ืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 368 
ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ,ืคึผืจื“ืก" ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ , ื“ืึธืŸ-ืงื™ืฉืึธื˜ ืžืžืึทื–ืขืคึผืขืฐืงืึท". 
;ืึทื—ื™ืึทืกืฃ --- ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 370 

ืจืขื•ื•ื–ื™ืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘,  --1852โ€ ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• 40 ื™ืึธืจ, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ , ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืŸ ืคืึธืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจืขื•ื•ื–ื™ืŸ", ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 1895. ื“ื™ ;ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืœืขืš" -- ,ืึท ืกืขืจื™ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ". ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืขืžื“ืœ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึท ื”ื™ืœืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 372 
ื‘ืœื™ื ืจื˜ ื ืึทื›ื˜ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืงืจื™ืกืžืขืก. 


ืฆื• ื‘ื”ื™ืŸื• ื ื•ื. 577 

ืคึผืึทื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืฉ -- ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืคืงื™, ื."ืœ. (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 284) -- ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื" 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืื›ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื• -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 79. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 378 
ืคึผืจืึทืคึผื•ืก, ื™ืฆื—ืง-ื™ืขืงื‘, 1880--1943, ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข-ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜" ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื‘ืจืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžืœื—ืžื”. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 379 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื‘ืขืช ื“ื™ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ื™ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ 
,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“" (ื•ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืช-ืงื•ืœ"). ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฉืฒื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1899, ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื—. 
ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืจื™ื. 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ;ื™ื•ื“" ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข", ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืคึผืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจืก 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ (ืž. ืž. ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐืคืงื™, 1848--1907 ; ืื‘ืจื”ื 
ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 322 -- ืื•ืŸ ื™. ื™. ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื•ืคึผ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 318 -=), 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืข 
ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืž. 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึทืœื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. ืงืึธืฐื•ื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื™. ื™. 
ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึท. ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. , 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 380 

ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“, ืžืึธืจื™ืก, 1862--1923, ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ืคื•ืŸ 1886 ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื•ื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ืขืœ 
-- ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“". ื“ื™ 24 ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ,,ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“". 


ืฆื  ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 281 


,ืžื•ืœ"ื˜ื•ื‘" -- ืึท ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืงื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืคื•ืŸ , ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ" ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ , ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ". 


635 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืื™ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื—ื• ื‘ื•ืž' 282 


ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืค ื”ื™ื ื˜ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืก , ืฉืœืžื” ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ืžืก" 
(ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“"), ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืžืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ื ื˜. 
ืคืจืฆืขืก ืฉื•ืจื”ืœืขืš -- ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 6 , ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 384 ืื•ืŸ 389 

ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,,ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื", ืฐืึธืก ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคืึทื ืึทืฆื ื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ". ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1909--1911 ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื". ืก'ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื , ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 388 

ืื•ื™ืก ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ --- ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1899 ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ึนื“ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืจื™ื. ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืคื ื™ืงืขืก (ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ") --- ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ 
,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืœื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 389 

ื‘ืจืึทืฉื•ืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทื’ืขื ืคื˜ืฐืข -- ืขืžืขืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทืกืขืงื•ืจืึทืฆื™ืข-ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜. ืงื•ืœ ืžื›ืฉืจ -- ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ื•ื™ ืึท 
ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื• , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", 1888--1889. ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืฒึทืกื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™. ืœ. ืคึผืจืฆืขืก ื‘ื™ื›ืขืœืข ,ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข", ืฐืึธืก ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืก ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ". ,ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึทื˜ื”ืขืง", ืึท ,,ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืคื™ืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข" (2 ื‘ืขื ื“), ืฐืึธืก ื™. ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1891. 
;ื™ืึทืกืขืœืข" -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ืคืึธืจืขื ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ 
, ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก", 1899, , ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืฃ' -- ื™. ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึทื ืก , ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืฃ, 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“", 1900. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 390 

ื•ื•ืฒึทืคืกื›ืขืจื’, ื™ืฆื—ืง (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ึนืž' 216) ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืขื“ืึทื’ืึทื’ื™ืฉืข 
ื˜ืขืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง", ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืื’ืจื•ืช 
ื™ืœ"ื’". ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืžื™ื›ื”-ื™ื•ืกืฃ, 1865--1921, ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืจืึธืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจืงืงืŸ ื˜ื ื•ื‘ 2351 
ืจืึธื–ืขื˜, ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืžืฉื‚ื›ึผื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืฉื‘, ืฉืœื•ื"ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื• ื˜ืžื™ 2952 

ืžืึทืงืคื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ -- ืคึผืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืงืกืฒ ืคึผืขืฉืงืึทืฐ, 1868--1936 ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ (ื–ืข 
ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 36). ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึทืจื ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืก ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ืึทืจืขืกื˜. ื’ืึทืœื“ืึทื•ืคืงื™, ืึทื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืึท ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืึทื“ืฐืึทืงืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ โ€ ืฐืึทืกื›ืึธื“". ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื™ 
ืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืึธืžืงื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1901 ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ,ื”ื™ืœืฃ" ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ. ืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืึธืžืงื™ืŸ, ืฐืœืึทื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1878--1946, ืึท ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจ- 
ื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืึทืจ ืคืึทืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืกืคืกืจ. 


6 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืคื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ ืงื•ื ืงืข ืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 393 


ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ึนืž' 224) ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืจืขื“ืึทื’ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ,,ื”ื“ื•ืจ". ืฐืฒึทืกื›ืขืจื’, ื™ืฆื—ืงื™ื™ืขืงื‘ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 216. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ืœื•ื™, 
8-+--1945, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ 1902 ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืฐืฒึทื ื‘ืขืจื’, ืžืฉื”, 
2 -- ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข-ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœืœ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืื™ืŸ 1900. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 394 


ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ , ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง" ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ , ื”ื“ื•ืจ", ื ื•ืž' 11, 
1, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื—ื‘ืจื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฆืจื•ื’ื™". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 395 

ืขื ื’ืขืœ, ื™ื•ืืœ, 1868--1927, ืžื•ื–ื™ืง-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจ, ืกื•ืฃ 19ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืง. ื ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉืื•ืœ, 1866--1940, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" ; ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทืจืขืง, ืคึผืกื—, 1862--1920, 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธื ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืจืง ,ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“", ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 
1, ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืจ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ, 1860--1929, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื’" 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1887 ; ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืึทืจืขืง. ื›ื“ื—ืŸ, ืคึผืกื—-ืืœื™ื”ื•, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ,ื›ื ืฅ ืจื ื ื™ื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืก ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ", 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข 1872. ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืžื ื—ื"ื ื—ื•ื, 1852--1900, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ โ€ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ", ,ื”ืžื’ื™ื“", 
,,ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”"ื™ ื"ืึทื ื“, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข-ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืคื™ืฉื–ืึธื”ืŸืŸ 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื-ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ, 1843--1922, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื“ื—ื ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืึทื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกื–ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืจืก, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืขืก. ืงืึทืฆืขื ื˜ืœืขื ื‘ืึธื’ื˜ืŸ, ืฉ"ื™ 
(ืจืฉ"ื™), ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ืคืึทื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ื•ืš ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืœืงืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข 1887,. ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฉืœืžื”, 1868--1943, ืคืึธืœืงืกื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืžืขืŸ", ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื 500 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ืฐืกืงื™, 
ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจ, ื’ืึทืœื“ืคึฟืึทื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฆื• ืคึผืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 396 


ื ืึทืœื“ืึทื•ืคืงื™ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 292. ื‘ืจืึทื ื“ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื“, 1844--1928, 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ื”ืฉื—ืจ", , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ" ืื•ืŸ , ื”ืฉืœื•ื—", ืื™ืŸ 1890 ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื•ืž' 397 

,ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข" -- ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1902 ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื•ื ,ื™ื•ื“". ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทืŸ, ืืœืขื–ืจ -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 398 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก , ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืึทืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืฐืึธืก ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ,ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ' -- ืึท ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ- 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,ืชื•ืฉื™ื”" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ,ื—ื‘ืจื‘ืจ 
ื”ื—ืฆืจื•ื ื™ื™ื™' -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ , ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง". ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึท- 
ืœืึทื™ืขื•ื• -- ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืึทื™ืขื•ื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืงืขืจืžืขืฉืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, ื‘ืŸ-ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 50) ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,, ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”". ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืœื•ืจื™ื (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 62) ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืœ 


637 


ื‘ืจื™ื–ื–. ืคื”ืŸ' ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืฉ ืœื™ื›ื 


ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื™ื•ื“". ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, 1872--1924, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœื™ืึทืฉืขื•, ืงืจื™ื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืคืึทื ื’ืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืœื˜ ื ื•ื‘ 2399 
ืงื™ืฉืขื ื™ืึทื•ืคืงื™ -- ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึท ืžืึทืœืขืจ. ,ื‘ื™ืœืจื•ื ื’" -- ืึท ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ืคืึทืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ,ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืึธืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืงื™ื™, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ,ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืคื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ". 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ื›ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื ื•ื”ืช' 400 

ื™ืจื—ืžื•ืึทืŸ, ื‘., 1855--1928 -- ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืึทื™ืึท ืฆืขืจืงืึธื•. 
ื“ืึทืœื™ืฆืงื™, ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ, 1858--1921, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึทืฉ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ื•ื™ ืึท ื—ื•ื‘ื‘- 
ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 226. ืฉื‚ื“ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืึทืจืฅ-ื˜ื•ืžืื” -- ื“ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืจื•ืกืจืขื“ืŸ , ื‘ืขืœืึทื™ืึท ืฆืขืจืงืึธืฐ", ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒึทื˜ ,ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ", ืื•ื• 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,ืฉื‚ื“ื” ืœื‘ืŸ" -- ,ืฐืฒึทืกืคืขืœื“" -- ืึธื“ืขืจ , ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ื˜ื•ืžืื”". 
ืฉืึทื‘ืขืœื˜ืึทืฉ -- ืึท ื’ืึทืจื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 401 
ื—ื ื•ื›ื”-ื‘ืœืึทื˜ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 402 
;ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื™ื“ืœื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืก ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 


ืขืœื™ ื›ึผื ื•ืจ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 403 

ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ-"ื‘ื™ื›ืœ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ,ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข", ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ". ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืฐืึธืก 
,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“". ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1902, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ 12 ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ. ืขืคึผืœื‘ืขืจื’, ื”ืขืฉืœ, 
11+--1927, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ-ื“ืจืึทืžืขืก, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1888, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื“ืœืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจืึธืฉ. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื"ื˜ 


, ืขืคึผืคึผืขืœื‘ืขืจื’ืก ืงืึทืœืขื ื“ืขืจ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 407 
ื–ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 396, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 410 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”". ืึท ,,ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืึทืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืงื™"ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ , ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’". ,ื‘ื›ื™ืœืขื˜ื™ื™ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ 
,ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื’ืจื™ืฉื ืข ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 411 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข" -- , ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข" -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 403. , ื‘ื•ืจื•ืฉื˜ืฉื ืึธืกื˜ืฒ 
-- ืึท ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 413 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฐืขืจืง ืฆื• ืึท ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ. 
ืื™ื ืขื ,ื•ื•ื™ื’ืจื™ืฉื ืข ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึท ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜, ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, 


38 


ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืŸ. ืฉืœ ื•ื ืงืข ืœื™ื™ื•ื›ื™ื 


ืฉืžื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืึธื ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ,,ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 415 


ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืžืึทืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึธืขื•ื•. ื‘ืึทื“ื•ื™ืคืขื˜ืฉ -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 416 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ืื™ื– ืึท ื—ืœื•ื -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืจืง ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ. ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ- 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœ -- , ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข" ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1902, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 417 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื•ื™ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื•ื• ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืœืึทื“ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืœืก ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื›ื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ,ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ืื•ืŸ , ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืŸ-ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ (ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”") ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื—. ื“. ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ. ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึทืงืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ", 
ื“ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืืฒึทืœื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึทื ืึธืจืึทืจ 
ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืžืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื” -- ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ,ืชื•ืฉื™ื”" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ"ืžืืŸ -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืึท, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 418 


ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข -- ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ โ€ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ -- ื“"ื” ืคืึทืจ , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" 
ืื•ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜". ืฐื•ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ -- ืึทื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 417). ื“ืึธืก ,ืคึผืึทืจืœื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ" -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“, ื ื•ืžืึท. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 419 
ืงืึทื‘ืจื™ืŸ, ืœืขืึธืŸ, 1872--1946, ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืฐืขืœื™ืกื˜, ืคื•ืŸ 1892 ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 420 

ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฆื•ืฃ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืขื•ืœื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ-ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ : , ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜", , ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ", ,ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืข" ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ื‘ืขืœ:ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืข 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ -- ืื™ืŸ , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืคืขืœื™ืข- 
ื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืฃ ืึท ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึทื ืขืœืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
,ื‘ืขืœื™-ื‘ืชึผื™ื". ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”-ืœืฒึทื˜ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ" (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 417), ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 422 


ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“"ื” 
ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš. 


39 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•-ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืฆืœื™ื›ื™ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืœื•ื• ื ื•ื! 425 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ืื•ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ" ืื•ืŸ 
,, ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”". ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,ืฐื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘ื•' 424 

ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืคืฃ ืœื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“" ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ , ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ , ื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง". 
ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ -- ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ" ืฆื• ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 429 

ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 420. ืื•ืŸ ,ื–ื™ื™"ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืชืŸ -- 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“". ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื” -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืฒึทืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทื–ืข"ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ -- ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืกืขืจื™ืขืก, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทื ืจืึทืคื™ืขืก -- ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™, ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก 
ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก. 


ืฆื• ื‘ื”ื˜ืงื• ื ื•ืž' 427 

ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืคืจืฐื•ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ". ื“ื™ ืžืขืงืœืขืจืก -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– , ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ื–ืึธืœ ืึธืคึผืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“" ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึทื ื‘ื•ืš -- ืึท ืงื•ืจื™ืึธื–ืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืึท ื‘ืขืœ- 
ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืคื˜ื ื™ืฉืœ -- 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืึท, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 428 

ืื™ ื“ืึท, ืื™ ื“ืึทืจื˜ืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ ืื™ื ืขื ,,ื™ื•ื“", ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื ,ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
,ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ", ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง, ืคืึทืจื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ืจืงืœื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืขืจืœื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. ื“ืขื , ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ" ืื™ื– ื“ืขื , ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก" ืืฒึทื ืคืึทืœ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผื™ืฆื™ื ืงืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืชืœืขืš, ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืขืžืขืŸ... ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึท ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ืœ ื•ื™ ืึท , ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข" 
-- ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ , ืื—ื•ืชื™ ืจื•ื—ืžื”" ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืึธืœืขื˜-ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื˜ืึทืงื˜ืข ืงืึทืœื™ื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืชืœืขืš. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืึทืจืฑืกื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืจื™ืค- 
ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ , ืื—ื•ืชื™ ืจื•ื—ืžื”", ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืึธืฐืœ, ืฆื• 
ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืฒึท ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ื›ึผืชื‘. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 420 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึทืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื™ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’", ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ: , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื -- ืึท ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ 
ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 432 

ืจืึธื–ืขื˜ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื•ึน ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 291. ื™ื•ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื•ื“ืฃ" -- ืึท ืฆืฐืฒื™ื“ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืฅ : ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืžืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“" 
ื‘ืคืจื˜. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ-ืกืขืจื™ืข ืฐืึธืก ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš", ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 


40 


ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ,,ืืžืช". ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื-ื“ื•ื‘, 1865--1927, ื“"ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœืข ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘ืื•' 436 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ,,ืึทื—ื™ืึธืกืฃ?, ื“ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ืš", 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 437 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึนื™ื– ื ื•ื’ืข ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“" ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืฉ"ืข ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“" ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 
ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึท:ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ,,ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’", ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืงื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื” ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืžืฆื“ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื™ื•ื“". ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืึทืœืŸ -- 
ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘ื•' 438 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, 
ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืงืจืขืฉื˜ืฉืึทื˜ื™ืง -- 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 439 
ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืืœืขื–ืจ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 427. ืœื™ื•ื›ืึทืจืคืงื™ -- ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ -- ื–ืข 
ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 79,. ืกืงืึทืžืึทืจืึทื•ื•ืคืงื™ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 217. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘ืž"? 441 
ื‘ืŸ"ืื›ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 50, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 443 


ื“ื™ ืคื™ืŸ -- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื™. ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื™ื•ื“" ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ;ื™ื•ื“" ืคื•ืŸ 
ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ,ืืžืช". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 445 
ืื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ 2 --- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". ,ื‘ืขืœ-ื™ื”ื‘ืชึผื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ" -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” 
ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 420, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 446 

ื–ืฉื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื ืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืขืœื™ื•ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึทืกื˜. ืฉืึทื˜ืึท ื“ืข 
ืคึผืœืึทืจ -- ืึท ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ืงืึทื‘ืึทืจืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 450 
ื”ืขื ืขืš ืขื™ื‘ืจื™ -- ืึท ื‘ืึธื”ื•ืกืœืึทืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“, ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืึทื™ืึท ืฆืขืจืงืึธื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืœืฒึทืขืŸ ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช-ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื‘ืฒึท ืึทืŸ ืึธึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืœื—. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื ืขืš ืขื™ื‘ืจื™, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื 
ืงืจืขืžืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืฆืงื™ (ื–ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 459) ื–ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ,75 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜". 


1 


ื‘ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ื•ื• ืคืคืกืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืฉื• ื ื•ืž' 452 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ,, ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ืื•ืŸ , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜". ื“ืึธืก 
ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 454 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". ื“ื™ ,, ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’" ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ , ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืงืœืึทืก" (ื“ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•), ืงืึธื ื ื•ืขืคึผ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ืคึผืึทืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 459 
ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืจืขืžืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืฆืงื™ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 450. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 460 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืœืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ. ื˜ื™ืกื™ -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. 
ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืึท (ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ) -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข. ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืžื•ืจ -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 
ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื”ืœืฆื”, ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ. ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืœืกืึธืงืึธืœืึทื•ื• -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื—ื•ื ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธืฐื•ืก ืœืขืงืกื™- 
ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 19ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืœืฑื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ. ื™ืขื ืขื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืฒึทืขืจื˜ ื™. ืœ. ืคึผืจืฆืขืก ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 462 


;ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื -- ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืชืจื•ื’". ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืฒึท ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื–ืึทืจ -- ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืงืฆื™ืข, ืึท ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™" 


ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืึท ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘ื' 463 


ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ืึทืจื ืึทืœื“ ื™ืึทืงืึทื•ื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, , ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•", ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ,ื™ื•ื“ืึทื™ึดืง". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘ื' 464 

ื“ืึธืก ,ืกื•ื›ึผื•ืช-ื‘ืœืึทื˜ืฒ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". ืจืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง -- ื“ื™ 
ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" (,ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”") ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืŸ 
ืึทืจื•ืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ืื™ืŸ 4 ื‘ืขื ื“, ืฐื™ ืึท ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ื ืึธืš 
8 ,ืคึผืขืงืœ" -- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ,ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืžืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ. ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึทืžืึทืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ,, ืฐื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ?" ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข ,, ืžืื™ืจ 
ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื˜" ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 465 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืึนื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืฉืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ,,ื–ื•ื’ืชื™". ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ื–ืฒื™ 


ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ,ืฐืึธืœื™ืŸ" -- ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 466 


,ึฟืคืจืฒึทื ื“ื™ื™ -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทื ืึธื ืกื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื“ืขื ,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ 


02 


ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื• ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืคืกื‘ืฆืงื™ื›ื 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. ืคืจื™ื“ืžืึทืŸ, ื. -- ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, , ื”ืฆื•ืคื”". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 467 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืœืึทื“ื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ 
ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 395), ื“ืขื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท 
ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึท-ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ืœื•ื˜ ืึท ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ื‘ืŸ-ืื›ื™ื ื“ื•ืจ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 50) ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืจื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึท ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื—ืงื•ืช. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 469 


ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’, ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืฉ"ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจืึทื. ืคึผืึทื™ืข -- ืคืจื•ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื ืงืึธื•ืฐื•ืกืงื™, ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข (ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™). ื™ืขื”ื•ืคึผืขืฅ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื ื˜: ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 470 


ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". 
,ืžืึทืฉืงืขืœืข ื’ื ื‘"ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 22-19, 26-24 ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1902. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 471 


,ื‘ื•ื’ื™"ื™ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ,,ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื— ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื•ื’", ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’", ื ื•ืž' 15, 16, 
3 (ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื˜ืœื˜ ,,ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกื— ืึทื”ื™ื™ื"). ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื’ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ,, ื’ืจื™ื ืก 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช", ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 23 ืคืึทืจืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึทืจ. ,ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ" -- ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
, ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ื™ื™, ื ื•ืž' 76, 77 ืคืึทืจืŸ 8-ืคื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1903. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืœืขืš ืฉื™ืง -- ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืึทื’ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ื™ืฐื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 472 
ืžืขืฉืคื™ื™ืŸ -- ืึท ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืฉื‘. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื˜ื• ื ื•ืž' 473 


ืงืึทืจืึทืœืขื ืงืึท, ืฐืœืึทื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื’., 1853--1921, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜, ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒื™ืœื™ืก-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ : ,17 ื™ื•ื ื™ 1903. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืืฒึทื ืœืึทื“ื•ื ื’ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืึทื‘ืกืึธืœื•ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฆื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืึธืก 
ื ืฒึทืก -- ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืกืคึผืจืึทืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืืฑื™ืคืฆื•ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืฐืขืจ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืก? ืขืก ื“ืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธ 
ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึทืœืข ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืึท ืกื˜ื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฐืึทื›ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืึทื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื™ ืึท ืฐื•ึผืœืงืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืืฑืกื‘ืจืึธืš ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ 
ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’. ืฐื•ืœ. ืงืึธืจืึธืœืขื ืงืึธ". ืงืึธืจืึธืœืขื ืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ื– ื ื•ืž' 12". ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ-ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท 


643 


ื‘ืคื™ื•ื•ื•ื™ืคื ืŸ ืฉืœืฐืืœืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1905. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ"ืคืจืึทื’ืข, ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 9ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจืึธืœืขื ืงืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง 
(ืžืึทืจืงืก-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1914). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 474 

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืฑืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทึท. ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืž' 20 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1902, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจ- 
ืงื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฉ"ืข ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื™ืฉื–ืึธื ืขืŸ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” 205), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื ื“ืข- 
ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ,ืžื ื—ื-ืžืขื ื“ืœ". ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืคืงืจื•ืช ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" (,ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", 1903, ื ื•ืž' 266) ; ื”ืึทื›ื‘ืขืจื’, ืฉืึธื•ืœ, 
10--1942, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ. 1906 ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืึท ืฐืึทื›ื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ , ืคึผืจืฒึทื˜ืึธื’", 1907 ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ", ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ืื™ืŸ 1912 ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก; ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 1917. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 475 


ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžืึทืŸ, ืžืฉื”, 1870--1948, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช-ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืึทืจ-ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 1917. ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืจืึทื˜ืŸ-ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ 1921. ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžืึทื ืก ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,, ืคื™ืœื•ืงืกืจื™ื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ;ื™ื•ื“" : 
,ืฐื™ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผืึทื˜ืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืืฑื™ืฃ ืฆืจื•ืช.." 
ืคื™ืœืึทืงื˜ืขืจืข -- ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืขืžืœ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืขื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘ืŸ. ืžืึทืจืฉืึทืœืขืง (ืžืึทืจืฉืขืœื™ืง) -- ืึท ื‘ื“ื—ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ , ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช. ,ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืก" -- ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื”ื™ืœืฃ", 19023, 
ื–ื–ื™ 47"37, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 476 


ืžืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•ื•, ืฐืœืึทื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1854--1936 -- ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ, ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœ. ื . ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™. ืžืึทืึทืจ, ืขืœืžืขืจ (ืึทืœืขืงืกืฒ ืคืจืึทื ืฆืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ), 1858-- 
8 -- ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืืฑื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœ.ื . ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืก ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“. ื‘ื•ืœืึทื ื–ืฉืข, ืคึผืึทืฐืขืœ ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1865--1925 -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœ. ื . ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืก 
ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจืก, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื™ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื. ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืก 
ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 478 


ืฉืึทืœื™ืฅ, ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืงืึทืจืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1857--1923, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก (ืœ. ื . ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™, ื. ื . ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืึท. ืคึผ. ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธื•ื•, ื. ืž. ื’ืึธืจืงื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 481 


ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1903 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ , ืชึผื•ืฉื™ื”" ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฐืขืจืง ืฐื™ ืึท 
ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื. 
ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•ืก ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข (ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ,,ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืก") ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,, ืžืขืกืขืจืœ" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“", 1887, ื‘ื•ืš /1. 


:4 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 482 
ืœืขื•ื•ืขื ืคื˜ืœืจ, ืจืึทืคืื™ืœ, 1854--1910, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ-ืกืœืึทืฐื™ืกื˜, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ"ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ -- 
ืœ. ื . ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืื' 486 

ืึท ืจื™ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉ"ืข ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืึธืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ : ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ , ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฒึท, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ ; ,ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1887--1888, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 1888--1889. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืึธืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1903 ืึท ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืึทืจ ื‘ืฒึท 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ : ,ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืฉืึทื ืง.. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืคืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืึธื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืกื˜ืœ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืขืึธื’ืึธืœืก ืงืขืกื˜ืœ'". ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜, ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืึทื˜ืึทืŸ, /166--1745 -- 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ. ื˜ืขืงืขืจื™ื™, ื•ื™ืœื™ืึทื, 1816--1862 -- ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 487 

ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ,ืœืึทื˜ืงืขืก ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ื”" ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืกื—: 
,ืึท ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ 'ืืžืช' ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืึท ืžืชึผื ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ". 
;ืืžืชื™ื™ -- ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ืคืึทืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 494 

,ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื " -- ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ-ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ 
ืœ. ื. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ื ื•ืž' 1 -- 1ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1904, ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื•ืž' 149, 30ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื ื™ 1904. ื“ืขื 28ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1905 ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ. ,ืคึผืึทืœืงืกืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’" -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜: ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’", ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 
02--1903 ; ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ : ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื“"ืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืž. ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 3 (ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื’) ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 
3, ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ื•ืคืงื™, ื ื— -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 89. 


ืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื” ืžื ื•ืž' 495 

ื ื— ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ื•ืคืงื™ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 89) ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืฒึทื™ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืขื ืขื , ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’" ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื›ื—ื“ืจื™ื™ื’ (ื‘ื—ืจื ื“ืจื‘ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ) -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื•ื“, ืึทื– ืžื’ืœื” ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทื“ืจืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื—ืจื. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 496 
ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ื”ืขืจืฆืœืก ืžื™ืฉืคึผื˜, ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืึทืงื˜ืŸ' ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืช 


(ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ), ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’", 26/1 1904, ื ื•ืž' 21. ืžืึทื ื“ืจื™ืฉ -- ืึท ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
, ืคื•ืจื™ื-ืฉืคึผื™ืœ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 497 

ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืคืึทืจ , ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ืื•ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’", 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. ,ื ื‘ืขืœ-ืžืœืึทื›ื”" -- ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึทื ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 503 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, 1862--1908, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื–ืึทื™ึดืงืขืจ, ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ -- ืื™ืŸ 


05 


ื‘ืจื™ื—ื•ื•ืคื•ื” ืฉืœื•ื- ืคืœื™ื›ื•ื 


2+--1902 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’". ืึทืฉ;, ืฉืœื•ื, 
10--1957, ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืจืึธืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 504 
,ื”ืึธื“ืœืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", 1904, ื ื•ืž' 193, 194. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•! ื ื•ืž' 506 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืึธ, ืฐื•ืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฉ"ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". ืฉ"ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืึทืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื ื•ื‘)? 507 


;ืื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื™ -- ืœ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื , ื˜ืึธื’". ืžื™ื ื™ืคื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื•. ืžื™ืจ. -- ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ 
ืกืฐื™ืึทื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœืง-ืžื™ืจืกืงื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ืขืจ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ื˜ืึธื’" ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 510 
ืžืึทืจืขืง -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : ืึธืจื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืžืึทืจืง, 1878--1942, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืึธืจ -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื•ืฑืœื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก , ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜" ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคึผื•ืฑืœื™ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 511 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช-ื”ื“ืจืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืึทืจืฉืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ื”ื™ ื™ืคื•ื‘' (ื›ื•ืค 


ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’". 
ืื™ืคึผืคึผืึท -- ื. ืื™ืคื ื, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ , ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’". ืœืขื•ื•ื™ =- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื›ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื•ึน ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 216). 
ื‘ืฅ ื›ึผืฅ, 1875--1938 -- ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืฆื ื•ืช, ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
,;ื”ื–ืžืŸ" ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ึผืฅ, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘" 514 
ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืžืึธืจื™ืก ืคื™ืฉื›ืขืจื’ -- ืึท ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื‘ืขืช ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืึทืจืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืž. ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจืก ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก. 


ืฉื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื” ืฆืงื? ืค1ืค 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขืฐืขืจ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ 18ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1905. 


ืืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื ืŸ ื ื•ื. 517 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ {ืคึผื™ื ื™ื˜" -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : ื™ืึทืคึผืึทืŸ ; ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ,ืžืขื ื“ืœ" -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทื ืงื™ืจ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืกืึธืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื—ื• ื ื•ืž' ืคื•ืค 


ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข , ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื‘ืŸ" ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ืื™ื–, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 


06 


ืคืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”. ืฆืœื™ืคื 


ืฆื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 500 


ืฉืจื”ื•ืึทืŸ, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, 1862--1923 -- ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
,ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืื•ืŸ , ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ื˜ืขืฃ: 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ื•ื• ื ื•ืž. 521 


ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึทืจื“ืก, ื‘ืขืจื ืึทืจื“ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ, 1877--1971, ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ-ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืึธืกื˜ืึธื ืขืจ ,, ืื™ื–ืจืึทืขืœื™ื˜". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 524 


,ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืŸ ื—ื–ื ืค ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ" -- ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก 
ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื˜ื• ื ื•ื! 525 


;ื”ืึทืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’" -- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ,ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจื—" -- ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคึผืกื— ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ , ืฆืฒึทื˜". 


ืคืŸ ื‘ืžืขื• ื‘ื•ื˜ 526 


ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืจืฆืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืก , ืžืฉื ื ืžื™ืจื•ื‘", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืžืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’". ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ืคึผืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ 
ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ืคึผืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ืžืฉื ื ืžื™ืจื•ื‘" 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื•ืž' 528 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืงื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžื™ 509 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 50-ื™ืึทืจื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ- 
ืกืคืจื™ื, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึท ืคืึธื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืก ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึทื’ืึทื ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื“ืขื 18ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื™ื™ืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, 
ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™-ืคืึทื ื“. ืžืึธืจื™ืก ืจืึธื•ืขื ืคืขืœื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื, ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜. ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื• -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืœื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™, ืึท. (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 79). ืคืึทืคึผื™ืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘ -- ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื , ืžืึทืจื’ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ" ืื•ืŸ , ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž! 530 


ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื•, 1867--1925, ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืกื™ืฒึทืกื˜. 
ืžืึทืคืœื™ืึทื ืคึผืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทื ื“ืขืก -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 79. ืžื™ืœืขืจ, ืœื•ืื™ืก, 1866--1927 -- 
ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜. ื‘ึผืจื•ื ืึทืฃ (ื‘ืจื•ื ืึธื•ื•), ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธืŸ, 1859-- 
4 --- ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจ, ื“ื™ืจื™ื’ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก. 


ืืŸ ื‘ื›ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื”ืž' 532 


ืฉืœื ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ โ€ ืฉื™ืจืชื ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”", ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
,ื”ืฉืœื•ื—". 


87 


ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืคืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 533 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื’ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,,ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ืฃ' ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ 1907. ื“ื™ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉ. ื”ืึทื›ื‘ึผืขืจื’ (1870--1942) ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘. ื“ืขืจ ืจืข- 
ื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ =- ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ,ืžื‘ื•ืœ" (ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ,ืฐืึทืจื”ืฒื™ื˜"). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 534 
ืงืึทืกืคืขืœ (ืงืึทืกืขืœ), ื“ื•ื“, 1881--1935, ืคึผืจืึทื–ืึทื™ืงืขืจ, ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ. 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืœืขืจื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืžืึทื˜ื™ืขืก ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 535 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื•ื™ ืฉ"ืข ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข, ื•ื• 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 1908. ื“ื–ืฉื•ืื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจืœื“" (ืœืึทื ื“ืึธืŸ) 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’. ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ -- ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืงื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 5357 

ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืžืึทืคึผื•ืก , ืื”ื‘ืช-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ *. ื—. 
ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ (1858--1920). ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ : , ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื˜ื ืคืชื™ ืืช ืขื˜ื™ ื‘ื–'ืจื’ื•ืŸ", ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ,,ืฆืฒึทื˜" ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 538 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคืึธื˜ืึธ-ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืฒื™ืฆืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืจื’, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืึธืจ 
ืฐื•ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืœืขื˜ืฉืขืจืก. ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื‘ืึทืจื’ ื‘ืึทืฆืฒื™ื›ื ื˜ ื•ื™ 
ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™, ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ -- ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืจืŸ -- ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง. ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืข. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื’ (1907) ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืจืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืฒืฆืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ืคื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 540 
ืคึผืึทืœืฒ, ื™ืึทื”ืึทืŸ (ื™ื•ื ื”), 1871--1907, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ -- ืคื•ืŸ 1888 ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜" ื‘ื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ (ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืžืึธืจื“). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 541 

ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉ. -- ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" (ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 295). 
ืจืึทื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“, ืฉืžื•ืืœ, 1869--1942 -- ืžื™ื˜ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ-ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ โ€ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ื™ื" --- ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื•ื , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". ืงืจื™ื ืกืงื™, ืž. -- 
ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ , ื”ืื•ืจ", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื? 542 


ื“ืึธ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,, ืžื‘ื•ืœ", ืฐืึธืก ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื 
ืึท ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึทื ืึธืจืึทืจ. ื“ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉืชึผื™ืงื” ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 


48 


ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืคื ืŸ ืฉืงืฐื: ืคืœืœื›ื 


ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึท ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 543 

ื–ืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ืชึผืฉืจ"ืง), 1872--1926, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ , ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜". ,ืฐืึทืงืฒื™ืฉืฑ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืฆื•ื , ื˜ืึทื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜" ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ,ืคื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ". 
ืจืขื–ื ื™ืง ืขื ื“ ืงืึทืคึผืœืึทืŸ -- ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก-ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ืขืจืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฉืœื•ื- 
ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 544 
ื•ื•. ืฐืฒึทืคืคืœืื˜ -- ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". ื“ืึทื ืžืึทืจืึธืฐ -- ืึทืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ืึธืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 545 
ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื™ืŸ, ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ, 1862--1929, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ-ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืฃ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 546 
ืคึผืึทื–ื ืึทื ืคืงื™ -- ืึท ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ื™ืœ-ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืงืึทื ื˜. ืกืขื ืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืขื ืจื™ืง, 1846--1916, ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 547 
ืจืึทืคึผืึทืคึผืึทืจื˜, ืฉื‘ืชื™, 1802--1928 -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 550 
ืึทื›ืขืจืคืึทืŸ == ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื ื•ื. ื•ืœ 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืึธึทืฐื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก" ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ืขืจ 
ืืœืžื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, 
ืคืจื•ื’, ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, ืึทืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื˜ื• ื ื•ืž' 552 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉ"ืข ืื™ื– ืงืจืึทื ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื•ืืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืึทืฉื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐื™ืฅ -- ื’ืขืžืฒื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐื™ืฆืขืจ ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1908, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืฉื• ื ื•ืž' 553 


ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ, 1868--1929, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืขืกืงืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ -- ืึท 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฆืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 554 

ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ื“ื™ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืจื•ื•ื™ 
ืึท ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืงื•ืŸ ื ื”ื' 556 
ืงืจื•ืฉืขื•ื•ืึทืŸ, ืคึผืึทืฐืขืœ -- ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ-ืฉื‚ื•ื ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืก:ื”ืขืฆืขืจ, ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 


9 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,, ื‘ืขืกืึทืจืึทื‘ืขืฅ", ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื (1903). ืคึผื•ืจื™ืฉืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืœืึท- 
ื“ื™ืžื™ืจ, ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืฉืึธืจื ืึทื™ืึท ืกืึธื˜ื ื™ืึท" (ืฉืฐื•ืึทืจืฅ-ืžืื”ื ื™ืงืขืก), ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒ- 
ืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื”) ืฉืคืค 
ืจืึทื•ืขื˜, ื™. -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 391, 


ืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืงืŸ ื ื•ื. 558 


;ืงื”ืœืชื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ,ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“" -- ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืงื”ืœืช" ืื™ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" (1908). 


ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื• ื ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคื˜ 
ืฉืจื™ืจืึธึท -- ืึท ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื ืึทืคื˜ืžืึทื’ื ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•. ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 560 
ืึทื›ืจื”ื-ืขืœื™ืข -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื-ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 19). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื˜ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 561 


ืคื™ืจืงื™ืŸ, ืž. ื . -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 82. ื“"ืจ ืขืœื™ืึทืฉืขื•ื• (ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช) -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 398, 


ืฆื• ื‘ื›ืงื• ื ื•ื) 567 
ื–ืึทืžืึทืฉื˜ืฉื™ืŸ, ืคึผืœืชื™ืืœ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 223. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื‘' 565 
ื–ืึทื›ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ืคึผืงื™, ื ื— -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 89. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืืž' 566 

ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืึท. ืœ. (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 284) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก 
ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘-ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 1909 ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื™ื•ื- 
ื˜ื•ื‘-ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื–ืึทื›ืŸ : , ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื™ (ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื), 
,ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึทืจืคืึธืœืง" (ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืกื—) ืื•ืŸ ,ื’ื–ืœื ื™ื" ืื•ื™ืฃ (ืœ"ื’-ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ). ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ื‘ื˜ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจืงืŸ ื ื•ืž' 567 
ื™ืึทืžืคึผืึทืœืคึผืงื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง -- ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื ื˜ืจืขืึทืœืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืขืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืคื™ืข. 


ืืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืงืœ ื ื•ื? 568 

ืจืึทืคึผืึทืคึผืึทืจื˜, ืฉื‘ืชื™, 1862--1928 --- ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉ. ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ -- ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ โ€ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“" (1902), ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” 
ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 541. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘ื•' ืขืก 
ืืฒึทื•ืžืึทืŸ, ื“ื•ื“, 1869--1922, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 


90 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ื”ื˜ื• ื ื•ื. 577 

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื‘ืกื˜ 1908 ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ , ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจื•ืคึผืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฅ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸื™, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆืฐืขืง ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื•ื•ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 580 


ืจืึทื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“, ืฉืžื•ืืœ, 1869--1942, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืฃ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 541). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 584 

ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœ"ื’-ื‘ืขื•ืžื• ืคืึทืจ , ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง" 
(ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 566) ืึท ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“: ,ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ", ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฉ"ืข 
ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ,ื’ื–ืœื ื™ื", ืื•ืŸ ,, ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ , ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". ื˜"ื•ื• -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ-ืžืื”ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจืึทื“ืึธื ืึทื˜ืฉืึทืœื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ื“ื™ 
,ื–ืึทื’ืขืจืค" -- ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก , ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธืœืง" ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ื–ืึทืš. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ื›ืงืŸ ื ื•ื 5860 

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจ" 
ืœืขื’ืขืจืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืคืจื•ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข. ืฆื•ืจื™ืง- 
ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธื ืก ืžืชึผื ื•ืช : ื‘ืจื™ืฐืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 588 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทื™ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 


ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ โ€ ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื•ืฉืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื™ืข , ืื™ื–ื ื‘ืึทืŸ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก" 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื‘' 589 


ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืค ื–ืึทืžืœื›ื•ืš -- ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,,ืžื•ืจื™ื”" ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ,ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืกืขืจืœ" ืืฑื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื 
ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš. ื’ืึทืจื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 79) ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 10ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1909. 
ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ืึทื“ื•ืขืก -- ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข. 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจืงื•ืŸ ื ื•ื. 598 
ืฐื•ืึทืจืงืขืœ, ื. -- ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉ-ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื’ืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 600 

ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื•ื•ืคืงื™, ืž. -- ืึท ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื•ืขืจืง. 

ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 601 

ืคึผื™ื ื•ื, ื™. (ื™ื•.) -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 12-ื‘ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข. ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,ืกืึทื•ื•ืจืขืžืขื ื ื™ืข ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœื˜ืžืฒื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก 
ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึธืœื™ืึทืจ. ื–ืึทื ื’ืฐื™ืœ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1864--1926, 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, -- ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ โ€ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ" 
(1904), 


51 


ื‘ืจื™ื—ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื -ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 604 
,ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื—ื•ื" -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื“ื™ืขื˜ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ื™". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 605 

"ื—ืข2000 ืกืกืฆืข"ื™ (ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ืก ื‘ืึทื’ื™ื ืขืŸ) -- ืึท ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ืฐื•ืข ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ื’. 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืึทื ืึธื ืก : ,,ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ 'ืกืึธื•ื•ืจืขืžืขื ื ื™ืข 
ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžื™' (ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ) ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก 
ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ืขื ื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ื ืึธืฐืขืœืขืก, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื ื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 'ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืึทื ื˜ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ 'ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš. ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 613 

ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœืฒื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืึท 
ืคืจื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืึทื˜ืฐืฒ ืงืึธื–ืฉืขืžื™ืึทืงื™ืŸ", ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฆื™ืงืœ ืึธืงื•ืจืึธืฐื•ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืึท". ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ: ,ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืงืœืขืคึผ, ืกื˜ื•ืกืึทืงืขืก, ื’ืขืฆื•ืคึผื˜, ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ, ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืฃ 
ืงืึทืจืง, ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืคึผืœืึทืžื™ืงืข ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ, ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืจื›ืขื˜, ื’ืขืฉืžื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื–ืขื•ื•ืข ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ืžืขื ืก. 
ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 615 


ืงืจื‘ ืงืจื•ื‘" -- ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท..ืœ. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 284 ืื•ืŸ 566). 
ืึท. ืœ. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืกืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 616 


ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืขืจ -- ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ "0ื—ืช0003806 880406ืข180ืกื ืกื . (,ืฐืขื’ืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ืง"), ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฆืขืจ-ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื-ืžืขืฉื‚ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ 
ืจืึทื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง" ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœืขื•ื• ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึทื™. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 617 

ืคืึทืœืขืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘, 1885--1951, -- ืึทื“ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืขืœื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ -- ืคึผืจืึธื–ืึทื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’, ืคื•ืŸ 1906 ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืคืึทืคึผื™ืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ (ืก"ืฉ) ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื ื™ืง -- ื“ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ 
,ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ?, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 620 
ืžืึทื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืœื™ื ืงืึทื•ื•ืคืงื™ -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื’ื“, 


ืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื• ื ื•ืž' 622 
ืจื™ื™ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 332, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 623 


ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 154. ื“ืึทื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 126. 
ืคื™ืขื ื˜ ืึทื”ืจื ืกืึธืŸ, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžืฒึทื–ื™ืœ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 624 


ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืึทืžืคึผื™ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืจืึธืฐ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 127) ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉ"ืข ื‘ืึทืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืึทืžืคึผื™ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืจืึทืฐ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข 


2 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ืื˜ 


ื‘ืึทื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืฐืขืจืง, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ืฐืึทืจืขืžืข ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ืš. -- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืก-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ืึทืžืคื™ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืจืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืข ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ืกืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืก-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืกื˜ (ืœืกื•ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ). ืคึผื•ืจื™ืฉืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (ื–ืข 
ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 556) ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจืงืึธื•ื•, ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื•ืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™-ื™ื™ื“ืŸ-ื”ืขืฆืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒืœื™ืก-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก (1911--1913). 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 626 
ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ,, ืฉืžื•ืืœ-ืืคืจื™ื, 1878-- ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึทืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ืฒึท ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ", ,ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืžืขืจ ื ืฒื˜ืจืึทืœืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืœืข ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกืกืึทืŸ", 1911--1912, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 628 
;ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ" -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ื•ืž' 626. 


ืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื” ื ื•ืž' 629 


ื˜ืึธืžืึทืฉืขืฐื•ืกืงื™, ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก, 1866--1939, ื‘ื™ื ืข-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืจื’, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจื•ื™ื˜, -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 690, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 630 

ื›ื•ืจืขื ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1841--1926, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ,,ื ืึธืฐืึธื™ืข ื•ื•ืจืขืžื™ืึท" ืึท ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืงืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืคืึทืœ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 633 

ื˜ืึทืคึผื˜, ืฐื™ืœื™ืึทื, 1857--1930 -- ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจ' ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1909--1913, ืกืึทื–ืึธื ืึธืฐื• 
ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™, 1861--1927 -- ืืฑื™ืกืœืึทื ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1910--1916. ื’ื•ื˜ืฉืงืึทืฐ, 
ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจ, 1862--1936 -- ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฆืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 634 


ืงืึทื”ืึทืŸ, ืœืึทื–ืึทืจ, 1885--1946 -- ืึท ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 637 

ืฉืจืขื‘ืขืจืง, ืฉืœืžื”, 1866--1944, ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ -- ืื™ืŸ 1900 ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
8 ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจืก ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’-ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ , ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ". ืึทืจืฑืก- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•ืก ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ 10 ื‘ืขื ื“ (ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 1919). ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ (1925) ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ (ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ"), ืคืึทืœืขืจื• 
ื™ืขืงื‘ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 617. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 639 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืก", ืฐืึธืก ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ 1912. ืื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืกืงืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืึทืจืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ". ื“ืขืจ 


3 


ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื- ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืฉ. ื™. ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ" ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื , ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืก", ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื“ืขืงืจืขื˜ืŸ" : ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื™ื ืกื˜- 
ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึตืฃ 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ื“ืขื ืกื•ืฃ ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
,ื‘ืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ" (ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ,,ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ") ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, ืœืขืึธ ืจืึทืคืึทืœืขืกืงืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธื–ืข ืกืคึผื™ืฐืึทืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื•ืฃ (ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆืขื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš) ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืคึผื™ืœืึธื’ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ,ื ื•ื™ืขืฆืœ" -- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ื ืขื , ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืก", ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื•ื• ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืคึผื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื›ื—ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ 
ื˜ื•ืžืึทืจืงื™ืŸ -- ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืก". ,ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ -- ื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื™ื™ึดืฉืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ , ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ" (ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื˜ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ). ,ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืœื™ื™ืขืจื˜ืข ื“ืึทืžืข" -- ืึท ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ,, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 640 
;;ืึทืจื˜ืขืฑื™ื™ -- ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื’ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืŸ, ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืึธืจื˜, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 642 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ื’ืขืจืก ืึท ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืฉ"ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืืฑืกืœืฒึทืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคืขืœื™ืข- 
ื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ,,ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืึทื˜" , ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•", ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ. ื‘. ื˜ืฉืึทืจื ื™-ืœื•ืจื™ืึท -- ื ื™ื’ืขืจืก ืคืจื•ื™, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื‘ืขืจื ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 643 

ืคึผืึท ืกื˜ืึธ ืคืึธืจืึธืง ื“ื™ืขื•ืฑืึทื˜ืฑ -- ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ (ืคึผืึทืจืึทื’ืจืึทืฃ) ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ- 
ืงืึธื“ืขืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขืกืข- 
ืึธืจื’ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ,, ืคืจืฒึทืข" ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 644 

ื›ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉืคื•ืช (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 298) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึทึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึทืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืก", ื ืึธืจ 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’-ื›ืจืึทื ื™ืง 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒื™ืœื™ืก-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืคึผืจื ืกื”... 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืข. ืคึผืจืึทืฐืึทื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืึท -- ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ืฐื•ื™ื ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ื™ืžื ืึทื–ื™ืขืก. ืื™ืกื˜ืึท- 
ื˜ืฉื ื™ืง (ืงืฐืึทืœ) -- ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ืื™ืกื˜ืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืง" ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื™. ืœ. ืคึผืจืฆืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 645 

ืฉื ื˜ื˜ืคืึทืœ -- ืฉื ื™ื™ืคืึทืœ, ืฉ. ืง., 1884--. ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ. ืงืึทื–ืึทืงืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืงื™ืฆืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ 80-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ืžืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ (ืœื•ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ. ืฉื ื™ื™ืคืึทืœ) ืื™ื–, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืžื–ื” (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 182). 
ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ: ,ืืœ ืชืฉืœื™ื›ื ื• ืœืขืช 
ื–ื™ืงื ื” !* ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืขืก-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
,ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข. 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ -- ื ื™ื’ืขืจืก ืžืึทื ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 


654 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื”ืขืœื™ืคื 


ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ,ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกืขื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืฒ (ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ-ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ-ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, 1909--1912, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจ), 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 647 
ืจืึธื•ืขื˜, ื™ืฆื—ืง -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 391, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 649 


ืคืขื˜ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ื. -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ,ืจื•ืกืงืึธื™ืข ื‘ืึธื’ืึทื˜- 
ืกื˜ืฐื•ืึธ", ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืึทืœืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ-ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 
6-+--1918. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืก". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 650 


ืงืึทื”ืึทืŸ, ืื›(ืจื”ื) -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 154. ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’, ื™ืฆื—ืง, 1853--1916, ืึท ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื›ึผืœืœ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก". 


ืฆืŸ -ื”ืขืŸ ื”ื•ืž" 651 


ืงืึทื˜ื™ืง, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, 1847--1921, ืžืขืžื•ืึทืจืŸ-ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ,ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช". ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธึทืžืึทืŸ -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทืก". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 663 


ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (,ืจื‘ ืฆืขื™ืจ"), 1870--1949, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ, 
ื‘ืฉืขืช ืฉ"ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื™ืง. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘ื' 664 
ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธึท -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 559, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 005 


ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ,ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ื™ (1913--1915), ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื™ื ืขื ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ื‘. 
ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข. ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉ"ืข 
ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,, ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", , ืœืš-ืœืš" ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ , ื“ื™ ืฐืึทืกืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื‘" 
ืคื•ืŸ ,, ืžืึธื˜ืœ ืคึผื™ื™ืกื™ ื“ืขื ื—ื–ื ืก". ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืคืึธืŸ, ื“ื•ื“, 1884--1952, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืจืึธื–ืึทื™ืงืขืจืก, -- ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ (19123) ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฐืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ- 
ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’. ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ืคึผืฒึทื˜ืœ, ืคึผืจื™ืึทื˜-ื“ืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืฐื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ -- ื‘ืฉืขืช ืฉ"ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืขืจ. 
ืงืœืžื ืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื–ืขืœื™ืง, 1885--1944, ืœื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ -- ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฐืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ื ืก ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืฐืึธ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 669 
ื—ื“ืึทืก ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื›ืŸ" -- ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ : ,ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 670 


;ืื™ื–ืจืึทืขืœืฆืขืก" -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ : ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ืŸ ,,ืื™ื–ืจืึทื™ืœ" ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง 
ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš -- ื“"ื” : ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž' 674 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื. ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืž. ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐืกืงื™. -- ื•ื™ 


655 


ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื™ื– ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ืกืงื™, ื•ื™ ืคึผืึทืขื˜, ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1900 ืžื™ื˜ ืฉ"ืข ืึท ื”ืงื“ืžื”. ื ืึธืš ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ืฐื•ืกืงื™ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืœ. ื™ืคื” (1875--1948), ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทืฐื•ืกืงื™ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืก- 
ืงื™ืก ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ. ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ : 
,ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ", ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“, 
ืฆื•ื ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ,,ืžื•ืจื™ื”", ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึนื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“, ืœื•ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืึทืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืึทืœืžื ื”. ืคื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ -- ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ. ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื 
ืœื‘ื ื” -- ืึท ืฐื™ืฆื™ืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื™ืฆื”: , ืฉืœื•ื ืœืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืœืงืจื•ื‘, ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืจื‘ ืขื“ ื‘ืœื™ 
ื™ืจื—". ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ื”ื• -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ื‘ืึทืจืกืงื™. ื. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื• ื ื•ืž'ื™ 6/9 
ืึทื“ืฐืึทืงืื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื’ืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ืฐื•ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 680 ืื•ืŸ 681 

ื“ืขืจ 1ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื. 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผืึทืœืขืžื™ืง", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธึทื›ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ,,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืœ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ , ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜". 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ืึท ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืœื–ื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜" ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ , ืขื“ื•ืช", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฅ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืœืขืš-ืคืจื•ื. ื“ืขืจ ,ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜" ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ,ืขื“ื•ืช", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืึทื– ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท 
ื™ื™ึดืจืื™ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืึทืฐื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ. -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ื’ืขืขืจื’ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก. ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ 1915 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ,ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง" 
ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ื›ึผืชืจื™ืœืขื•ื•ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก" (ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ื™"ื’, 
,ืจืขืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ืขืจ"), ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ,ื˜ืึธื’". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 682 

ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผื ืงืกื™ -- ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ-ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’, 1913, 
ืื™ืชื•ืžื™ื" ืื™ืŸ ,ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”" -- ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืืฑื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืึทื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ื’ืึทืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’, ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก, 1866--1922, ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืกืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, -- ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” 
ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจืœื•ื• ื ื•ืž', 683 

ืฐืึทืจืงืขืœ, ืึท. -- ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื’ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ืŸ -- ืื™ื– ืึท ืกืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื™ื ืึธื™ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 688 

ืึทืจืœืขืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืค., 1855--1926, ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ื™ืึธืจ, ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ 1887 ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 
ืคึผืœืขื™ (ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ) -- ืึท ืคึผื™ืขืกืข. ื‘ืื•ืขืจื™ -- ืึท ื’ืึทืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืจืง, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ- 
ืจืึทื™ืึทืŸ. ื ื™ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืฐืึทื“ืขืจ -- ืคื™ื ืฃ ืกืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ. ื‘ืึทืจื“ืขืจืขืค -- ืงืฐืึทืจื˜- 
ืจืึทื ื˜ืŸ. -- ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฉ"ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 


6 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื: ืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืœืขืจืก , ื’ืจืขื ื“-ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ" ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื ืฆื™ืง 
ืคึผืึทืจ , ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 690 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืจื•ื“ืึทืœืฃ ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึทื ื’ืึทื–ืฉื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืึทืฉืขืฐื•ืกืงื™ืก ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืกื™ื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืฐืึทืœื˜ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื ืึธื ืกื™ืจื˜, ืึทื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจื•ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“. ,ืžืกื•ืจ" -- ืึท ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœ. ืข. ืžื™ืœืœืขืจ (ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 702), 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 691 


ื“ืึธ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ (,ืจืึทื–ืจืขืฉืขื ื™ืข") ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืคึผืœื™ืง : , ืคึผืจื™ืฅ, ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืจืขืคืขืจืึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืฐืึทืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืจ (ื“"ื” ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ) ? ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืŸ! ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืขืœืขืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืš!" 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืืž? 692 
ืงืึทื‘ืึทืง, ืึทื”ืจืŸ-ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, 18823--1944, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 696 

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื˜ -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขื ,ืกืงืึทื ื“ืึทืœ" ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืฆื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ- 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืขืจื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ ,,ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืฉืคืช ืขื‘ืจ", ,ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 700 
ืฉืจืขื‘ืขืจืง, ืฉืœืžื” -- ื–ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 627, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 702 


ืžื™ืœืœืขืจ, ืœื•ืื™ืก, 1866--1927, ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึท- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆืึธืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžืกื•ืจ" ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉ"ืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 690. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 703 
ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฉืœืžื” -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 395. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 705 
ื–ืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ -- ื–ืข ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 543, 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 706 

ืึธืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืฉื• (ืึธืคึผืึทื˜ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™), ื™ื•ืกืฃ, 1886--1954 -- ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธื–ืึทื™ืงืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ,ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืจื“-ื’ื ื‘" ืื•ืŸ ,ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึท", ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉ"ืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืฉื•ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1912--1914. ืžืึทื ื™ ืœื™ื™ื (ื‘ืจืึทื”ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืž. ืœ.) 1882-- 
3, ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ืคื•ืŸ 1905 ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืจืขืคึผืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ืึทื˜ื™ื•ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข 
,,ื™ื•ื ื’ืข". ืฉื˜ืึทืง, ืคืจืึทื“ืœ, 1890--19230, ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ 1907 ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 
ืคืœืึธื ื™ื, ื™ื•ืืœ, 1884--1944, ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜. 


697 


ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื-ืขืงื™ื›ื 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 707 
ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ, ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืžืึทืŸ, 1874--1954, ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 709 

ื™ื”ื•ืึทืฉ, 1872--1927, ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืขื˜ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืœื•ืžื’ืึทืจื˜ืขืŸ, -- ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืžืฉืœื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืคืจืงื™ ืึธื‘ื•ืช" ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื "ืš. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 10 ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขืจืง -- ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื "ืš. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 710 
ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืœืึทื•ื•ืคืงื™, ื—ื™ื™ื, 1865--1942, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืขืจ. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ืฐื• ื ื•ืž' ื•ื•7 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,ื‘ืึทื–ืึทืจ-ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜", ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ,,ืคืึธืœืงืกื”ื™ืœืฃ-ืงืึธื ืคึผืขืจืขื ืฅ" ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืขื ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืฆื•ื ,,ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ืึทืจ" ืื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ,ื’ืจืึทื ื“ ืกืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ ืคึผืึทืœืึทืก". ืฉ"ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ืึทื–ืึทืจ-ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜" ืึท ืคืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ : ,ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข ืจื™ื™ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื™", ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืขื’ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžืœื—ืžื”. 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž' 717 


ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ-ื”ืžื•ืขื“ 
ืคึผืกื—, ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื˜ืขื’ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ื˜. ืฉ"ืข ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื™ื”ื•ืึธืฉืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดืฉืจ-ื›ึผื•ื— ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ืš , ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง 
ื‘ื™ื– ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™' ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ , ื˜ืึธื’". 


ืฆื• ื‘ืจื—ื• ื ื•ืž' 715 


ื˜ืฉืึทื’ืึทืฐื•ืขืฅ, ืฐืกืขืฐืึธืœืึธื“ -- ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืงื™ึดืขืฐื•ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ืžื™ืกืœ", ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืขืŸ. 


8 


ืื“ืจืขื ืคึฟื•ื 'ื ื”ืขืจื•ื™ืžื’ืœื‘ืœืจ ; 


ื 20 ื”ืืืกืžืกืืžื”ื—ืกื”ืžืกืชื’ื—1 ,118 
ื™ื" = 
ืจืขื“ืืง. ืื•ื’ ื”ืขืจื•ื™ื ื’. ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื -ืขื–ื™ืขืž10ื–ื 24 0113ื–00:10 
2 /, : ืื“ 
---------4166261454146ืื ืืœ --ื™--- ืงื™ืขื•ื™, ื“ืงืŸ 2 ;{ืกืงื™ื™ื™.. 1 188 4 ื ื™ื– 





ืจ 7 :+ = 


7 ื. 0 0 20 02 22 /7 54 20 , "ื–ืข 2 / ืชื’ ื™ื { //5 0*//+ 

:5 =ืจืฃ = ืขืขืœ,. =" 6 25 1ืฆ0ืŸ, / ื 624 ื™ื™ืฅ? 0 4 / { ื ื 
: 2 ืฉืฉ 

2ืจื™::? 220 8 ื•ืง( ืฆื›ื” ืฉื™ {ืข 2225 204 4702/ืฒืฆืŸืกืง ื–ื˜ 27 55 602 ,'ื—ื™-/ /5/0 /166/00) 
ืฉ 2 02 : ื‘ื™ ื™ืข : 4 62 4 

-/ ื—ืง 2:5/, 2 526 6225 7ื—ื’ 2 ื™ื™ื– 1 25 128 ื—ื™ ื™ื• 2 ืงื™ื™ื™ืขืกื™ื™ื™ืŸ 57 ื•ื™ 
ืจื•ื“ ืคืจืื ื“, ืจื™ื“ 250 / 575 ื™ื˜ 5 /550ื™ื™ ื–ื™ ื—/ืข0.ืœ ืจืื™ 
| ื™ื 204 ื™=ืคืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ*/ ื–ื™ืจ ื™ื™ 52 51052ื™26, ืŸืขื™ื™ื•ื•{ 22 )), 

3 : : 
ื™ื 000 

+', / ื•ื› /ื™/ *22 423 7 /2:ื™ /ื™1, 2 -/ 660 ื”ืื™ืŸ , 27 ืจื™ืจ ืขืจื™ื ื™/ ืข') 

6 ืขืœ ื”ื‘ 22 9107 , 217 ืจื™ืขื– ื—ื™ื’ ื ื”ื™ ื’ืข ืื” /ื—ื™, ;"ืชื’ ( 7/ื™ *ืŸ/ 
/- 2 7 2 ื–ื™ืจ 7 ืชื / ื™: ื•ื™ 0 10 0 ืขึน 
+/ ืจื 8 2 ืคื•ืœืŸ 224 ... ื–ื– 1 4308 ื–ื™ื” โ€ 4( 7 ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ 1ื•ืจ }ื˜ืก ื™ 'ื—"ื• / ึฐ ืืœ ืฉืกื˜ 
{/*/ ื™ื–ืข)/? 8 ืึทืจืื—/ื“ืคื™ืจื™,) , ืฒื’ */ 22 ื‘ ื™ื˜ /44 ื–ื™ื (:ื™ื™9)- //ื“ื™ื”;? 072 ื™ื™ 5ื’, 


ื™ืข 2 : 2 ื™ื™ 2 ื™ ' 
3 / ื› ื˜ืขื‘ = ื–ื™ 62 2 // 002 2 ื™ืข . 4446 /2 7 0ื™ืขืขืจ 2 ืœืขืœ 2 12 ื™ืข 


4 5 2068 // ื™ืข ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื™ :1 ืจื” 0 0 0004 7 / :4 4 44 ื—4 3ื–ื• 4ืฒ3+ 
= 1 

2 2,4 2 ืจื™ื”ืฆื•ึผ ื™ื™ *ื™/, 2 6 2 /+ 24 0 */ ื˜ืง 6 ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื ื™ืŸ, 

3 "ื™ 38/: -/ 2 ื™ื™ 26 + 1 , 6777 ืฉื™ 84 == ื™ืง ื•ืข 4 ื—ื™ื’ 

: 2 02 ืขื™ ื›-: ,, 2 2 / 

0202 32 2863:ืฅ; ื–ื™/ 3 = //ื ื™ืื™ืŸ ืฐ'ืฅ ืืจื™ืื›ืฒื™|ื /, ื–ื™ ื–ื "ื™ืŸ 5: ืฐื™/, 3"4} 
ืฉืขืง ืื™ ื™ื 1 

*-/ 8*ืข, ื™ื™ืจ */ ื™ื—11 ื•ืข . ื–ื™ 494ืจ2 4ืจ, /27 ื—ื/63 //ื™ 2 41( 22 /ืฒ7 ื”ื = *ื™/42:3 : 


ืŸื 


9 

0 ืื™ 205 2 8 2 

ื™ื™ | ื™- /ื‘ื™ืช ืงืœื•ื‘ื–ืขืœื™ื›ื -ืืšึฐ 
7 


=+ ? ืึนืจื›ึดื™ื•ืช 





//ืฆ- 'ืฆื‘ื–ื™ื” 2ื•ื ื–))/12, 
6 








+ ืฅ?ื™ื {( 2 


ืคืฉ2 ืฉื™ 
: 6 00 4 
!2 / 


ืจืืง 


4 


8 6ื™/ 


72 


00 
ืจื™ืฉ ื™ื™ 





! 66 4 6-- 


6 : 2 {)/ ืฉื™ |ื™ 4 
/, 4 246 2 


4 


ืข |ืก86? 


22=- | 


222 


ึผึฐ 


22 /{ 


2 


/ 


(4 


ื™ืข ื™ื™ 
ืก ื™ื™ 
00 
= ื™ 
ืก = 
ื• 
ืŸ 
ืฉ = 
20 
= 
= 
0 ื™ 
7 
4 
ื 
: = 
0 : 
ืืœ = 0 
ื˜ืง7ื™ /| 
0 8 
4 
= ืฆื™ 
1 = 
: ื 





= 2055 5ืฉ:ืจื™ -- 55 ื™ืข 


ื‘ื™ื— ืฉืœื•ื-ืœืœื™ืขืืž ื”"ืืŸ 


ื›ึผืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืŸ, | 


8 0 ืœื™ื‘ 0 ื˜ ืขื™ ืจ ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžืข ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™, 
ืืœ 5 


/ 


ืื˜ * ื 
+*/ 3/2 2662 2 1 ื™ืข ;4 1 
6 ื™ื™ ื™ืคื /26 ;4 ื–ื™ -- ื™ื™ื ื™ืก 1 
(ืฉ// --/620 62 2 ื”ืง 7 ืื˜ 6=: 2 
21 ื™ื” ื ืขืก 22 /00* = 2 


ืŸ / 1 5 ื–ื™ 6 = == ืฉื™ ืขื™ 


ื™ื™ 3 
4, ืขื * - ื™ื™ืจ 2 ื–ืง "ืื˜ ืขื™ ืื™ื”ืคื™- / 


ื–ื™ ื˜ื™ )ื™ืข ื™ื™ ื™ืขื˜ื™ื™. 55 53ื• 
ื™ืข ื™ืฉ 1 
ื™ืข ืฉื™ ื™ื™ 2 


ื 4069 ื™ื™ 0 4 ื™ืง 


2 /2: : 
ื–ื™ 7 





66/ืฉืช 2 


= 302 ื™ื™ืก ื•ื™ื™) ืืง - 2 
ืฉื™ื ืจ ื”ื™ 


4 32 //0*/ื›//0/7 5 ืคื™ื™/ 0/ 


/ 4 : ื–/ ื•ึน | { ืจื™ ื‘3, 
002 42 0 7 2 2 ื™'ืŸ 2 ืฒึท | 7 
4 | ื™ { 0 

ื™ื™ {. ื”ึผ 6 7 / 2 0 ื™ืžื™ 0 12 2 //ื•-4 


!2 /7ืข4ืก 697 (ืŸ 88 44 
ื”ืฉื™ืŸ/ 5220 "ื™ื™" 2 ื”ืฉ 


ื™ื 2 )ื™ื™ื˜ 0 
ืื™ 
| = 


= = 
ืขืก ื™ื‘ 


ื™ื• ' ืืœื• 


24 


ื != ื™ื™ 


2 ืืฉื™ื•ืŸ = 467 , 


-ื™ื™,,, 







5ื•ื ืขืจืง. 
4 04 


ื‘ื™ื— ื™ื˜ -ืงืœื™ื›ื ืช"ื 
;ื”ื›ื‘ื™! ื• 





2 ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืŸ/ 2 ืฃ 2 1 0 6 :2254 
10 : 0 


|/ื•ื! |ื, 3 447214 /ืฒืืŸ ื ืื™ ื™ืืจ , ืฐืึธืจ 649 ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื• ) = ื™ื 04 
ื ืฉื ื’ืž "ืืง ื™ื™ื™ืŸ' ื•ืจ, ืื– ื—ื™ืจ ืข. ื ื/ื3 -'ืื•ืŸ 5ืืš ื™ื" ืื™ - *ื• ืื™ืกื” ื•ื™ 
ืงื’ ื ืื™ ืœื”ื•ืข ืื™ืงืœื™ื’ืŸ! ื™ืข ? 'ืื™4ืš ืœื•ื˜ 600 ื‘ื™ ืœื™ืกื™ื™ ืื™ 1 
ื‘ื ื™ืช {{8: ืฆื™ืงื” ื•ื• ! ื˜ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ื‘ื™, ืื• ( 'ื912 || ืช 61 / 0 140 ื• 
ื 503.- ืฉื™ 7 36 ื™ื™ ืŸืืŸ ื’ืื’ืืŸ ื 4 ื’ื•ืŸ! . ื›ึตึผื™ = = 
ืื’ื™ื ื ื: ื• + 1 7 ื™+ื“ :ืฉื™ื• ื— ืงืืค ืื•ื• ื•ื– ื™ื™ื™ื– ื ื™ + ืืค ื–ื™ื™ืก 
/ ืชื‘ 3 ื™ื˜ 4ื”ึธื™? ื ึผื•ึนื” ืฉ 16 ื™ืค 2 0 ื™ื™ ื“ื“ืจ. 0161 7, /} ืื™ื” ื•ื•? ืื™ืฅ ืื•ื} 
ืฉื ืึน ืืœ ื•ื™ ) 2ื˜ 65 !7 20 1 ื™ืข ื–ื™ 042 (*ื™ ืืง 
ื’ื™ืื•ืŸ? ึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื”ืง 6 ื™ื™ืก //4 0/2 +ืื•ื–ื™ื˜ ืž-32ื™ืค! ื ื'? 23 ื™ื› | 
7 4 00 ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉ{ +ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื ื”ื™ื˜ 68 4 4 ื–ื•ื™ื™ืฃื™ื™ืŸ ืฐ ; ื 
: 7 2 ื™ื™ ื•ืจ ืื™ื’0", 47 0 64 /6/,63| ืฉื™ : ืกืื™ ื™ื™ : 
2 = ืฉื™ 2 8 ื“ืข ื’ื™ = ื™ื™" ืื™ืŸ 1 0 ื“ืจ 2 ื”ื™ื™;) ืจ 
: ื™ืจืขื” "ื ืจ ื™ื™ื• ืœืข ืชืชื›/ 1; 7 !ื™ืชื™ +* ื’ึฐื20. 2 ื™ืœื•ื™ ื™ืœ 
2 ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ ื //ื™02 212 ืœื’ ืื™ ื•;! ืฉื™ืขืฅืŸ, ื) (ื” 3 || ืื™ ื 
ื•ื•( 9 "ืฅื”; ื’ึด' 6ืจืก)+ 2)6 ืื™ ื“--ื™ 104 -2?ืŸ ื™ื™ื” ื 2/0ืก) (ื™6 7 1 | ื’01 12 , ื•ื 
: ืืก ืœืื˜ ึทื ื•---ื• ื•ื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื™ื–) ื™ืฉ ื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ึดืฆื‘ื•ึผืŸ 137 ืื™ื”2 ื”ื™ | *ื’ื™? 3 
ืื™ ื‘ื™ 2 60 ื›ืจื—?ืœ ื›ืŸ ืจื’ ื™ื™ *? ื™ืข "ื™- ื—ื•ื} 067 ื“ืœ |} ืืจื™ืงืŸ /ื™ 
: 0 ื–ื™( 25 ื’ืขืก 54 ื’ืฒึท ื™ื• ื–ื™ 7 ื–ื™ = ืœืฉ ืจ /ืื›ื–ืฉ ืืคื™ื‘ื™ืง= | ื} ื’ื™ 20 *ื™ืชืข 5 
ื™ื ื™ื ื—ืก ื ื™ื›ืขืŸ ! ืง- ื“ื•ื™ ื™ื• ื•21) ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ | 0 ืื™ {+ื•4/: ืจืงืฉ 
ื“ื™ ื—ึดื’ึธ ื ืขื™ ื™ื™ื ื™ืขื™ื™-- ื™ื–ึดื™ืŸ ืจ ื™ื™ ืง ื™ื™ 0 6 ื 
= 2 = ? 20 ืคื ื ืืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื˜ืข ื™ื˜ ?6 *ื™ 8 ื 
ื™ืฉ 3050 ื ื™ืฉ "ื™ื˜ 7 240 ืฉื› ืจ ื™ื™ (* {ื–ืฆ0ืื™ืงื•ืŸ 6ืืจ, ื•ื™ ืขื• ื•ื™ : ืฉื™ 
ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ 4, ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื”ืฆ} 02 ื•ืฆ 404 ืืŸ ื™|| ื“ืก ื™ื™ ืื™ ื™ื™ 
(; ื–ื™ 631 ื–ื™ ืื™ ื™ื•ืก (6 ื™ื™ ื’ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื• /64 ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ืข ื•ืก ื 
00 2 0 0 ื™ 2 ื–ื™ ื 6 ื™'ืŸื“ 7457 ืชื™ืฉื™ืขื™.- - 
7 ื™ื–"ื•ืืจื“ืช ืขื™ื“ * 


: 2 9 
6 ื•ื› :4 ืื™ ืœืขื’ ืืฆื™ ื™ื™ - : 820 : 


ืื•ื• ื˜ื™ื’ 
ื–ื™ 21 ื™ืง ื–ืก ื–ื™ ื ื–ื™ = (-( ื•ื™ 0ื™7 6 ื•ื™ 0 ื•ื™ ื™ื• 8 











72 42 ื™ืข 1 = ื ื”ื™ื ืคื ื•ื˜ 


ื™ืฉ 7 


= 6 16ืงืกื ?ื ืื” ื”ื ื—ื– ืื“ื•ืื“ืคื•ื’, -882ื-ื“ืกื 


ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ 


ื–ื™ 


ื•|ื”ื–ื•ืก 5ื– ึผืฆื•ึนืกึฐืก 






ื™ื ///3,? ืฉ; | 7 2 


ื”ื 3 ื™ื™ืง- 


ื‘ื™ ืšื ื™ืฉ 


ื•ื‚ ื™ื™ 7ืŸ - 

ื™ืจื 8 ื™ื•ื” 

ืจื™ืข" ืืง )= 2, 05ืก'ื• 8 | 
: ื™ื• 
6 // 60 /*ื•ืŸ. /|ืฒ; 7 ื– ื™ื›ึผื›ืŸ ืงืŸ) . 





= ืื˜ ืื˜ 


4/ 2524 ืฉื™ืจ 


2 = 


0 

2 87 7 7 /ืช. ื—ืข =( ืช'ืง ื•ื• 
3 ื›ึผ!(ืช. */+ ืฉื™ 2 ืก/ืชึผื—. /; 6 8" 0006 
ืงืื”ืฅ 2 !ืฒ,. 4 8 ื + 0006 ื•ืก ืจ (2) ื™3ืŸ, 
ื•ื’ื• ืจ ืช ื”ืข. "ื ื” ื 5/ ) ื ืืŸ * ืื™ 14 2 ื”ืฒ 
/ื” ื™ื” ื‘. - }ื”ื•ื™ ื’(ื™ 5 /ืื•ึนืช ;ืืŸ; : 
ืงืฒ, ื– ืคื™ืฉ. ื™ื™ ืŸ ืจ ืขืจ 0 ) ื™ืข ื˜ื™ 
ืจ-ื—ืชืช โ€ ื”ื’ืกื–ื ื–{ื™ ืŸื— 1 ื› / || !ืืž |*ื™ ื•ื› 
ื™ื 4 ืื™ 73 ื— - ื 
ื™ื™ ืคืขืŸ, 0 *ืจื•ืฆ 4 0 { 3 

0 ื’ื : ื™ืข ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ ืฉื•ื‘ 
4 ;ื•ืจ ืึตืื )3 ื–ื ืื•ื” 4ืช. ื‘) ื 
ื–ื™ืŸ โ€ ืืฆื” 7 ื™ื™ 0 ื•ืฒืงืขืฃ) ื•ึธ (ื™ื™ 2 ืื•ืื™ื™ืง ; 


ื• 


ื™ื 2 = 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื– ื ' ืจ ื‘ึผ ื•ื“ื™ 6 ?ื™ืจื‘ ืฉ 7 : 4ื”ื•ื’ื™, 2 { 4 76 1 
ื™ื˜ 2 5 5 = }2 :1 ื• 
*'/ 0 ื™ืฉื™ 


*/ื™ ื–ื—ื”ื™ื” 2 )6*0 ื•ืข ืงื• ื•ืง ื›ืช 0 = 3 ืจ 


2 ื™ึถืจ ืืจื™ { ืฅ, 0 ื“ื• ื™ื˜ ื™*ื™ืช 8 ืื™ ืงืืจ "ื ื ื™ื™ ื™ื™ 

ื™ื™ 1 0 

ื• ืึน ื ; == ? 0ื” +**ื• +ืŸ. 6 - / 0 6 0 , ื ื™ืงื™. ืŸ 
(8 0 ืจืขื .ืŸ 8 ื™ ) 62 ื—ืงื™ ืจ 7 0 ื™ืข 
: ืจ) 


ื™ื™ |ืฆื™'ื•/- ื”"ื™ ,ืจ ื™ืจ+ , =ืฆื‘ื˜ื›ื ืืง 


ื—ืืŸ/? ื–ื™ืŸ / ืง. ืจ, =+ /9; { ืก} 4/ืช- 1 )1 ,1 { ื–ื™ 7ืก ื™ื™ ื™ืข 


: ืจ ื˜ื•ื” , -ืŸ - : 2 : 


1 
ื™ื™ ,' 


ืื– 


044 
1 {ื–ืกื”ืฉืืื”ื ืฆืืกื•ื•ืฉื•ืฉื“ 


ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ 


ืขืชื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ 
ื™ื•ืœ ืขื™ื™ ืงืื›ื‘ื”ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ 


ื = ื— ืก ื“ืช ื” 


ืŸืฉ ืื˜ื•ืกืกื’ืŸ 
-ืกื—! ,ื—'695/ ;ืงื—ื•ื”ืคื•ื•ื˜ื˜ื ื—6ื—0ื•114 ืคืกื—} ืฆื˜ ืกืกื—ืคื•ื•ื˜ื˜ืก 
ื“ืคืคื”ื–ืค 0ืกื”23 ื–ืคึฟื/ื 44 
ืื”ืกืฆ ืฉื 


ืฉื™ ื™ื 7004 2 ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ?7 


7 


/84+ . 2 8855, )42151. 290 2 0244 


ืขืก -ืฉ โ€ ืจ 
ืฉื 4264 


0 4/2 3 47 64.8 24 


ืงืจ /ืึธื” : 7 ืขืจื• 


= 


2 ื™ื•ื‘ /13,: : 
2 2 /ื™ื™ืŸ;ื•ื. /4 26 /ื” ื˜ื•ื” ืงืจื™ืŸ: ื•ืื–ื•ืง : ื™ื•" ื–ืฒ? ื’ื—) *ื ื˜ ื’ืข 
ื™ืข 0 ื’ื™ืง 2 078 == ืื•ืฉ ื™ืขื‘ื™? /ื! -+ ืื•. ื™ื ื 177ืจ 


5 ื•/ืคื™ืŸ. )ื ืงื ื‘. 3 1 0/ื›ื— โ€ *ื—ื‘ ืฉื™ืง *ืฒ|ืก ื•ื•2);ืŸ ื• / 
3 2{ /;ื 

ื™2!/ืช. ื–ื™ืฉ. ื˜ื™/!ืง 2 ื” ื™ื›ื• 6 2.?*/, /: 7ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืง ?9 /* ,1 
/ ื : + 6 


2 55 + 023 700 ื™ืชืจ 21 00 = 5 ื•ื• *+); )ื 
/1 : / ืื• 4 ='ื™ื•ืŸ. 5 */ = 

/ืจื/ืฉ 2 4 ืืข 2 ื›ื›ึธืจ! + 3 .46 4 
241 - ื™ึฐื›ึธึผื” 4773 ื 4 . 7.. ืจ 1160 4, ืึดื• ื•ื• 6ืื•, 
ื”ื ื•ืข?ื™ */ืงืข: ) : 


, 20 ื”4*ืจ; 0 1 ื•ื ืืž ื ื›ื•1)! ื›ืกื•)! 
/2ืฒ1ืก /4 ืžื 7 ื•ื• ืืŸ 


ืื˜ 
5 
ื ื™ื— ืฆืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืช"ืึท 





ืืจ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ 


ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ื•ื– 














=== ื ื™ื™ ื™ื™ 
2 
: 


:60 204 // /151ืฉ โ€ ื˜ืขืจื˜ 2(:9/ 


: 2 2 2.7 ื•ืข *ึท 6 9 2 2 402 / * // 2 5 : 
ืœื™ืœ ื 
ื / 2 6 
2 046646024046 ืฉื˜22/ :767 24 6//24006 406 2 ื˜ืง 4698 
/ ืฑ ,/ 








ืฉื˜ืขืฉ)/ 6ืจ .ื˜ืข 8,240 2 = 6202 += ืืข 264 21, 5 
2 ื•ืข ื™ื™ | ื™ื˜ 
7 ื˜ : ื‚' 
22 : ืขื’ 20 / ื™ื•ื’  )6โ€ 
2 : ื ื“ื˜' ืฆืœื’ืขื•ืช ืืœื” 801 ืืชื 4 7 ืฆ6, 6 


ื”ื ื–: 
ืคืขืจ 2 
=+ 


: 3 ึตึผ ' = : : = = 3 : = 2 : 
52 4 069 66 1044 ื˜ ) 2ื™ 20/) .062 0.2 ืจ ืืื– ื’ืขืืฉืื”/ 


: : -: : == = ืฉื™ 5 
9 7 : 1 44 = 

0 ืจืข .6 ) 1114 4ื•ื“/ ืฅ 43 2,164 04 24 222 77 2 : 
: = : ื•++ 


: * ื–ื™ 
1 8 4044 ืจ 4 2 6 0 2 002 ืžืข 2 + 


1 ื 1 
04 ื’ืขืข 622 4 -/:04/ืก //: ืจ ื™ื˜ 


,06122794 60 

4 / ื›ื™///ืŸ ื™ื• 2762 ืจื‘ 0. 2 ืจื” 8 . 7 144 ื 6 

{ . /.6 40/2/ืฉ? 2 1 . 1 44:/--2 0 7 04.42 34 / ื™ืข 
41, 0 - 44 8 ื™ืฉืจ +4. ืขืจ 262 0 , ืจ (7914ืข 4 











= ื‘ื“2/ 6441 4 4/4., 6 4060 8" =6 ืขื˜ื™ืœ ื 





ืกื™ 


4 2 / ื 44 ื™ืข = ื ื ืฆ ืืฉื™ ืงืœืื˜ 55 4 


+ ืžืข 


4146 ืฉื™ื˜ +ื™ 67 55 1.2 46 624 ืงืข ื˜ืขื‘ ื™ืขืงื ื˜ืข = 





= : ื™ื˜ -ื’ืงื™ื˜ ื”ื ื” 6 2 = == = ื”ื™ 5 
ืจ 2 6 ื™ื•ืœ = 


ื‘ื™ื— ืฉืœื•ื "ืฆืœ ื™ื› ื ืชื—ื 
/ 5 ื™ืื“ื› ืŸ 





/ = 
4 ื™ืข == 
ื“ื™ : | // 
9 
ื˜ืข 246 = 444 7 6 ื™ื”: 140 4.... ...6 644 : 
3 2 2 ื ' 0 (; : 3 
03 -- -+=4/ 0797 ืขื” ! 444 0 4 //; 2 6/ ืขืจ 4 
ื™ื• / : 


6 == / 7 02 7 ื ืจ 2 ื ;ืขื™ 2 2 754,245 


-ืฉื™, :2422 =+ (ื™ 2 0 
0 






1 ( /: = ื 2252 ื™ื™ื˜ : .40 ื’ื™ ื’.-ืขืจ 022 


5 1 : : 566 
= ื.. ืข---ื™ืข ื‘ื™ 4 20 = - .12 1 4 ื‘ ื™ืฆ :1 ื‘ืข 1441 5 


8 52 
7 ื™ื› 6 ืฉื ื ื‘ืœ 2 3 4 ืจ ,0 
. / 
= 
4 / 
ืขืจ ื™ื˜ ืŸื™ืž 2 6226 ื‘ื‘ื™ โ€ ื‘- ืจ : 


/ 565 ืืœ 1 ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 2) ื˜ืง ืŸ 
// ื /7) 6 ื–ื•, ื 5 6, ื’ ืื•/ 
ื™ืฉืฉ 6 
7 : ื“ื™ 
24 ื 3 /1/ 1 





ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื-ืงืœื™ื›ื˜ ืง"ื } ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืจื•ืช 6 14 .2654 
ืืจื‘ื™ 


ื•ื™ :2 ืจืข 
ืืจื™ื• ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืจ 


ื™ื˜ ื 1566 +} 26 , ื˜ื™ ื "ื // ืฉืฉ 
4 = ืืค ื™ึน /, ื˜ื™ ื’ืขื˜ื˜ื™ ืืœืืก = ืืก ืื™ = ืืฉืช )= . "ื–ื™ ืืข 
(ืฉ ืึธื™ 5-56 .0 (*ื˜1 4 ืŸืขื˜ ื˜ืขื˜ 05 . ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ืœืŸ 





7 


= 0 ื ืื™ื™ืฆ 0 /, 04 ืฉืฉ 4 ื”ื™ 
ืข ื™ื˜ 1 ,ืฆืก) ื™ื ืกืงืก ืจื™ืฉืข 2 ืฉื™ื˜ 404 ืžืข ื 5506 23 ื–ืŸ 


4 .ื *-ืฉืฉ ืฉืฉ ืฑ ืื™ ื™ืข ืจ ื‘ื™ 


+ 44 { 6 ืง.ืก ืืฉื™ืจ = + ืฉืฉ ื˜ื™ื™ืจ ืจ :0 35 .ื˜ืข ,0550 ืœืื˜ืฉ 


ืจื™ืข ื™ื™ ืขื™ ื™ื˜ ืืฉื™ ื™ื˜ ืขื™ ื™ื™ 
= 


0 ื˜ืก 006 ืฆ-ื™ืฉืฉ"ืฉื ื ื ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื™ืจ 


ื™ื™ื” ื–ื™ (2 = ืจ ื™ื™ืก ืืก ืจ 2 ืœ 
0 ืื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฉ = 0 ื˜ื™ื›ื˜ 1 ,0 = ื•ื 515 ื™ืข 0.1 


4946 | 4 ื™ื˜ ื•ื“ ืจื™ืฉ ื˜ืื˜ืฉ 


= 
ื™ื ื™ืœ 9 ื™ื™ 2 ืกื ืืก -- 24 ื–ื™ 


:= +? ืชืืฉ = ืกื”ืื™ืฉืฉืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื” ), 1 ื 


ื•ื™ ื™ื™ == )= 





ื›ึนืœ ื”ื•ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื•ื•ืช. 


ื‘ึผื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื ืช"ื 
ืืจื‘ื™ื•ืŸ, 








ื = ื 460 2 20 42 = 44 1/ 


| | 2 
ื 7 2 2 6 4444 /=:24,, 
2 2 {) 6/ , ืจ ื 4 = 2 4 7 / / 2 / : 
6 5 ื ื”ืฉ . ื™ื™ ืœื› ื•: : 
7 4 6 ื“ 


3 











4ื˜+: ืฉื™ื• 6 2 2 
ื’// 244 ื 


15 0 +ื™ื™/? ื 2 
1 ื™ืก 7 ื™ื˜ 


727 
ื™ื•ืจ 7 


ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืฆืŸ 


ื 


ืึธื‘ื™ืึทืฐื•ืœืขื ื™ืขืก -- ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช 
ืึธื‘ื™ืึทืฐืขืŸ -- ืžืขืœื“ืŸ 

ืึธื‘ื™ืึทืกื ื™ืขื ื™ืขืก ื•ื• ืœื•ื‘ื•ื•ื™ -- ื“ืขืจืงืœืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข 

ืึธื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ -- ื‘ืึทืœืฒื“ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืึธื‘ื™ื“ื ืข -- ืคืึทืจื“ืจืึธืกื™ืง 

ืึธื‘ืœืึธื–ืฉืงืข -- ื”ื™ืœืข 
ืึธื‘ืจืึทืฉื˜ืฉืึทื™ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš -- ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทื’ืขื ืกื˜ืฐืข -- ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ 

ืึธื“ื ื™ื ืกืœืึธึทืฐืึธื -- ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜ ืคึผื™ืกืžืึท ื ื™ืข ืคึผืจื™ื ื™ืžืึทื™ืขื˜ -- 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืื• ืžืขื“ืฉื–ื™ื‘ืึธึทื–ืฉืกืงืึทืฐืึธ ืงืึทืœืึธื“ืฆื -- 
ื‘ืฒึทื ืžืขื“ื–ืฉื™ื‘ืึธื–ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื 
ืึทืฐื˜ืึธืจ -- ืžื—ื‘ืจ 

ืื•ื˜ืฉืึทืกื˜ื™ืข --- ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ื ืข -- ื‘ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื” 

ืื•ืœื™ืงืŸ -- ืจืึทื™ื•ืช (ืขื“ื•ืช) 

ืื•ืกืคึผื™ืขืจ -- ื”ืฆืœื—ื” 

ืื•ืกืคึผืขื™ืขืŸ -- ื‘ืึทืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜) 
ืื•ืคึผืจืึทืฐืœื™ืึทื™ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืข --- ืคืึทืจืฐืึทืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืึธื˜ื“ื™ืขืœ -- ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ 

ืึธื˜ืฐืขื˜ืฉืึทื™ืขื˜ -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ (ืื™ื– 
ืคึผืึทืจืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš) 

ืึธื˜ื˜ื™ืกืงืŸ -- ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช 
ืึธื˜ื ืึธืกื™ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื˜ื ืขืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš --- ื‘ืึท- 
ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš (ื›ึผืœืคื™...) 
ืึทื˜ืคึผื•ืกืง -- ืื•ืจืœื•ื™ื‘ 

ืึธื˜ืงืจื™ื˜ืงืขืก -- ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืงืึทืจื˜ืœืขืš 
ืึธื˜ืจื™ืฆืึทื˜ืขืœื ืึทื™ืึท --- ื ืขื’ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข 
,ืึธื˜ืฉืข ื ืึทืฉ" -- (ื’ืึธื˜) ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 


ืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืง -- ืขืกื™ื™ 
ืื™ ื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืึท ื–ืึทืจื•ื˜ืฉืขื ืึทื™ืึท ื˜ืฉืึท- 
ื”ืึธ ื˜ื™ ื›ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื˜ืึทืงืึท ืกืžื•ื˜ื ืึทื™ื 
(ืื•ืงืจืึทื™ึทื ื™ืฉ) -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ืžืฒื“ืœ 
ืคืึทืจืงื ืกื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• (ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• 
ืื•ื) ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืฉืขื’ืึธืœืึทื™ืขื˜ -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ืขืœืขื’ืึทื ืฅ) 
ืื™ืžืขื ื™ื ื™ืฆืข -- ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืึทืจื™ืŸ (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 


ื ืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึธื’) 

ืื™ืžืขื ื™ืข --- ืคืึทืจื 
ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ืึธืจืกืงืึทื™ืึธ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ื˜ืฉื ืึทื•ืึท 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืึท -- ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข 


ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง 
ืื™ืกื˜ืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืง --- ืžืงื•ืจ 

ืื™ืกืง -- ืชึผื‘ื™ืขื” 

ืื™ืงืจืข -- ืงืึทืฐื™ืึทืจ 

ืึทื ื˜ื™ื˜ืฉื ืข -- ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื-ืฆืฒึทื˜ 

ืึธืคึผื™ืก --- ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ 
ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืฉืึทื˜ืขืœื ืึธ -- ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง, ื›ึผืœื™ืœ 
ืึธืจืคึผืึธื’ืจืึทืคึผื™ืข -- ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข 


=! 


ื‘ืึทื‘ื•ืกืงืข (ื‘ืึทื‘ื•ืฉืงืึท) -- ื‘ืึธื‘ืข 
ื‘ืึธื–ืฉืข ืžืึธื™ --- ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึธืœื ืึทื™ืึท -- ืงืจืึทื ืงืข 

ื‘ืึธืœืฉืึธื™ ืกืงืึธืจืึธืกื˜ื™ื• --- ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืขืจ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ (ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืก) 

ื‘ื•ื“ื˜ืึธ --- ื›ึผื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ 

ื‘ื™ื˜ืึทืฐืึธื™ ืกื˜ืึธืจืึธื ื™ืข -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืฒื™ื’ืขืจื–ืฒึทื˜ 

ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื™ -- ืึทืœื˜ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืคึผืึธืก 
ื‘ื™ืขื“ืึท, ืงืึธืœ ืคึผื™ืขื˜ืฉ ืคึผื™ืจืึธื’ื™ ืฐืึธื–ื™ 
ืžื™ืึธื˜ืกื™ื ืกืึทืคึผืึธื–ืฉื ื™ืง, ืึท ื˜ืึธื˜ืฉืึทื˜ 


673 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืกืึทืคึผืึทื’ื™ -- ืคึผื™ืจืึธื–ืฉื ื™ืง -- ืึท ืฆืจื”, 
ืื•ื‘ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทืงืŸ ืคึผื™ืจืขื–ืฉืงืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™- 
ื•ืœ -- ืึท ื‘ืขืงืขืจ 

ื‘ืœืึทื’ืึธื“ืึทืจื ืึธืกื˜ -- ื“ืึทื ืงืฉืึทืคื˜ 
ื‘ืขื–ืจื™ืขืœื ื™ืง -- ื‘ื˜ืœืŸ 

ื‘ืขืกืขื“ืขืก -- ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ 


ื’ 


ื’ืึทื˜ืึธืฐื• --- ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 

ื’ืึทืกื•ื“ืึทืจืกื˜ืฐืขื ื™ ื‘ืึทื ืง -- ืžืœื•ื›ื”- 
ื‘ืึทื ืง 

ื’ื“ื™ืข ื˜ืึธื ืงืึธ, ื˜ืึทื ืื™ ืจื•ื™ืึธื˜ืกื 
(ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื) -- ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 

ื’ืขืจืขืฉืขื˜ -- ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 

ื’ืจืขืฉื ื• ื˜ืฉืขืœืึธืฐื™ืขืง -- ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 


ื“ 


ื“ืึทืฐืึทื™ --- ื’ื™ื‘ 

ื“ืึธื ืึธืก --- ืžืกื™ืจื” 

ื“ืึธืกืึทื“ืข -- ืคืึทืจื“ืจืึธืก 

ื“ื•ื›ืึธืฐื•ื ืข -- ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข 

ื“ื•ืจืึทืง --- ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉ 

ื“ื™ืข ื˜ืฐื•ืึทื™ื ืงืึทืกืึท -- ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืึธืคึผ 
ื“ืœื™ืึท ืคึผืึธืึธืฉื˜ืฉืจืขื ื™ื ืžืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืš, ื ื- 
ื˜ืฉื•ื ืึทื™ื•ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืš --- ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข, ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืก 

ื“ืœื•ืึท ืจืึทื–ื ืึธึทืึธื‘ืจืึทื–ื™ืึท --- ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉืฒื“ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืฒื™ื˜ 

ื“ืขืงืึทื‘ืจ -- ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 


ื•ื• 


ื•ื• ืคึผืึธืกืึทื–ืฉืข -- ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกืึทื–ืฉ 
ืฐืึธืึธื‘ืฉื˜ืฉืข --- ื‘ื‘ืœืœ 

ืฐืึธื–ื’ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš == ืคึผืึธืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฐืึธื–ืจืึธื–ืฉื“ืขื ื™ืข =-- ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜, 
ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก 


674 


ืฐืึธื˜ ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืข ื ืึทืงืึทื–ืึทื ื™ (ืื•ืงืจ') -- ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ (..ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืฉื™- 
ืงืขื ื™ืฉ) 

ืฐืึธืคึผืจืึธืก --- ืฉืืœื” 

ืฐืื™ืขื ื ืข ืคึผืึธืœืึธื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข -- ืžืœื—ืžื”- 
ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ 

ืฐืึธืกืคึผื™ื˜ืึทื ื™ืขืก -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื–ื’ืœื™ืึทื“ -- ื‘ืœื™ืง, ื‘ืึทื ืขื 
ื•ื•ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืข -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ (ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื”) 
ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืžืึทื™ืขื˜ื™ืข -- ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืฐื™ื‘ืึธืจืขืก -- ืฐืึทืœืŸ 

ืฐื™ื’ืึธืจืข --- ื ื•ืฆืŸ 

ืฐื™ืฉืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืคึผืขื˜ืฉืึทื˜ื™ -- ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ืง 

ื•ื•ืกื™ืึธ ื•ื• ืคึผืึธืจื™ืึทื“ืงืข -- ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– (ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’) ื‘ืกื“ืจ 
ืฐื•ืขื’ืขื˜ืึทืจ(ื™ืึทื ืกืงืึทื™ืข) ืึธื‘ืึธื–ื™(ืจืขื ื™ืข) 
-- ืฐืขื’ืขื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง 
ืฐืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ --- ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก 

ืฐื•ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืฉืขื -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงื ืก 
ื•ื•ืจืขืžืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ืœืขืก --- ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™- 
ืงืข ื›ึผืœืœื™ื 


ื–ึน 


ื–ืึทื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข -- ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื‘ืข 

ื–ืึทื˜ืฒื™ืข -- ืžื–ื™ืžื” 

ื–ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ -- ืึทืจืฒึทื ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืึทื ื™ืžืึทื™ืขื˜ -- ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜, ืคืึทืจ- 
ื ืขืžื˜ 

ื–ืืคึผื•ืึทื˜ืื™ื -- ืงืึธืžืข 

ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืึธื™ืข -- ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ 
ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื ืึทืœ ื‘ืึทื ื“ืขืจืึธืœืฐื• =- ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜- 
ืจื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื“ืขืจืึธืœ 

ื–ืึทืงืึทืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง =- ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ 

ื–ืึทืจืขื– (ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•) -- ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืš 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง 

ื–ืึทืฉื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืข --- ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ 

ื–ื ืึทืงื™ ืคึผืจืขืคึผื™ื ืึทื ื™ืึท -- ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™- 
ื›ื ืก, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข 


ื–ืฉื™ืฐื•ืึธื˜ื ืข -- ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื 


ื˜ 


ื˜ืึธื -- ื‘ืึทื ื“ 

ื˜ื™ืขื‘ื•ืข ื ืึทืงืึทื–ืึทื ื™ืข --- ื“ื™ืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ 
ื˜ืขื˜ืจืึทื“ืŸ -- ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ 

ื˜ืฉืขื ื‘ืึธื’ืึทื˜ื™, ื˜ืขื ืจืึทื“ื™ (ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื) 
-- ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืจืฉื•ืช 

ื˜ืขืจืคึผืขื˜ -- ืœืฒึทื“ื˜ 

ื˜ืจื•ืกืŸ -- ืคึผื”ื“ื ื™ื 

ื˜ืฉืึธืจื˜ ื™ืขืฐืึธ ืคึผืจื™ื ื™ืึธืก -- ื“ืขืจ ืฉื“ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ 

ื˜ืฉืขืคึผื•ื‘ืึท -- ื ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ 
ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืึท ืึธืกื™ืขื“ืœืึธืกื˜ื™ -- ืชึผื—ื•ื- 
ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ 

ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึทืฐื™ืงืขืก -- ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช 

ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืึท -- ืœื™ื ื™ืข, ืชึผื—ื•ื 


ื ึน 


ืœืึทื•ื•ื ืข ื•ื™ืึทืกื ืข -- ืึถืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ืžืึธึทืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืขืกืงื•ืึท ืื™ ืœื™ืจื™ื˜ืฉืขืกืงื™ื 
ืึธื˜ืกื˜ื•ืคึผืœืขื ื™ืึท -- ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื’ืจืขืกื™ืขืก 
,ื™ืขืฐื•ืจืขื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท. ืžื™ืกืœ" 
-- , ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง" 
, ื™ืขื•ื•ืจืขื™ืกืงื™ ืžื™ืจ" (ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ) -- 
, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" 

,,ื™ืขืฐื•ืจืขื™ืกืงืึธื™ืข ืึทื‘ึฟืึทื–ืจืขื ื™ืข" (ื–ืฉื•ืจ- 
ื ืึทืœ) -- , ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง" 
ื™ืขื‘ืึทืœ ืงืึธื–ืึทืง ื–ืึท ื“ื•ื ืึทื™ืขื -- ื’ืข- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืงืึธื–ืึทืง ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ื ืึทื™ 
ื™ืขื–ืฉืขืœื™ -- ืื•ื™ื‘, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ 


(ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ) 


ืื‘ 


ื›ืึทื˜ืึท ืคึผืึธืงืจื™ืฉืงืข (ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•) -- 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ื•ืช, ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ 

ื‘ืึทืœืึทื˜ื ืึธ -- ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืง 

ื›ืึธืจืึธืฉ -- ื’ื•ื˜, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื›ื•ื“ืึธื–ืฉื ื™ืง --- ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ 
ื›ืœืึทื -- ื‘ืจืึธื›ืฐืึทืจื’ 
ื‘ืœืึธืคึผืฆืขืก -- ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


3 


ืœื•ื˜ืฉืข ืคึผืึธื–ื“ื ืึธ, ื˜ืฉืขื ื ื™ืงืึธื’ืจืึท -- 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 


ื ื™ื˜ 

ืœื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืœื• --- ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจืก 

ืœื™ื˜ืฉื ืข ื ืึทืžื™ืึธืงืŸ -- ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข 
ืจืžื–ื™ื 


ืœื™ืฆืขืžืขืจ -- ืฆื‘ื•ืขืง, ืคืึทืœืฉืขืจ 


ืž 


ืžืึดื™ ืงืึทื ื™ืึธืง -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืœ 
ืžืึทืœืึธื“ื™ืขืฅ -- ื—ื‘ืจื”-ืžืึทืŸ 

ืžืึทืœืึธื™ ืกืงืึธืจืึธืกื˜ื™ื• -- ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ (ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ) ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืžืึธืœืึธืงืึธืกืึธืก (ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•) -- ื–ื™ื™ื’- 
ืงื™ื ื“, ื ื™ื˜ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืงืกืขื ืขืจ 
ืžืึทืœืขื ืงืึทื™ืึท ื“ืจืึทืžืึท โ€ -- ืงืœืฒื ืข 
ื“ืจืึทืžืข 

ืžืึทืœื™ื ืงืึท ืคึผืึธืฐืึธื–ืขืฆืงืึท (ืื•ืงืจืึทื™ึทื ื™ืฉ) 
-- ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืœืข 

ืžืึธืจืึทื–ืฉืขื ืข -- ืืฒึทื–ืงืจืขื 

ืžืึทืฉืึท (ื ืึทืฉืึท) ืงืฐืึทืจื˜ื™ืจืึท ืื™ืžืขื™ืขื˜ 
ืžื ืึธื’ืึธ ืคึผืึธื“ื•ืฉืงืึธืฐ (ืคึผืึธื“ื•ืฉืึธืง) -- 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืงื™ืฉื ืก 
, ืžื ื™ืข ืกื ื™ืœืึธืก ื‘ืึทื‘ื•ืฉืงืึท" -- , ืื• ื•ื 
ื˜ืึธื–ืข (ื˜ืึธื–ืฉืข)" (ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืจืฒึทื–ื˜) -- , ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข", , ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš" 
ืžืขืฉื˜ืฉ(ืึทื ื™ืŸ) -- ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑ- 
ื ืขืจ 


: 


ื ืึท ื‘ืขื–ืจื™ื‘ื™ืข ืืœ ืจืึทืง ืจื™ื‘ืึท (ื’ืœืฒึทื‘- 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ) -- ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืึทืง ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืคื™ืฉ 


675 


ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื•ืคื•ืŸ! ืฉืœื•ื•ืืงืข ืœื“ื›ื•ื 


ื ืึท ืกืฐืึธื‘ืึธืจื•? ืื™ ื ืข ื ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื ืึทื™ืขื˜- 
ืกืึท ! -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท ;? ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืึถืŸ! 

ื ืึท ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืึทืฐื™ื˜ืขืœื™ืึท -- ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื - 
ื“ื™ืจื˜ 

ื ืึทื‘ืึธืจ -- ื–ืึทืฅ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช 
ื ืึทื’ืœืึธืกื˜ -- ืขื–ื•ืช-ืคึผื ื™ื 

ื ืึธึทืฐื™ื’ืึธื“ -- ื ืฒึทื™ืึธืจ 

ื ืึทื›ืึทืœืกื˜ืฐืึธ -- ืขื–ื•ืช 

ื ืึทืœืึธื–ืฉืขื ื•ื ืคึผืœืึทื˜ื™ืขื–ืฉืึธื -- ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืึทื˜, , ื ืึธื›ื ืึทืžืข" 
ื ืึทืกื™ืœื™ืข -- ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ืึทืงื˜ 
ื ืึทืคึผืจืึทืฐื•ืœืขื ื™ืข -- ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื ืึทืงืึทื–ืึทื ื™ืข =- ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ 

ื ืึทืจืึธื“ --- ืคืึธืœืง 

ื ืึทืจื•ืฉืึทื™ืขื˜ -- ืื™ื– ืขื•ื‘ืจ (ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ) 

ื ืึทืฉื˜ืึธ ืžื ื™ืข ืคึผืึทืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜, ืงืึธืœื™ ื•ืึท 
ืกืึทื ื˜ื•ื˜ -- ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืึท ืคึผืึทืกืคึผืึธืจื˜, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ 

ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธืฐื•ืงืข -- ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืฐื•ืขื 

ื ื™ืข ืึธื‘ืžืึทื ื™ืขืฉ, ื ื™ืข ืคึผืจืึธืจืึทืฉ -- 
ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืึทืจืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ 

ื ื™ืขื–ื ืข (ื ื™ืขื–ืฉื ืข) -- ืฆืึทืจื˜ 

ื ืขื›ืฒึท ื‘ื•ื“ืข ื˜ืึทืง (ืื•ืงืจืึทื™ึทื ื™ืฉ) -- 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ 

ื ืขืžืึท -- ื ื™ื˜ืึธ 

ื ืขืคึผืจืขืžืขื ื ืึธ -- ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ื ืจืึทืฐืึธื•ื˜ืฉืขื ื™ืข -- ืชึผื•ืจืช-ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช 
ื ืจืึทืฐื•ืกื˜ืฐืขื ื ืึธ -- ืœื•ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื˜ืŸ 


ืก 


ืก ื•ืึทืฉืขื™ ื˜ืึธื˜ืฉืงื™ ื–ืจืขื ื•ืึท -- ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืขืจ ืงื•ืงืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 

ืก ืคึผืขืจืขื“ืึทื˜ืฉืขื™ื• ื’ืึธืกืคึผืึธื“ื™ื ื• ื–ืฒึทื“ืžืึทื ื• 
-- ืืฑืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื–ืฒืš. 
ืžืึทืŸ 

ืกืึทืฐื•ืขืกื˜ -- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ 


66 


ืกืึธื’ืœืึทืกืขืŸ -- ืžืกื›ึผื™ื 

ืกืึธื•ื•ืจืขืžืขื ื ื™ ืฐืึธืคึผืจืึธืก --- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข (ืึทืงื˜ื•ืขืœืข) ืคึผืจืึทื’ืข 
,ืกืึธื•ื•ืจืขืžืขื ื ื™ืง" (ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ) -- 
, ืžื™ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืจ" 

ืกืึทื˜ืจื•ื“ื’ื™ืง -- ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืกื‘ืึธืจื ื™ืง -- ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš 
ืกืฐืึธ;ืขืึธื‘ืจืึทื–ื ืข -- ืืฒื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืง 
ืกืฐื•ื™ืึทื– --- ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ 
ืกื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื˜ืขืœืกื˜ื•ื•ืึธ -- ืฆืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืขื“ื•ืช 
ืกื˜ืึธ ืกืึธืจืึธืง ื“ื™ืขืฐื™ืึทื˜ืฑ -- ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ื ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ 

ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืึท -- ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืคึผืึทืจืึทื’ืจืึทืฃ 
ืกื˜ืึทื˜ืฉืงืึท ื ื™ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืš -- ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื 

ืกื˜ืึธืคึผ (ืกื˜ืึธืคึผืึท) -- ืคึผืขืงืœ (ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึท- 
ืคึผื™ืจ-ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก) 

ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืึธึทื˜ืฐืึธืจืขื ื™ืข ื•ื• ืคึผืจืึธื–ื™ืข -- ืึท ืœื™ื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข 

ืกื˜ื™ื›ืขืก -- ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืขืกื ื™ืึทื™ืขื˜ -- ืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืกื˜ืจืึทืคึผื˜ืฉืข -- ืึทื“ืฐืึธืงืึทื˜, , ืคืึทืจ- 
ื–ืึธืจื’ืขืจ" 

ืกื˜ืฉืึธื˜ -- ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ 

ืกื™ืขื ื‘ื™ืขื“ -- ืึดื“ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ืฐื™ืขื˜ (ืื™ื“- 
ื™ืึธื) -- ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช -- ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ืกืœื•ื˜ืฉืึทื™ --- ืฆื•ืคืึทืœ 

ืกืœื•ืš -- ืึท ืฉืžื•ืขื” 

ืกืขืžื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ื•ืข -- ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” 

ืกืขืจื™ืึธื–ื ืข -- ืขืจื ืกื˜ 

ืกืคึผืึธืกืึธื‘ื ืข -- ืคืขื™ึดืง 

ืกืคึผืœืขื˜ื ื™ืขืก -- ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช 
ื˜ืคึผืจืึทืฐืึทื˜ืฉื ืึทื™ื ื’ืึทื–ืขื˜ืึท -- ืื™ื - 
ืคืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข -ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 

ืกืงื•ื˜ืฉื ืข -- ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง 


ืข 
ืขื˜ืึธ ืคึผืึธืœืขื–ื ืึธ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ืฆื™ืง 


ืคึน 


ืคึผืึธ ื–ืึทืงืึทื–ื• --- ืœื•ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคึผืึท ืคึผืจื™ืจืึธื“ืจื™ืข -- ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ 
ืคึผืึธ ื•ื•ื ื•ื˜ืจืขื ื ื™ืขืžื• ืกืงืœืึทื“ื• -- ืœื•ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ 

ืคึผืึท ืคึผืจื™ื–ืฐืึทื ื™ื• -- ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืจื•ืฃ 
ืคึผืึธื“ืœืึธืกื˜ --- ืคืึทืจื“ืึธืจื‘ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคึผืึธื“ืจืึทื–ืฉืึทื ื™ืข -- ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ื•ื ื’ 
ืคึผืึทืฐื˜ืึธืจืขื˜ -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื—ื–ืจื˜ 
ืคึผืึธื–ืึทืจ (ืคึผืึทื–ืฉืึทืจ) -- ืฉืจืคื” 
ืคึผืึทื–ื“ืจืึทืฐืœื™ืึทื™ื• --- ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืก 
ืคึผืึธื–ืฉืึทืœืฑ -- ืึท ืกื‘ืจื 

ืคึผืึธื˜ืฐืขืจื“ืขื˜ -- ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ืคึผืึธื›ืึธื–ืฉืข -- ืขื ืœืขืš 

ืคึผืึทื›ืึธืจืึธื ืข -- ืงื‘ื•ืจื”-ืฆืขื˜ืœ 
ืคึผืึธืœืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœื ืึทื™ืึท --- ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข 
ืคึผืึทืœืึธื–ืฉื™ื --- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื–... 
ืคึผืึธืœืขื–ื ืึธ -- ื ื•ืฆื™ืง 

ืคึผืึทื–ื“ืจืึทืฐืœื™ืึทื™ื• ืฐืึทืก --- ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืก 
ืืฒึทืš 

ืคึผืึทืกืฐื™ืึทืฉื˜ืฉืขื ื™ืข --- ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžื•ื ื’ 
ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข -- ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ 
ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืขืœืขืก -- ื‘ืขื˜ื’ืขืฐืึทื ื˜ 
ืคึผืึธืกื™ืœืงืข -- ืžืฉืœื•ื— 

ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืขืกืงื™ ืจืึทื–ืžืขืจ -- ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืžืึธืก 

ืคึผืึทืคึผืึธืก -- ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก 

ืคึผืึธืกืจืขื“ื ื™ืง -- ืคืึทืจืžื™ื˜ืœืขืจ, ืžืชื•ื•ืš 
ืคึผืึทืงืึธืกื˜ -- ื’ื•ืขืœ-ื ืคืฉ 
ืคึผืึธ-ืคึผืึทืจื™ืึทื“ืงื• --- ืœื•ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื™, ืกื“ืจ 
ืคึผืึทืจืึทื›ืึธื“ -- ื“ืึทืžืคืฉื™ืฃ 

ืคึผืึธืจื™ืึทื“ืงืข -- ื‘ืกื“ืจ 

ืคึผื˜ื™ืฆืึท -- ืึท ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ 

ืคึผืขื˜ืฉืึทื˜ืขืง -- ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ 
ืคึผืขืจืขื’ืึทืฐืึธืจืŸ -- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืžืฉื-ื•ืžืชื ืก 

ืคึผืขืจืขื“ืึทืฐื•ื™ืฆืข -- ืœืฒื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ 

, ืคึผืขืจืขื“ืึทื˜ ื’ืึธืกืคึผืึธื“ื™ื ื• ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืœื™ื•! 
ืžืึธืœืึทื˜ืฉื ืึธึทืฐืึท ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™" -- , ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 


ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื• ืคืฐืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื•ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืœ- 


ื›ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื ืจื™ 

ืคึผืขืจืขืคึผื™ืกืงืข -- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ืฉ 
ืคึผืจืึทืฐืึธื•ื˜ืฉืขื ื™ืข -- ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืจืขื›ื˜ 
(ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ) 

ืคึผืจืึทืฐืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืึธ -- ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ืจืขื›ื˜ 
ืคึผืจืึทืฐื•ื™ืœื ืข -- ืืžืชื“ื™ืง 
ืคึผืจืึทืคึผื•ืกืงื ืึธื™ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ -- ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืึทื ื’- 
ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ 


ืคึผืจืึธืงืœื™ืึทื˜ืข ืจืึทืกืคึผืึธืจื™ืึทื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข -- 
ืคึผืึทืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืขื ืข ืคืึทืจืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ืคึผืจื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื™ื˜ืขืœื ืึธ -- ื‘ืขืจืš 
ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืขืจืขื“ื ื™ืง -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
(ืงืึทืคึผืจื™ื–ื ืขืจ) 

ืคึผืจื™ื–ื ืึทืขื˜ -- ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ 
ืคึผืจื™ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืงืขืก -- ืฆื•ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคึผืจื™ืกื•ืึทื–ืฉื ืึทืžื• ืคึผืึทืฐื™ืขืจืขื ื ืึทืžื• -- 
ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืจืขื ืขื ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื•ื ื’-ืžืึทืŸ 
ืคึผืจื™ืจืึธื“ืข -- ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ 

ืคึผืึทืจื•ื•ืขืจื‘ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ --- ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืจืŸ 
ืคืึธืจืžืึท -- ืคืึธืจืขื 


ืฆึท 


ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืฉืขื‘ืจืขืŸ -- ืฆื•ื ืฑืคืฉื ืึธืจืขืŸ 
, ืคึผืึทื ื™! ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืžืึท:ืขื˜ื™ืข ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื 
ืจืขืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ ื˜ืึธืฐืึทืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื™ ืงื™ืฉ-ืงื™ืฉ- 
ืงื•ืจื™ ื ืึท. ืกืฐืึธื‘ืึธื“ื•, ืื™ ื ืข ื ืึทื˜ืฉื•- 
ื ืึทื™ืขื˜ืกืึท! ืฆืข ื ืข ื‘ืึธืœื™ ืžืขื ื™ ื‘ืจืึท- 
ื˜ื™ืงืœ ื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืึทืขื˜ ืคึผืึธ ื ืึทืฉืขืžื•, ืคื 
ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ืกืงืึธืžื•, ืึท ืžื™ ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ื˜ืฉื™ืงื™ 
ื“ืขืจื–ื™ืžืกื ื–ืึท ืกื˜ืึธืจืึธื ื™ ืื™ ืงืึทื˜ืฉืึท- 
ื™ืขืžืกืึท ื ื ื–ืขืžืœื™ื -- , ืคึผืจื™ืฅ! ื“ื• 
ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜, ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืจืขืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืฐื•ืึทืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืจ (ื“"ื” ืจืขื•ืึธ- 
ืœื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ) ? ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืŸ! ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธืŸ, 


677 


ืฆื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื”ื• ืฉืœื•ื: ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืขืœืขืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“!? 


ืง 


ืงืึธื ื˜ืฉื™ืœื™, ื˜ื™ ืกืฐืึธื‘ืึธื“ื™ืขืŸ --- ื’ืขืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงื˜, ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืคืจื™ 

ืงืึธืคึผืึทื™ืขืŸ -- ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ 

ืงืึทืจืึทื ื“ืึทืฉ -- ื‘ืœืฒึทืขืจ 

ืงืึทืจื™ืึทืฐืข -- ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืœื˜ 

ืงืึทืจื˜ื™ื ืข -- ื‘ื™ืœื“ 

ืงื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš --- ืืฒึทื ืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงื•ื‘ืึทืจืงืึท -- ืงืขื›ื™ืŸ 

, ืงื™ืขืฐื•ืœื™ืึทื ื™ืŸ" (ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’) -- , (ื“ืขืจ) 
ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ" 

ืงืœืึทื ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ -- ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงืจืึทืžืึธืœืข -- ื›ึผืคื™ืจื” 

ืงืจืึทืกื ื•ื›ืข -- ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 

ืงืจื•ื–ืฉืึธืง -- ืงืจืฒึทื– 

ืงืจื•ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืข -- ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืŸ 


ืจ 
ืจืึทื–ื‘ืฑ --- ื’ื–ืœื ื•ืช 


ืจืึทื–ื’ืึธึทืฐืึธืจ -- ืฉืžื•ืขืก 
ืจืึทื–ืžืขืจ -- ืžืึธืก! ืคืึธืจืžืึทื˜ 
ืจืึทื–ื ืึธืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง -- ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ 
ืจืึทื–ืกื•ื“ืึธืง -- ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ 

, ืจืึทื–ืจืขืฉืึทื˜ ืื™ ืงืึทื ืขืฅ" -- ,ืื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ" 

ืจืึทื–ืจืขืฉืขื ื™ืข -- ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ 
ืจืึธื–ืฉืงื™ ื“ืึท ื ืึธื–ืฉืงื™ (ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื) -- 
(ื”ืขืจื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืกืœืขืš) ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื 

ืจืึทืกืคึผืึธืจื™ืึทื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข --- ืคืึทืจืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ืจืึธืกืงืึทืฉื ืข -- ืจื—ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืง 

ืจื•ืกืงืื™ืข ื‘ืึธื’ืึทื˜ืกื˜ืฐืึธ" (ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’) 
-- , ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช" 

ืจืขื˜ืฉ -- ืจืขื“ืข 

ืจืขืžืขืกืœืขื ืข ืฉืึธืงืœืขืก -- ืคืึทื›ืฉื•ืœืŸ 
ืจืขืฉืข ืžื™ืจ -- ื“ืขืฆื™ื“ื™ืจ ืžื™ืš 


ืฉ 


ืฉืึทื‘ืึทืฉ -- ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื‘ืชื•ืŸ 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 208 


ื‘ืขืœืึทื™ืึท ืฆืขืจืงืึธื•ื• (ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื ื™ืข) 

ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ืก. ืž. ืึทื‘ืจืึทืžืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 

ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก 


(.ืกืฅื– .14468) ืžืžืกืืงืกื ื’ื‘ึผื—ืกื .171 


8 ืฆืฆื™ืขืคืžืกื•ื–ืื’ืงืก20 864 6 ืฆ- 1 
046 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 213 


ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื™. ื“ื™ื ืขื ืกืึธืŸ, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื– (ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข)? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืึทืš 


68 


2202 /{ืขื•ืกืกืกืขืŸืŸ .21 ืฆื˜- 1 
82ื–ืกืช ื—ืข ื”ืขื˜ืžื”ืกืฅ ืขื ืชื”ื 6ื“ืขื–ืžืขืšืŸ 
-1ืข8 ืงื–ืืกืžืงืกืช โ€ 2616ืขืชืฅืฆืกืขืงื” ื–ืคื 
ืฆื”ืกื” ืคื–ืขื’ื’ืฅื”ืก 0703216 1 .ืฆืขืืกืฅืช 

1386 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืจื•ื•ื• 215 


ืื™ื ืขืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง 


ื–ืขื›ืŸื™ืฅื™ื–ื ื 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 216 


ื’ื ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึทืจ ื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ืกืึธืŸ! 

ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ... ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ! 

ืึท ืฉืึทื ื“ืข, ืึทื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 

ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. 
ื‘ื‘ืŸ 


ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ 
ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ื™ 


(ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื) ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ 


ืžืงืื”ืฅืกืก?ื– 82124ื’ื™ื™ืกืกืข/2 
! ืฆื•ืกืกื–ื ืกื“ื ื–ืขืŸ 11-ื– 
,ืกื˜ื”ื–ืขืฉื™ื›) ! ื“2ืืกืฆื•ืขื ...ืกืืžืชืกื–ืก 5 


ื–ืขืฆืขืงืกืคืกื– ื”ื–ืกืขืกืช2480 88 1ืขืกืกื“ื–ื™ 


1124 .ืขืืกืกืขืง-ืกืช //0000 ืฉืื’ื’ืกื–ื 
1106 
2ืฅืื ืงืขืก 


ืกืฅ 8 006 08216ื112 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 217 


ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื“ืฑ 
ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืข ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ! ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื™- 
ืฆื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืžืจืขื›ื˜, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืงืกืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืžืฆืึธืจืŸ ืืึทื–"ื•ื• 


ืฉืžื™ื“ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทื–ืŸ ื›ึผืœื™ื–ืžืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ืก 


-122614ื ืกื”ืขื ืขืงืช ื’ืืฆื ืกืžืก8 ืขืก21 
-ืขืืช ื”ื‘ื” ืก:ืกื–ื ,ืขืขืกืกื”ืื”ืกื— โ€ 1164 
ืขื–ื™ืกืกืขื”26000286 ืก ืคื–ืกืกืžืชืกื“ 
ืคื™ืกืก11ืฆื™ื–ืขืงืฑื“ื–1ืก3:01 ืกื ืกื–ื ,011ืืกืชืกื ืช 

.ื” .ื–'.ืข 04686 ืขื—ืข 80010226 8 


6ืกืกืข ื’ืืกืช ,2462630 ืฅืื– 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื•! 220 

, ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" (ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ) : , ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื ื’" ื—ืกืฆืกืก" 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 221 

ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืœืง ื–ืืกืืžืืกื“ ืก ืืกืžึผื–ืกืคึผืฅืฆื˜ ืก 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 226 


ื’ื ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึทืจ ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™! 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 
ืื™ืฆื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ 


ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทืฃ 
ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืข 


ืžืงื”ื”ืฅืกืกื– 82111ื’ืขื™ื™ืกืก ื–ืข ื–/1 

{ 1412 11ืก 113 

ื™ืงืกื— ืฆืขืก ืกื” ื–ืื’ื! ื”ื‘ื’ืกืขื— 46 24 
; ืขื”ืกืขื— ืชืกื 116 ืกื“ืฉ ืขื–ืืกืกืช 
;ืฆื–ืืกื™ืกื— ื–ื ืžื–ื’ืกืขืช ื” ืชืกื•ืช 16 
6 ื–ืื‘ื ื—ื–ืขืก 26 ืกื“ื™ 


360 / 1182118ืขืขื–ืขืงืŸืก , 18ืงืขื–ืขืก0) 
8 ืขืกืก 


69 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืฆื• ืคืขื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืงืกืฉื˜ืฒื’ืขืจ 
ื ื•ืกื—-ื”ืฒึทื ืข 
ื ื•ืกื—-ืฉื˜ืฉืขื“ืจื™ืŸ 

ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื– ืึท ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ 

ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข 

ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•? 

ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืื•ืžืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒืขื ื™ืฉ 

ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ื•ื ื’ 

ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ื“ืึธืก ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ 

ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ, ืึท ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืึธืก ! 

ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 


ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืกืŸ 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทืœื˜ืข, ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜, ืคืึทืจ 
ืกืึทืœืึธืžืึธืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


80 


227 
ืกื–ืงืขืื’ ื–ืืกืื–ื—ื–ืขื”?) 
6278 (ืกืชืกื) .ื”ืกืงื:ื• 3 
ืฉื–ืืก10868/ืกื™ื–-ืกื–ื– 
ืงื™ื–ืืกืืกืฆื ืขืงื”ืกื ื–-ืกืช 

229 
ืž33ื›ืŸ 
ืขื‘ (1218ื ืงืขื™ื™ื›ืŸืก) ื™ืขื“ 
ืขืืกื–ืืกืง8 ืกื” ื–ืžืงืกืช ืกื” 

235 
ื–ืืกืข ืก 
ืืก 11 

236 
?! ื“ืฆืงื /ื–ื“ 11 

237 
6 ืฅ083ืช116 

238 
6 ืื ืกืžืžืขืืก110 

239 
ืกืžึผื™ื™ืกืงืื–ึธื– 1106ื–ืืก ื“ื™ 

245 
! ืขื–ืื–ืื”ืงื™ื–ืกื”ืกื™ื“ ืกื™ื–ื™ืž11380 

259 


38 ,861 8301 ืก6ื•ืื”ืกืก ื”ืžืฉืืก11 
821607 32ื”ืชื– 


261 
,80010600821114 ืกื ืฅื™ื“ื™ืช51 ืคื™ื 
ืฅืฆื™ืขืžืก:ื•ืข280 ืขืฆื•ืกื–ืืกื”ืก) 


ืคืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื:ืฆืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 271 
1ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 9182 11 
ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜-ืคืึทืจืฆืฒื›ืขื ื™ืฉ 6ืขื–ื•ืกื” 283 0) 
ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ 71ื’ื™ื–ืขืชืกื™ื– 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 273 
6ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 2118 16 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 276 


ืกืœืึทื ื™ื (ืฉื˜ืึธื˜), ืคืึทืจ 
ืžื™ืจืึธืŸ ืื™ืกืึทืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฉืขืจืขืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ 
1 ืขืงื–ื™ 


ื“ื™ื ืึทื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉืขื™ื” ืงืึทื’ืึทืŸ 


ืฆื˜ืกืงืข!! (ื”ืกืงืก 1) ืคื–ืืขืžืกืชืก) 8 
ืฆื–ื1116260168080 {ืข108808ืข 
.ื‘ื› 1{ 


1628 8ื’/11 ,ืคื–ืงืขืกื”ื˜ืขื”ืช 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 280 

ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง 00)) 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 301 

ื–ืฒื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ (ืึท ืกืš) ืึท ืœืขื’ื™ืึธืŸ (3ืกื–ืขื–ืกื” ื–ืื–ืข ื–118) 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 307 

ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขื•ืคืขืœืข, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ืช130ืืก 1011ืช ื–ื•ืกื–ื•ืกืชื”ื—ื–ื ,ืขืืชืก) 

ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืžืขืฉื‚ื”ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืขืช223ืก 2 ืคื“ื’ืžื–ืขื‘ื’ืืก /ื’ืšื™) 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 308 


ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 157-14ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ 1889 
(ื“ืขื) ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื 


.ื– 1889 ื”ืงืกื’ื“ืขืก 14-15 ,1208 
ืกืกื–ื ื”ืกืงืŸ 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 320 


"ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง", 


ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 22ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1890, 


ืึทื“ืขืก, ื‘ืึทื–ืึทืจื ืึทื™ืึท 91 
ืคืึทืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ 


-ืกืขื”ืกืขื ื”ื‘ืžื”ืก2ื’11 8ื”ืืกื”ืกืงืคื˜ืŸ" 
-ืข220 1182ืกื–ืืกื”ืก.) 6ืข:2ืช113 , 8ืืกื“ 
.1890 84ืž8ืž503 22 ,ืžืก/ื! ,ื”ืฆืขืžืกื–ืŸ 
1 ื’28ืง2838 ,086008) 

ืก;ืžื–ื™ืกืกืงืŸืกืืก /801ื–ื ื–ืืกืง8ืž8ืกื™ื“ 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 322 


,ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ" 


ื”ื–ื•ืช ื–ื•ืกืกืกื— 13ืฅ" 


81 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืคืœื™ื›ื 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 324 
ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืึธื™ืึทืจืงืึท (ื™. ื–. ื–ืฉ. ื“. -- 
ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืึทืŸ-ืฐืขื’), 
ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข 26, 6 ื™ื•ื ื™ 1890 


,(.ื”. 160(3.28) ื’ืืงื’ืกื ื–ื™ืก 
0 ื–ืฆื•ืกื’ืข 0 ,20 ื‘ื” 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 325 
ื™ื• ื– ื–ืฉ ื”. (ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 0-3821ืข160) .. 8ืข.3. 16 
ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืึทืŸ-ื•ื•ืขื’) (1100028 2161633884 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 330 
ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜.. ...8016 ืกืช /ื–ืžืงืกื ืกื” 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 400 
ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื‘. ื™ืจื™ื—ืžื–ืึธืŸ (ื™ืจื•ื—ืžื–ืึธืŸ), ืž08ืชืง116.ื โ€ ืขืฆื•ืกื‘ึผื–ืืกืฆืขืงื˜ .ื ืฆื˜- 1 
ื‘(ืขืœืึทื™ืึท) ืฆืขืจืงืึธื•ืฐื• 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 450 
ื‘ืึตื™ืึทืจืงืึท, ื“ืึทื˜ืฉืข ื ื•ืž' 16 6 .110 88 ,ื’ืืง8ืกื 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 453 
ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืงืขืœื‘ืœ ื–ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึทืžืขืก 212108 ืืฆืž 1626108 ื’ืขืžืงืกืก)1 
0661 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 481 
ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ ื ืึทื•ืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฆื™ื–ืขืž8ืกืข220 ื–ื™ืขืžึผืกื–ืืฅ12! ื–ื•ืกื–ืืกืžืกื˜) 
(ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื), ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื‘ืœืึทื’ืึธืฐืข- 8 , ( 6116 24-ื–ืืก11120) 
ืฉืฉื˜ืขื ืกืงืึทื™ื 27 7 8611611088ืกืชืžึผื” ื› 
ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื’ 6606 1021 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 559 
ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืกื–ืื’ืขืงื” 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 595 
ืฐื•ืึทืจืฉืข, 1909.8.21 9 +12884ืžืง22 
ื‘ืจื•ื•ื• 597 


ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ 


82 


ื–ืกืงื–ื˜ืก 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื: ืฆืœื™ื›ึผื 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 601 


, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ" 


ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช" 


, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš" 
, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื—ื•ื" 
, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืฐืึทืจื˜ืึทืœ" 


, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืขื ืขื ืงืฐืึทืจ- 
ื˜ืึทืœ" 


, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ" 
,ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ* 


ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ 


ื’ืขื–ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืฆื•ืกืฆื– ื–ืข ื–ืข ื–ืขื”ืกื ื”. ืกื–ืขืžืžื–ื ืกื” 1012" 


ื–ืขื–ืื–ืข2ืž112011 ืก ื–ืขื”ืกื ื—. ืก6ื’ืขืืžื–ื ืกื” 1012" 
ืขื–ื’ ื–ืข ื“ืก 61 ื— 8024 


ื–ืขื”ืกื ืช 6ืขืžืžื ึผื•ืก ื–ืื•" 
ื–ืขื“ืงืกืฆื™ ืขื–ืกืŸืŸ" 
288 ืกืกืืก/806ืก ืขื–ืกื”" 


2888 ืกืขืกื ืขืž380 ืขืกืŸ" 


44 /5 11 
ืขืก 6ืข108262404 
ืกื“ืกื– ืขื–ืกืšืŸ" 


16ื–ืขื™ื“ืก 71 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 602 


, ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืงืžื” ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’" 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืืจ..? , ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืฐืึธืก.. 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืก 


44 3 
ื–ืื’ืชื‘ึผืกื 23 ื– 6ืข11ืกื–ืžื–ืืกื™ื–ื™ืก 1/1:16 


" ืกื–ื–ื’?โ€Ž ...  110:0246  ... 


46 //4ืข6284621 ,8116 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 605 


, ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ืก ื‘ืึทื’ื™ื ืขืŸ" (ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’) 


ืขืขืกืกืก ืกืงื™ื“ 5" 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 606 


, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ (ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข) 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึถืจ..." 
ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืฐื•ื™ืœ (ื›ึผืฉื•ืจื”) 


...ืกื—ืช2 :ืขืขื–ื•ื”ืกืขื— 8 0423220 ืชื’'ืŸ" 


ืกื–ืขืฆื™ืขื”ืกืชืกืขื‘ึผื”ืก 06 


ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ;ื“ื•ืก 1120 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืžืขื”ืก 0ืกื–') 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 608 
ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ ืื™ ื–ื™ืกื—ืช 
ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื•ื–ืขื ื™ืกืช 
;ืกืื™ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ืื‘ืขืจ.." ...ืกื  ,ืกื ื ื”ืžืขื™ืก 6ื–ืื•" 
ืึท ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ! ื ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ! ! 110300 ! ืงืก1103 


683 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืฆืœื™ืคื 

ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘-ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ, ืฉื˜ืึทืžืคึผ, 
ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืจืœ" 

,ืึท ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ! ืึท ื—ืจืคึผื”! ืึท ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ!" 

ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ! ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื—ืจืคึผื”! 
ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ! 
, ื˜ืึทื˜ืข", , ืžืึทืžืข", , ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ", 

, ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ" 


, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืึท- 
ื’ืจื™ืคืŸ" 


, ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜" (ืงื•ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ) 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 


, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื—ื•ื" 
, ื ื™ื˜ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ" 

ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ -- 
ื“ืึธืš ืœืฒึทื‘ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ 

, ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืš" 


,1163 , ื’ืื™ื“ื™ื‘ืฆื™ืกืช-ื–ื•ืขื ื™ืกื“ืŸ" 
ืืกืกืง6 


/! 110300 !ื–ืืคึผืงืก ! ืงืก3ึผืกื“ืŸ" 
! 0300 ืกื›ึผ 110 ! ื–ืืึผืงืก ื“ืกืขื›ึผ ืก1ืŸ 
| 0300 ืกืชืกืืื™ื–' 1116ืช ื–ืขืขืกืก1ืก 116 


ืžื™ื“ื™ ื–ืื•" , ื–ื ืกื™ื™ืก"  ,โ€ ื‘ื–ืื‘ื–ื•"  ,โ€ ื‘ื—ื’ื“ื–" 


ื’ืขื“ืืžืกืช ืฆืชืข ืชืข ืขื—ืกื•ื ืช (216) ื”ื–ื•" 


ืืขื–ื ืกืง3 ื”ืืฆื™ืก |'" 


11 


ื–ืขื“ื™ืงืŸืกืฆื™ ื–ืขืกื“ืŸ" 

11 1 

ืขืชื”ืฆืกื 1167 
--- ืกื™ืกืช ื–ืข 8ื–ืืข3 ,ืคืžื˜ืก ื–ืข ืžื•ื ืกืŸืŸ 
02 516ืงืกืง 286 806 

;ืกื“ืกืช ืข ืฆืืื‘ ื’ืขืฆื™ืกืฆ ื–ืข ืขื ื•ื•ืŸ" 
283:080084ื›ืŸ 8 ื•ื™ืขืงืกืžืกืงื–ื– ื’ืขืขื™::3 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 613 


,ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืงืœืขืคึผ, 
ืกื˜ื•ืกืึทืงืขืก, ื’ืขืฆื•ืคึผื˜, ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ, ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืจืง, ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืคืœืึทืžื™- 
ืงืข ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ, ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืจื›ืขื˜, ื’ืขืฉืžื™ืกืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื–ืขืฐื•ืข ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™- 
ืžืขื ืก. ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ..." 


|ืขืช80' ืขื—ื‘ืžื”ื” 118 .168ืกื” ืขื”ืขืก" 
ื–ืขืืฆื™ืกื”ืกืžื–ืขื ,ืขืื—ืกืงื™ื“' ,ืขืืคืกืกื”ื ืกื” 
-ื—ืกื”ื—ื– ื–ืข ื—ืฆืกื ื”ื— ,ืขืชืขืžื”ื–ืžื“ื”ื‘ื”ืกื”ืช 

-ืžืขืฅืงืช ืื–ืขืž0626308 ืขื”ืืกืก ,ืขืช 
 .โ€ 218ืขืฅ' .ืขื–ืื’ื–ื•ื–ืืกืงืŸ ื–ืขื”ืืกืงืกื— ,ืขื–ืื” 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 618 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœืขืจืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœืŸ 


ืœืขืจืขืจ 
, ืขืš, ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืึท ืœืขืจืขืจืœ" 


684 


{ืžืชืกื ืขื˜ืฅ 86 ,ืคื—ืกื“ืขื˜ืขื ื™ืกืก 86 51 
:6636 116 


ืžื”ืกื“ื–ืขื ื™ืงื™ 
? ืคื—ืกื–ืขืฆื™ืฅ ื–ืžื โ€ ืฆื›'" 


ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื•ืคื˜ื” ืฉืœื•ื -ืฆืœื•ื™ื•ื›ื•ื 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•! 620 
ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฆืคืขืœืขืจ 6608 ืืกื˜ืกื˜ืข 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืึทื ืงืŸ-ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืข ื”ืงืกืกืกืชืขื–ื 6026ืก 
ืคืึทืจืฐืฒึทืœื•ื ื’ 446 ืก ื™ืก 338ื›ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ื•ื• 622 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 01ื™008:6111182 ืกื ืฆื’ืกื–ื ื–ืืกื ืก 
ืึท ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’-ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ืฉ ื–ืข ื–ื 1 ื–ืข 13ืก ื–ืข 
ืึทื–ืฑ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืงื™ืŸ -- --- ื–ืฐืขืช16( ื—834ืืก -- !1228 


ืขืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืึทื–"ื•ื• 
-- ื ื•, ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”... ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืึธืœ 


ื™ืฆ .ื–ื™ ื’ืข 1860ืขื’2 
3 8ืกืขืขืงื 8 ..ืกืขืกืฆืขื ,ืฆ11 -- 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ 633 


ืึท ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื” 


ื‘ืขืฆืขืกืฅ ;ืคื’ื’ืกืคื”ืกื–ื 


ื‘ืจื•ื•ืŸ 636 


ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื“ืขื ื“"ืจ ื’ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ืก(ืฉ.). ืž. ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืก(ืฉ.). 
ืž. ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•ืŸ 


.81 .66 ,ืขืฆื™ืขืคึผืงืฅ 1 ืฆืง-ื” โ€ ืขืก 11616 
ืฆืžืกื˜ืกืฅืŸืŸ 81 .) ืข ืฆืขืงืฅืข0ืก3ืข 1 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ 644 


ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ 
(ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื) 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜-ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš 


0 8 ืืกื–ื–ืขื”ื”ืช ืขื—ื‘ื—ืก11 


21 ืกืื”ื’ืืงืกืช 8 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ 666 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื’ืขืœื˜ 


1611620311ืŸ 1ืข ื–ืžืžืกืงืกื”3 ืกืขืžืขื˜ 


ื‘ืจื•ื•ื• 684 


ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš, ืงืึธ- 
ืžื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’, 
ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืื™ื ืกืฆืขื ื™- 
ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืคึผืึทืจ... ืคื•ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ 


ื—ื•ื”, ื˜ื‘ื™ื”ืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, 

ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืจืึทืžืข ืื™ืŸ 1 ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’, 
ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืื™ื ืกืฆืข- 
ื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ 


-ืขื–ืืกืช ,5ื—686 1 124ืช18210ืž:ืฅ116 
-ืข26240 ื–ืืกื ื ื”ืก 8 ื–ืขื–ื–ืขื“ืงื’ืื ื’ืขืืกืกื˜ 
-ื–ืืกืชืก111 (161116ืข) ื ื™ืกืก ,ืขื–ืขื 
...ื”ื– 288ืžืกืงืขืฆื•ืกื•ืกื˜ืข ,8ื–ืืกืฆืขื—2 
ื–ืืกืงืกื™ื“ืž8 

.ืžืฆื™ืก 6862688 1 ,26882 
ืขืขืžื“ืกืกื” 1 8 ื’ื–ืืง|/ ืื”ืืกืกืฆื™ืขืงืขื”, 
,4116114618/-ื–ืืกืช 1110 (11161146 ) ืฆื™ืกืก 
ื–ืืกืงืก88 088118ื–ืขื–ืกื–ื–ืกื ื•ื–ืข 


85 


ื‘ื›ื™ื™ื“ื“ื• ืคื˜ื•ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื ?ืคืœื™ื™ื›ื™ื 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ 685 
(ื“ื™) ืึทืฐืึทื ื˜ื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืกืชืก13ืขื”120ืก 11114ืก08024ืก11 
ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื’ื— ืกื™ื™ืก 11 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 695 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืกืž 
ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื‘ื™ื– ืคืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืง, ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜: -ืขืฆื™ืกื ื”ืื ื–ืžื–ื–ืขื–ื•ื“ื”ืืช 110 608ืง2 
: 6110 
1) ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข: ื“. ืื•ืฆืขื›ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืขื–ืืกืืก808ืก 5 .{/ : ืกืคืžืขื (| 
ืฉ. ืึตืœ. .ื— 2โ€ 111 ื’ื—ืžื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขื 3ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 34 3 {ืฆืฉื™ืกืกืกืขืก ืฉืก) 
ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš ื“ืขื 7ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒ : 8 / ื–ืคืืกืงืก ืกื” 
2) ืึทื ื’ืœื™ืกืงื™ ืคึผืจ(ืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜) 26, ืขื–ื’ ,ืขืงืฅ0ืก116160 .0 (2 
ื’ืึธืœืึธืžื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฉ. ืึทืœ. ืฆืชื” ืฆืกื–ืืกืชืก 1 ,26 (ื–ืืกืืกืก) ืงื— 
27 11 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 699 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืคืึทืจ ืกืจืขื‘ืขืจืงืŸ ืืง62666) ,ืกืฆื•ืคืžืขื 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 641 
ื•ื•ืขื ืข-ืึธื ืฆื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ 8631 8008226:26 


6ื˜ 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ * 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ 
ืื•ื ื•ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ืŸ, ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืฉ. ื”ืึธื›ื‘ืขืจื’, 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 1907--1912 ; ืึทื“ืขืก 1913=--1917, 


ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืก ื˜ืึทื ื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืจืขื“'-ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืฉ. ื™. ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื . ืคื™ื ืงืขืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 
6+--1911, 


ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืจืขื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืžืึทืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืึทืจืฑืกื’' ืค. ืžืึทืจื’ืึธืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, 
ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1909 --- ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1909, 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ื™ื, ื ื™ื˜-ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื• ,ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ื‘ื•ืจื’ 1906, ืคื•ืŸ 1910 ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข 
ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืฆื•ื ,,ืคืจืฒึทื ื“". 


ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“, ,ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉื‚-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืก ื‘ื•ืš ื”ืขืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ", 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 1888--1896 (ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ 5 ื‘ืขื ื“). 


ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืจืขื“'-ืึทืจืฑืกื’' ื‘. ื˜ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ื . ืคื™ื ืงืขืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉ.ื™. ื™ืึทืฆืงืึทืŸ, 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 1908--1915. 


ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’, ,ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข", ืจืขื“ ืฆ. ื”. ืคึผืจื™ืœื•ืฆืงื™, 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1905 -- ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1907, 


ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืจืขื“-ืึทืจืฑืกื’' ืœ.ืึท. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ 1904---1905 ; 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข 1905---1907, 


ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“, , ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืคื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืขืŸ, ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ืœื™ืš", 
ืจืขื“' ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ (ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ) ื™. ืœื•ืจื™ื, ืค"ื’ ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ", ืงืจืึธืงืข-ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 
9+--1902 (ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ). 


ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง, ,ืึท ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืคื™ืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข", 
ืจืขื“ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื’' ื™. ืœ. ืคึผืจืฅ, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 1891, 1892, 1895 (ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ืขื ื“). 


ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ืขืœื˜, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ-ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืึทืจืฑืกื’' ื‘. ื. ืงืœืขืฆ- 
ืงื™ืŸ, ืจืขื“' ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข 1913--1915, 


ื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ืจื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึธืœืง, , ืฐืึธื›ืขื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ", ืจืขื“ื™ ื™. ืœื•ืจื™ื, ืึทืจื•ืกื’' 
ืฉ. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืžืฒึท 1906 -- ื™ื•ืœื™ 1914, 


* ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 19ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ 20ืกื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืงื™ืจืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืขื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’. 


87 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืื™-ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง, ,ืึท ื‘ื•ืš ืคื™ืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืึทืคื˜, 
ื”ืขืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื". ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• 1888---1889, 2 ื‘ืขื ื“, 


ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข, ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืจืขื“ื™' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคื™ืฉืขืจ, 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1902 -- ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1902. 


ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขื ื•ื•ื˜ืœื˜, ,ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื™ืจ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ืึธืš", 
ืจืขื“' ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื“. ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืž. ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ, ืค"ื’ ,ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’", ืงืจืึธืงืข-ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 
2 -- ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1903, 


ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืงืขืจ, ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš, ืจืขื“' ืž. ืœ. ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื, ืึทืจืฑืกื’' ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–. ืคืจืึทื ืงืคืขืœื“, ืึทื“ืขืก 1887, 


ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉื˜ืก ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ,ืึท ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืก ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’", ืฐืึธื›ื ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ืจืขื“' ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’! ืึท. ืฆืขื“ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ 7ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื’ ืึทืจืฑืกื’': ื™. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืœ. ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ืจืขื“': ื™ื™ืœ, 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ, ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ 1881---1890. 

ื™ื•ืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธื›ื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ, ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข: ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 
ื“. ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืž. ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ, ืงืจืึธืงืข-ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ื™ื•ื ื™ 1902 -- ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1903, 


ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกืขื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ-ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืจืขื“' ืฉ. ื”ื•ืจ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’' โ€ ืฉ. ืฉืจืขื‘ืขืจืง, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข 1909--1912, 


ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืจืขื“ื™ ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืึทืจืฑืกื’' ืœ. ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 
ื™. ื–ืึทื’ืึธืจืึธื“ืกืงื™, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, ื™ื•ืœื™ 1909 --- ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1910. 


ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื ืงืก, ื™ืึธืจื‘ื•ืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, 
ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ, ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืจืขื“' ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ื‘. ื. ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืœ- 
ื ืข 1912. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ-ืคึฟืจืฒึทื ื“, ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืฆื• ,,ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", ืึทืจืฑืกื’' ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 
7+-1888, 2 ื‘ืขื ื“, 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื“, , ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืข ื–ืฉืึทืจื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“", ืจืขื“'-ืึทืจื•ืกื’' 
ืฉ. ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉ. ืจืึทืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜, ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ 1902--1905, ืื™ืŸ 1906 ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜. 1909--1912 ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 


ืงื™ืขืฐื•ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜, , ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืข ื˜ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืข ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜", 
ืจืขื“ื™-ืึทืจื•ืกื’' ืœ. ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1910 -- ืžืึทืจืฅ 1911. 


ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ 
ื”ืืคื™ืฃ, ื™ืึธืจื‘ื•ืš ืคืึทืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข, ืจืขื“ื™ ื . ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื•, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 
4+--1893, 


ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธื›ืŸ-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืจืขื“ ื“. ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 1901--1904, 


88 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื 


ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ (ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ 2 ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš), ืจืขื“' ื‘. ืงืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœ. ืงืึทืฆืขื ืขืœืกืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“. ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ 1902--1907, ืื™ืŸ 
5 ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 


ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ, ืฐืึธื›ืŸ-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืจืขื“' ื. ืฆืขื“ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื™. ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืึทื•ื, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ -- ืž. ืœื™ืœื™ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื, 
ืึทื“ืขืก 1860--1871; ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ 1871--1872. ื ืึธืš ืึท ื”ืคืกืงื” -- 1878--1904. ืคื•ืŸ 
0 ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืœ. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ. 


ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฐืึธื›ืŸ-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืจืขื“' ื . ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื•, ืงืขืœืŸ 1907; ืคื•ืŸ 1909 ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข. ื ืึธื›ืŸ 8ื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก -- ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข. 


ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืึธื’ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 1903--1905, 


ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”, ืฐืึธื›ืŸ-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืจืขื“' ื—. ืกืœืึธื ื™ืžืกืงื™, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข 1862. ื ืึธืš ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืฒึทืก -- 
ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ 1874---1906, ืคื•ืŸ 1884 ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื . ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•. 


ื”ืงื•ืœ, ืฐืึธื›ืŸ-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืฒึทืœืึทื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ, ืจืขื“' ืž. ืจืึธื“ืงื™ื ืกืึธืŸ, ืž. ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ 


ืื•ืŸ ืึท. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืงืขื ื™ื’ืกื‘ืขืจื’ 1876--1880. 


ื”ืฉืœื•ื—, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ- ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื—ื“-ื”ืขื, ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ 1896---1902 ; ืงืจืึธืงืข 1903---1905 ; ืึทื“ืขืก 1907. 


ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ 
ื‘ื•ื“ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื ืึธืกื˜ โ€ ืคืกืกืื–ืฉืขื”ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจ ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœ- 
ื“ื•ื ื’, ืจืขื“'ื™ ืฉ. ื’ืจื•ื–ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’, ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ 1899---1904, 

ืฐืึทืกื›ืึธื“, โ€ 08ื800 (ืืฑืคื’ืึทื ื’), ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืจืขื“' ืึท. ืœืึทื ื“ืึทื•, 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉ. ื’ืจื•ื–ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’, ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ 1881--1906, ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข : ืž. ืกื™ืจืงื™ืŸ, ืž. ืคึผืึธื–ื ืขืจ, ืœ. ื‘ืจืึทืžืกืึทืŸ, ื™ื•. ื‘ืจื•ืฆืงื•ืก, ืž. ืฐื™ื ืึทืฐืขืจ ื"ืึท. 


ื™ืขืฐื•ืจืฒืกืงืึทื™ื ืžื™ืกืœ, ืคื”ืกื•ืžื–ื 280640888 (ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง), ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ- 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืจืขื“' ืž. ืื•ืกื™ืฉืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™. ื˜ืจื™ืฐื•ึผืก, ืึทื“ืขืก 1906---1900. 


ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงื™ ืžื™ืจ, โ€ ืงื—ื–ื //ื1252640 (ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜), ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“': ืฉ. ืึทื ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฉ. ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•, ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ 1909---1910. ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜. 


ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืข ืึธื‘ืึทื•ืจืขื ื™ื˜, -003613/6ืก 6,ื—ืกืกืžืงืŸ ' (ื™ื™ึทื“ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง), ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ- 
ื™ืœึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ, ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ 1910, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ 
,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงื™ ืžื™ืจ". 


89 


ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ืก -- ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ืžืก ืขืคึผื™ืกื˜ืึธืœืึทืจืข ื™ืจื•ืฉื” = 26 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ืก -- ืขื•ึผื‘ื•ื ื• ื”ืืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืœืืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื-ืขืœื™ื›ื = 60 

ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” 

ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžื™ 
1 ืฆื• ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืึธืจื“, 1879,8,12 -- 17 
2 ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืฃ, 1882.12.10 -- 17 
8 ืฆื•ื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, 1884,4.16 -- 19 
4 ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ื”ื•, 1884,5.25 -- 20 
5 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1884.6.22 -- 21 
6 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1884,6.27 -- 22 
1 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1885.6.11/10 -- 23 
8 ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1886.6.16 24 
9 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1886,6.18 -- 258 
10 ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1887,7.26 -- 258 
101 ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1887.10.10 -- 258 
2.' ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืฃ, 1888.10.22 -- 26 
3. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1889 -- 20 
514 ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ื”ื•, 1889.9,6 -- 28 
15 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1890.8.17 -- 29 
6, ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 1892.2.8 -- 21 
1; ืฆื• ืึธืœื’ืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1892.2.29 - 231 
8. ืฆื• ืจื—ืœ ืœืึทึตื™ืขืฐื•, {ืงื™ืขื•ื• 1896| -- 3 
619 ืฆื• ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืึทื”ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, ื‘"ื” ื™"ื˜ ืื“ืจ ื', ืชืจื "ื– (1897) -- 32 
0 ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1897.4.16 -- 233 
21 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1897.6,230 -- 33 
2 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1897,7.7 - 2324 
23. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1897,7.21  -โ€ 24 
4. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 1897.8.21  -โ€ 24 
5. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ื”ื•, 1898.8.18 -- 25 
6 ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1898.9.1 -- 235 
24 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1898.9,8 - 236 
8. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1898,9,18 = 36 
9. ืฆึตื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1898.11.10 -- 237 
0. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 1899,8,15 -- 237 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื" 


.1 
.2 
.3 
.4 
.5 
.6 


ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1899.8.16 

ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1899,8.22 

ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1900.11.25 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืึท, 1904.8.18 
ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1904.9,1 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 1904.11.15 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืึท, 1904.11.15 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1904.11.29 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1905.2.1 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1905.2.22 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1905.4.12 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1905.4.14 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1905.4.22 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1905.6.230 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1905.8.8 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1905.9.11 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 1905.1021 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1905.10.22 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1905.10.26 

ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1905.11.22 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืึท, 1905.11.24-23 
ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ, 1906.3.15 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1906.4.22 


ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1906.4.230 

ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืข 

ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1906.5.29 

ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1906.6.3 
ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ, 1906.6.7 

ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 1906.6.16 

ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1906.7.7-6 

ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1906.8.11 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1906.9,7 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1906.9.10 
ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• , ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก", --.1906.9 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืข 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 1906.9.11 

ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 1906.10.16 

ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1906.10.21 
ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1906.10,21 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 


691 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžื™ 
0. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1906.10.28 

1 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 1906.11.6 

2. ืฆื• ืจื—ืœ ืœืึธื™ืขืฐื•, 1906.11.6' 

3., ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 1906.11.12 

4 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1907.2.9 

5, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1907.2.3 

6. ืฆื• ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1907.4.25 

ื“ื“. ืฆื• ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1907.8,21 

8. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1907.10.24 

9. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1907.11.10 

0 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1908.4.8-7 

1 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 1908.5.14 

2, ืฆื• ื . ื™ืข. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1908.8.22 

2, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1908.10.7 

4, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1908,9,29 

5, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1908.10.7 

6. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1908.10.16 

7, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, ืจื”"ืฉ ืชึผืจืก"ื˜ (1908) 
8 ืฆื• ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1908.10.23 
9. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1908.10,25 

0, ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1908.11.1 

1, ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท, 1908.11.27 

2, ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1908.11.20 

3 ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท, 1908.12.2 

4, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1908.12.5 

5 ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1908.12.7 

6 ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท, 1908.12.8 

7, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1908.12.30 

8. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1909.1.10 

9. ืฆื• ื . ื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืž. ืก. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ 1909.1.15 
100 ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1909.1,25 

01 ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท, 1909.,1.25 

502 ืฆื• ื. ืœ. ืคึผืจื™ืฆืงืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื . ื™ืข. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1909.2.4 
3 ืฆื• ื . ื™ืข. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1909.2.11 

94 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1909,2.14 

95 ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท, 1909,2.16 

5106 ืฆื• ื . ื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืž. ืก. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1909.2.2 
5107 ืฆื• ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ, 1909,3.6 

68 ืฆื• ื . ื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืž. ืก. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1909,5.11 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžื™ 

9.' ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1909,7,12 

90 ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1909.9.24 

911 ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท, 1909.10.18 

5912 ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1909.11.2 

93 ืฆื• ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1909.11.23 
94 ืฆื• ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1909.,11.23 
95 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1909.11.23 
696 ืฆื• ืœื™ืึทืœื™ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1909,11,24 
6917 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1909,11.26 
98 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1909.11.27 

699 ืฆื• ืึธืœื’ืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1909.11.27 
0. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข , ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", 1909,12.4 
ื•ืฉื•; ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท, 1909,12.4 

12. ืฆื• ืžืึทืจื•ืกื™ ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1909,12.14 
3. ืฆื• ืึธืœื’ืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1909.12.17 
4. ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท, 1910.1.2 

5. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1910.1,9 

6. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1910.1.9 

97 ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืึทืจื›ืึทืฉ, --.1910.1 
8. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก, 1910.1.11 

19. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1910,4.18 
0. ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท, 1910.5.29 

1, ืฆื• ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1910.6.24 
2. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1910.10.10 

3, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 1910.10.28 

4,. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1911.1.10 
95 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1911.1.16 

6. ืฆื• ืž. ืก. ืื•ืŸ ื . ื™ืข. ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1911.4.2 
7, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก, 1911.5.15 

8. ืฆื• ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืึทืจื›ืึทืฉ, 1911.6.22 

9,. ืฆื• ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ, 1911.9.1 

0. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 1912.2.8 

91 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืžึฟืึท, 1912.2.2 
42. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1912.3.5 

3. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1912,3.7 

4. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, --.1912,4 

5. ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1912.4.2 

6. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1912,5,8 

9.7 ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1912,10.9 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
97 
98 


8 6 6 8 


1 
100 
101 
101 
102 
102 
102 
103 
103 
104 
104 
104 
105 
105 
106 
107 
107 
108 
108 
108 
109 
109 
100 
111 
111 
112 
12 
199 
119 
10 
121 
121 
122 
123 


93 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืž" 


48 
49 
0 
6,1 
692 
693 
94 
15 
16 
157 
:158 
519 
60 
61 
692 
513 
4 
55 
166 
57 
58 
569 
0 
1 
2 
173 
5174 
15 
56 
77 
8 
179 
5690 
91 
6.2 
3 
9.4 
595 
186 


94 


ืฆื• 


ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1912.10.31 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1912.12.23 

ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 1912,12,25 

ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1912.12.27 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, --.1912.1 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืึท, 1912.1.4 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1912.1.7 

ืขืžืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1912.1.15 
ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืข 
ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1912.1.18 
ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1912.1.19 
ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1913.1.25 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1913.2.1 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1912.2.4 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1913,2.24 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1913.2.26 


ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1913.2.28 

ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1912.23.1 

ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 1912.2.2 

ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1912,2.4 

ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, 1912.2.4 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1912,2.10 
ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท โ€ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1912.3.11 
ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1913.2,14 

ื˜ืึทืžืึทืจืึท โ€ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1913.3.21 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1912,2,22 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1914,1.10 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืึทืŸ, 1914.2.21 
ืึธืœื’ืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1914.2.25 

ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1914.2.26 

ื ื•ืžืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1914,2.26 

ืžืฉื” ื‘ืึทืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืชึผืจืข"ื“ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก, 1914.4.1 
ื™. ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงืฑืคืžืึทืŸ, 1914.4.5 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก, 1914,5.3 

ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, --.1914,9 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1914.11.12 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1914.11,20 

ืขืžืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1914.11.21 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
122 
123 
124 
124 
125 
126 
17 
127 
127 
128 
128 
128 
109 
130 
130 
111 
131 
132 
132 
133 
133 
133 
1344 
124 
135 
135 
136 
136 
136 
137 
138 
138 
140 
141 
142 
143 
143 
144 
144 


ืคืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืื™ 


7, 
8. 
99 
190ื˜: 
69,1 
692 
3 
64 
695 
696 
7,, 
8, 
9 
120 
1, 
2 
3 
4, 
205 
6 
207 


8 
9 
10ื˜51 
921 
2 
3, 
4 
5, 
926 
627 
8 
9,, 
0, 
1, 
2. 


ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1914,12.3 

ืฆื• ืขืžืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1914.12.12 

ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1914.12.15 

ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1914.12.29 

ืฆื• ืขืžืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1915.1.14 

ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1915.4.5 

ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1915.4.17 

ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1915.6.26 

ืฆื• ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1915,7.7 
ืฆื• ื‘ืขืœืึท ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ, 1915,7.25 

ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 1915,8.5 

ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1915.9.2 

ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก, 1915.9.2 

ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืึท, 1915.9.15 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก, 1915.9,21 

ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืึทืœื™ืึท, 1915.10.14 
ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืข ืžืึทื–ืึธืจ, 1915.10.16 

ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก, 1915.12.2 

ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1916.1.29 

ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ ืคื™ื™ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื’, 1916.2.5 

ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคึผืžืึทื ืก, 1916,4.17 


ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืคื˜ืœืขืจืก 


ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1884,12.23 
ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฆ. ื–. ืคืจืึทื ืงืคืขืœื“, 1886.1.5 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1886.1.23 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1887.6.5 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1887.6.21 

ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1887.10.28 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1887.11.20 

ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1887.12.27 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1887.12.28 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888,1.57-4 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1888.1.7 

ืฆื• ื. ืฉ. ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ืขืจื’, 1888.1,7 

ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1888.1.15 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888.1.18 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888.2.5 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
144 
145 
145 
146 
146 
18 
14 
14 
140 
148 
1489 
149 
189 
150 
ื•ืค 
153 
154 
154 
155 
155 
16 


159 
160 
161 
163 
16 
16 
167 
10 
171 
172 
173 
175 
175 
176 
176 


695 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžื™ 

3 ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1888,2.20 
4 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888,2.5 

5, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1888.2.5 
6 ืฆื• ื™. ื™. ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™, 1888.,3,20-19 
221 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888,3,27 

8, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1888,2.29 
9, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1888.4.1 
0, ืฆื• ื™. ืœ. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, 1888.4,7 

1, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืึธืŸ, 1888.4.8 
2, ืฆื• ื. ืฉ. ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ืขืจื’, 1888,5.12 
3 ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•, 1888.5.29 
4, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1888.6.8 
5 ืฆื• ื™. ื™. ืœื™ื ืขืฆืงื™, 1888.6.12 
6 ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1888.6.12 
7, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888,6.16 

8 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888,7.26 

9, ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1888,7,26 
0. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1888,7.28 
1, ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•, 1888,8,7 
2. ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1888,8.9 
3. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1888,8,17 
4 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888.8,21 

5 ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1888,8,22 
6. ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888,8,23 

7 ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•, 1888,9.2 
8 ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1888.9,7 
9. ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, 1888.9.10 
0, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1888,9.14-12 
1, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888,9,14-12 

2, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888,9,20 

3, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1888.10.1 
4,, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1888,10,4 
5, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888.10.7 

6, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888,10,12 

7, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1888.10.16 
8, ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1888.10,20 
9, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1888,10.,20 
0. ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1888,10,22 
1, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1888.10.25 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
177 
179 
179 
180 
181 
183 
184 
187 
188 
188 
189 
189 
190 
192 
193 
144 
195 
16 
197 
199 
200 
201 
202 
202 
203 
205 
206 
206 
208 
209 
209 
21 
213 
213 
24 
216 
217 
29 
20 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื" 


2 


6.0 


ืฆื• ื. ื‘. ื’ืึธื˜ืœืึธื‘ืขืจ, 1888.11.6 

ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•, 1888.11.11 

ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1888,11.27 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888.12.6 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1888,12.13 

ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1888.12.15 
ืฆื• ื. ื‘. ื’ืึธื˜ืœืึธื‘ืขืจ, --.1888,12 

ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1889.1.2 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889.1.8-7 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889,1.11 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889,1.11 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889.1.16 

ืฆื• ื“. ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, 1889.1.17 

ืฆื• ื™. ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1889.1.18717 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889,1.187"17 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889.1.19 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889.1.24 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1889.1.24 

ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1889.1.27 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืข 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•, 1889,2.9 

ืฆื• ื. ื. ื”ืึทืจืงืึทืฐื™, 1889,4.14 

ืฆื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืžื–ื•, 1889.4,25 

ืฆื• ,,ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ", 1889,5.7 

ืฆื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืžื–ื•, 1889,5.8 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1889,5.12-12 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889,5.22 

ืฆื• , ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ", 1889,5,22 

ืฆื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืžื–ื•, 1889,5.28 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889,5.28 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889,6.21 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889,6.29 

ืฆื• ื“. ื”. ืžื’ื™ื“, 1889,7.16 

ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•, 1889,7.18 

ืฆื• , ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท. ื ืึทืจืึธื“ื ืึทื™ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืึท", 1889.8.2 
ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•, 1889.8.17 

ืฆื• , ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ื ืึทืจืึธื“ื ืึทื™ืึท โ€ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืึท", 1889,9,2 
ืฆื• ,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท. ื ืึทืจืึธื“ื ืึทื™ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืึท", 1889.9,4 
ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1889.9.4 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 


97 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืื™ 


.1 
.2 
3 
.4 
.5 
.6 
.7 
.8 
.9 
.0 
.1 
02 
.3 
4 
5 
6 
10 

218 
.9 
.0 
.1 
.2 
,3 
4 
.5 
,6 
,7 
,8 
.9 
0 
1 
2 
.3 
4 
,5 
.6 
.7+ 
8 
9 


98 


ืฆื• ื‘. ืœ. ืคืœืขืงืกืขืจ, 1889,9.5 

ืฆื• , ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ื ืึทืจืึทึธื“ื ืึทื™ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืึท", 1889,9,22 
ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1889,9,24 

ืฆื• ื™. ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1889.9.25 

ืฆื• ื‘. ืœ. ืคืœืขืงืกืขืจ, 1889.10.1 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1889.10.3 

ืฆื• , ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ื ืึทืจืึธื“ื ืึทื™ืึท ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืึท", 1889,10,13 
ืฆื• ื‘. ืœ. ืคืœืขืงืกืขืจ, 1889,10.15-14 
ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื’ื™ืฆืงื™, 1889,10.26 

ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1889,10.26 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889.11.10 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889,11,17 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™, ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืข 

ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1889,11.24 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1889,12.1 

ืฆื• ื“. ื”. ืžื’ื™ื“, 1889,12.1 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1889,12.4 

ืฆื• ื“. ื”. ืžื’ื™ื“, 1889,12.7 

ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1890.1.14 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1890,1.22 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1890.1.31 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1890.2.23 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1890,23,223 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1890.6.6 

ืฆื• ื‘. ืœ. ืคืœืขืงืกืขืจ, 1890.6.7 

ืฆื• ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, --.1890.9 

ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•, 1890.10.2 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1890.11.10 

ืฆื• ื™. ืœ. ื’ืžื–ื•, 1892.,8.10 

ืฆื• ื. ืฉ. ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 1892.8.17 
ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1892.9.1 

ืฆื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, 1892.9,17 

ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1893.11,23 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1893.12.3 

ืฆื• ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, 1892.12.4 

ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1892.12.5 

ืฆื• ื’. ืกื˜ืึทืฐื™ืกืงื™, 1892.12.8 

ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1892.12.8 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1892.12.8 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
248 
249 
250 
250 
21 
251 
252 
253 
254 
255 
255 
236 
256 
258 
259 
259 
260 
202 
262 
263 
264 
265 
266 
266 
207 
268 
268 
269 
20 
20 
271 
21 
273 
274 
24 
24 
215 
206 
206 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžื™ 


0 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1893.12.19 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1893.12.20 

ืฆื• , ืคื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’", 1893.12.25 
ืฆื• ื. ื™. ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™, 1894.1.2 

ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1894.1.5 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืข 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1894.1.16 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1894.6.4 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1894.6.7 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1894.6.18 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1894.6.24 

ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ,,ื˜ื•ื™ื‘", --.1894.6 

ืฆื• ื”ืœืœ ืžืึทืœืึทื›ืึธื•ืฐื•ืกืงื™, 1894.6.28 
ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1894.7.20 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1894,9.21 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1894.9,26 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1894.10.20 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1894.11.4 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1894,11.7 

ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืฆืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ,,ื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจืฒึทื ื“", 1894,11.7 
ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1894.11.10 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1894.11.24 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1894.12.14 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1895.1.28 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1895.1.28 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1895.1.28 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1895.7.4 
ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1895.8.10 
ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1895.8.18 
ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1895.10.28 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1895.11.17 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1895.11.22 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1895.12.24 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1.20. 1896 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1896,3.27 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1896.5.14 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1896.11.6 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1897.2.26 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
26 


218 


299 
299 
299 
201 
304 
308 
309 
309 
210 
211 
212 
213 
313 
2314 
24 
315 
216 


99 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžื™ 


.8 
.9 


ืฆื• ื™. ื™. ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื•ืก, 1898.6.10 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1898.12.30 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1899.2.5 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1899,3,29 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1899,4,17 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1899.,5.10 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, - 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1899,7,14 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1899,9,9 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, ื”' ื™ื™ื– ืชึผืฉืจื™ ืชึผืจ"ืก -- 1899 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1899,10.2 

ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1900.2.27/15 
ืฆื• ื™. -ื™. ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืขืจื’, 1900.12.6 

ืฆื• ื™. ืจืึธื–ืขื˜, ืขืจื‘ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื” ืชึผืจืก"ื 
ืฆื• ืžืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™, -- -- 1901 
ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, 1901.1.22 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1901.2.15 

ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื™ื•ืืœ ืขื ื’ืขืœ, 1901.6.13 
ืฆื• ืึธ. ื‘. ื’ืึธืœื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, 1901.11.12 
ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1901.11.17 
ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1901.11.18 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1901.11.25 

ืฆื• ื‘. ื™ืจื•ื—ืžื–ืึธืŸ, 1901.11.27 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1901.12.2 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1901.,12.4 

ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1901.12.8 
ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1901.12.8 

ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1901.12.10 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1901.12.29 

ืฆื• ืึธ. ื‘. ื’ืึธืœื“ืึธื•ืฐื•ืกืงื™, 1901.12.29 
ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, -- == 1902 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, -=- -- 1902 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.1.20 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.1.21 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.2.7 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.2.14 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.2.23 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.2.28 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
216 
317 
218 
3200 
32 
321 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžื™ 


66 
17 
8 
9 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 


1007 
1087 
1902.9 
0068/6:30 

100,42 

10,448 


ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1902.4.10 
ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1902.4,14 

ืฆื• ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืจื™ื, 1902.4,14 

ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1902,4.17 

ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1902.4.20 
ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1902.4.22 

ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1902.5.3 
ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1902.5.3 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 


100,::3 
100,844 
100,65 
100,599 
8+0ื˜+8ื˜:1006 
1:0068+69+13 
100+6:,4 


ืฆื• ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืจื™ื, 1902.5.14 
ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1902.5.16 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 


102.55 


ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื—. ื’. ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, 1902.5.26 
ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1902.5.31 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 


100+6::61 
1:006:6:1 
1ื˜100686 
611)ื˜),ืฅ)10)0 
15,::+100 


ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, 1902.6.18 
ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1902.7.4 

ืฆื• ืคืจื•ื™ ืจืึธื–ืขื ืฆืฐืฒึทื’, 1902.7.7 

ืฆื• ื”ืขื ืขืš ืขื‘ืจื™, 1902,7.10 

ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1902.7.14 

ืฆื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’, 1902,7.15 

ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื•ืึธืŸ, 1902.6.25 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 


262 


390 


201 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื' 


4 
95 
6 
7 
.8 
9 
::00 
1 
,462 
3 
4 
525 
,6 
7 
8 
69 
0 
11 
.2 
,3 
4 
5 
5,126 
7 
8 
29 
,0 


ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1902.8.21 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902,8.29 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.9,4 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.9,6 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 9,10. 1902 

ืฆื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืจืขืžืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืฆืงื™, 1902.9.10/2 
ืฆื• ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1902.9,10 
ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1902.9.11 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.9,12 

ืฆื• ืึท. ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืŸ, 1902.9,15 

ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1902.10.9 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.11.2 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.11.3 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.11.12 

ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื•ืึธืŸ, 1902.12.4 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื”. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, 1902.1.22 
ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 19023.4.1 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1903.4,11 

ืฆื• ืค. ืžืขืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, 1902.4.18 

ืฆื• ืฐื•. ื’. ืงืึทืจืึธืœืขื ืงืึธ, --.1903.6 

ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1902.6.7 

ืฆื• ืž. ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžืึทืŸ, 1902.7.3 

ืฆื• ืฐื•. ื’. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธืฐื•ื•, 1903.9.24 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1903.9,30 

ืฆื• ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืึธืœืฅ, 1902.10.1 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1903.10.1 

ืฆื• ืฐื•. ื’. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธืฐื•ื•, 1902.10.3 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1902.10.8 

ืฆื• ื•ื•. ื’. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•ื•, 1903.10,13 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1902.10.14 

ืฆื• ืฐื•. ื’. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•ื•, 1902.10.14 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1903.10.21 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื’ื™ืฆืงื™, 1902.10,22 

ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1902.11.8 

ืฆื• ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืึธืœืฅ, 1902,11.14 

ืฆื• ืฐื•. ื’. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธืฐื•, 1902.11.15 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.11.22 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.11,27 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
291 
292 
393 
394 
295 
95 
296 
397 
398 
399 
299 
200 
200 
201 
403 
204 
205 
206 
207 
408 
408 
209 
21 
213 
213 
24 
25 
26 
20 
221 
221 
423 
23 
424 
25 
45 
26 
226 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžื™ 


2 
,3 
,4 
,5 
,,6 
,7 
.8 
,9 
60 
61 
2 
3 
64 
.5 
66 
.7 
.8 
9 
0 
1 
6.2 
,3 
64 
5 
,6 
657 
.8 
9 
,0 
61 
,2 
3 
4 
,5 
6 
71 
8 
.9 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.11.29 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1902.12.8 

ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1902.12,17 
ืฆื• ื ื— ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, 1904.1.7 

ืฆื• ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1904.2.2 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1904.2.4 

ืฆื• ืฐื•. ื’. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืงืึธื•ื•, 1904.2.10 

ืฆื• ืืฑื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืึธืœืฅ, 1904.4.15 

ืฆื•ึน ื ื— ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, 1904.5.4 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1904,5.4 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1904.5.10 

ืฆื• ืืฑื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืึธืœืฅ, 1904.5.21 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1904.8.29 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1904.9,10 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1904.10.1 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1904.12.5 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1904.12.7 

ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทื ืก, 1905.2.6 

ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, 1905.4.8 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1905.4,11 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1905.4.26 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1905,7.4 

ืฆื• ื“"ืจ ืžืึธืจื™ืก ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’, 1905.9.12 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1905.10.21 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1905.10,26 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1905.11.23 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1905.11.23 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1905.12.9 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1906.1.4 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1906.1.6 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1906.1.14 

ืฆื• ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, 1906.2.7 

ืฆื• ื“"ืจ ืž. ืคื™ืฉื‘ืขืจื’, 1906.2.23 

ืฆื• ื. ืœ. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื—.ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, 1906.3.20 
ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื”.ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, 1906.4.8 
ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1906.4,16 

ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 1906.11.4 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, 1906.12,12 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžื™ 
 ,0โ€ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1906.12.16-15 

1,. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 1906.12.19 

2 ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1907.2.18 

3, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ", 1907.4.20 
4. ืฆื• ื“. ืงืึทืกืกืขืœ, 1907.6.8 

5 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ, 1907.6.29 

6 ืฆื• ื“. ืงืึทืกืกืขืœ, 1907.7.12 

7 ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1907.7.16 

8 ืฆื• ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, -- -- 1907 

9 ืฆื• ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืึทืœื™ืง, -- -- 1907 

0, ืฆื• ื™ืึธื”ืึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืฒ, 1907.,11.6 

1, ืฆื• ืฉ. ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉ. ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“, 1907.12.21 
2, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1908.1.23 

23. ืฆื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™. ื–ืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืชึผืฉืจ"ืง), 1908.1.24 
4, ืฆื• ืฐื•. ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืœืึทื˜, 1908,2.12 

5. ืฆื• ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจืฒึทื ื™ืŸ, 1908.2,17 

46. ืฆื• ื•ืฐ. ืฐืฒึทืกื‘ืœืึทื˜, 1908.2.22 

7. ืฆื• ืฉ. ืจืึทืคึผืึทืคึผืึธืจื˜, 1908.3.5 

8 ืฆื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™. ื–ืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืชึผืฉืจ"ืง), 1908,23.5 
09 ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1908.2,28 
0 ืฆื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, ืคึผืกื— ืชึผืจืก"ื— 

1, ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1908.6.23 

2 ืฆื ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืชึผืจืก"ื˜ 

3, ืฆื• ื“"ืจ ื’. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, --.1908,8 

4 ืฆื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1908.10.21 

5, ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืชึผืจืก"ื˜ 
6, ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, --.1908.10 

7, ืฆื• ื™. ืจืึธื–ืขื˜, 1908.11.8 

8, ืฆื• ื“"ืจ ื’. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 1908.11.12 

9 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1908.11.23 

0 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 1908,12.6 

1, ืฆื• ืž. ื . ืกื™ืจืงื™ืŸ, 1908.12.6 

2 ืฆื• ืคึผืœืชึผื™ืืœ ื–ืึทืžืึธึทืฉื˜ืฉื™ืŸ, 1908.12.8 
2. ืฆื• ื ื— ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, 1908.12.11 

4 ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1908.12,11 

5, ืฆื• ื™. ืจืึธื–ืขื˜, 1908,12.11 

6 ืฆื• ื. ืœ. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, 1908.12.27 

7, ืฆื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ืึทืžืคึผืึธืœืกืงื™, -- -- = 


204 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
24 
4255 
455 
256 
257 
257 
258 
259 
459 
260 
462 
262 
463 
464 
265 


8 8 3 8 


569 
40 
211 
472 
472 
273 
23 
24 
26 
26 
418 
479 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ื‘" 


8 
.9 
.0 
.1 
2 
.3 
,4 
 ,5 
.6 
.7 
.8 
.9 
0 
,1 
.2 


ืฆื• 


ืฉ. ืจืึทืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜, 1909.1.5 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1909,1.10 
ื“"ืจ ื’. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 1909.1.15 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1909.1.15 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1909,3.5 
ื“. ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ, 1909,2.4 

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’, 1909,2.5 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1909,2.7 

ืคืจื•ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ, 1909,3.8 

ืคึผืจืฅ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, 1909,3.11 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1909,2.12 

ืคืจื•ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ, 1909,2.15 
ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, 1909,3.21 

ืž. ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™, 1909,23.21 

ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทื ืก, 1909,3.22 

ืคืจื•ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ, 1909,3.23 

ื. ืœ. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, 1909,3.26 

ื“"ืจ ื’. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 1909,3.27 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1909,3.27 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1909.5.15 


ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข,, ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", 1909,6.28 
ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืฆืงื™, == -- 1909 

ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื“, 1909.7.1 

ืฉ. ืจืึทืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜, 1909.7.2 

ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1909.7.7 

ื“. ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ, 1909,7.11 

ืฉ. ืจืึทืคึผืึทืคึผืึธืจื˜, 1909,7.13 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1909,8.21 

ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", 1909.9,10 
ื ื— ื–ืึทื‘ืœื•ื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, 1909.9,12 

ืž. ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ, 1909.9.19 

ื“. ืืฒึทื–ืžืึทืŸ, 1909.10,11 

ืž. ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, 1909.10.23 

ื™ื•. ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก, 1910.1.3 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1910.1.8 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1910.1.24 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1910.1.26 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1910.2.9 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
287 
287 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืื™ 


6,206 


206 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1910.2,16 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1910.2.25 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1910,3.12 

ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, 1910.4.19 

ืฆื• ืž. ื’ืึธืจืงื™, 1910.4.22 

ืฆื• ื™ื•. ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก, 1910,4.30 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1910.6.10 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1910.6.15 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1910.10.7 

ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, 1910,11.22 

ืฆื• ื“"ืจ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืขืจ, 1910.12.1 

ืฆื• ื™. ืคืึทืœืขืจ, 1910.12.5 

ืฆื• ื™ื•. ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก, 1910,12.12 

ืฆื• ื–. ื’ืึทื‘ืฒึท, -- -- 1911 

ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก, 1911,1,8 

ืฆื• ืž. ื’ืึธืจืงื™, 1911,4,7 

ืฆื• ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, 1911,5.6 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, 1911,5.20 

ืฆื• ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจ ืึทืžืคึผื™ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืจืึธื•ื•, 1911.5.23 
ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, 1911,5.,28 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ื. ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ, 1911,8.1 

ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1911.10.15 
ืฆื•ื ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ", 1911.10.27 
ืฆื• ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ื˜ืึธืžืึทืฉืขืฐืกืงื™, 1911.11.10 
ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1911.11.25 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึทื•ื•ืจืขืžืขื ื ื™ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžื™", 1911.11.230 
ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1911.12.14 

ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, 1911.,12.14 

ืฆื• ืœ. ืงืึทื”ืึทืŸ, 1911.12,15 

ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1912.1,13 

ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื’ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฉ. ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉ. ื“ื•ื‘ื ืึธื•ื•, 1912.1.16 
ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจืขื‘ืขืจืง, 1912.2.1 

ืฆื• ื™ื•. ืคึผื™ื ื•ืก, 1912.4.4 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, 1912,4,12 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1912.4.14 

ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1912.5.6 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, 1912.5.29 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ื“ืึธื‘ื™ืŸ, 1912.6.5/23 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
516 
518 
519 
520 
521 
522 
522 
522 
523 
523 
524 
5201 
528 
529 
529 
521 
531 
532 
533 
524 
535 
535 
536 
531 
538 
539 
529 
540 
51 
542 
543 
54 
54 
585 
546 
54 
548 
54 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžื™ 


,4 
,5 
6 
6211 


ืฆื• ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช, 1912.6.28 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, 1912.9.2 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1912.9,5 

ืฆื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจืึธื–ืขื˜, 1912.10.16 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, --.1912.10 

ืฆื• ื. ืคึผืขื˜ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, 1912.12.7 

ืฆื• ืึทื‘(ืจื”ื) ืงืึทื”ืึทืŸ, -- -- 1912 
ืฆื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง, 1912.1.6 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1912.1.10 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, 1913.1.10 

ืฆื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง, 1913.1.11 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, 1913.1.16 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1913.1.17 

ืฆื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง, 1913.1.28 

ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1913.1.31 
ืฆื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง, 1912.2.5 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1913.2.7 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1913.3.3 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, 1913.3.3 

ืฆื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1913.3.12 
ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ, 1913.3.29 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, 1913.3.31 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ, 1913.4.5 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1912.4.6 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1913.4.26 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1913.4.30 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1913.5.10 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1913.5.12 

ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, 1913.6.9 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ, 1913.6.29 

ืฆื• ื™. ื—. ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืฆืงื™, 1913.7.18 

ืฆื• ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ, 1913.7.20 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1913,7.23 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1913,7,29 

ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, -- -- 1913 

ืฆื• ืึทื“ืฐืึธืงืึทื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื, 1912.9.23 
ืฆื• ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, ื›"ื• ืืœื•ืœ ืชึผืจืข"ื’ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ (ืึธืคึผืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•) = -- -- 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
550 
552 
52 
552 
553 
554 
554 
555 
556 
551 
558 
559 
560 
560 
561 
561 
562 
562 
562 
563 
563 
564 
564 
566 
567 
568 
51 
572 
573 
515 
575 
56 
576 
54 
578 
578 
580 
580 


7207 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ื•ืžื™ 


506 
5,207 
8 
569 
6,0 
,1 
,2 
563 


ืฆื• 
ืฆืŸ 


ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, --.1912.11 
ื. ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ, 1912.12.6 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1912,12.6 
ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1913.12.8 


ืฆื• 


ื™ื”ื–ืงืืœ ืงืึธื˜ื™ืง, 1914.1.2 
ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ, 1914,1.7 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคึผ. ืึทื“ืœืขืจ, 1914.1.20 
ื. ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ, 1914,1,21 

ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงื™, 1914,2.6 
ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1914,2.17 
ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ, 1914,2.8/26 

ืฉ. ื“ืึธื‘ื™ืŸ, 1914,2.27 

ื. ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ, 1914,4,15 


ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, 1914,4.23 


ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื— ืชึผืจืข"ืš 
ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืขืจื‘ ืคึผืกื— ืชึผืจืข"ื“, 

ื. ืฐืึธืจืงืขืœ, 1914.5.4 

ืฉ. ืฉืจื™ืจืึธ, 1914,5.25 

ืฉ. ืฉืจืขื‘ืขืจืง, 1914.6.6 

ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 1914.6,20 

ืœื•ืื™ืก ืžื™ืœืขืจ, 1914.9.28 

ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 1914,12,21 


ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืœ-ื”, ืงื•ื ื“ืก", --.1914,12 


ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™. ื–ืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืชึผืฉืจ"ืง), 1915.3.29 
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืึธืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืฉื•, 1915,4.27 

ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ, 1915.5.27 

ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคืจื™ื, 1915.5.28 
ื™ื”ื•ืึธืฉ, 1915.7.14 

ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืœืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, 1915.7.2 

ืžื ื—ื, 1916.2.24 

ื™ื”ื•ืืฉ, 1916.4.23 

ื•ื•. ื˜ืฉืึทื’ืึธืฐืขืฅ, --.1916.4 


9ืก1,6240 /1:01860121 8'ืž216106 ืžืข82210 -- 125 ืžืฆื›ืกืžื”ื–ืžืช2 


208 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
580 
581 
581 
582 
583 
584 


2002 3 


589 
592 
592 
593 
593 
594 
595 
595 
595 
596 
597 
598 
599 
599 
01 
01 
602 
602 
603 
04 
04 
718 


1,611618 0? 5210 .41616261 


ืคื•ืช 2/660ืก,61ืŸ 6210 ื–ืคื•ืž;11ื˜00 206 006 ืคืชื ื˜ืŸืคืคื•ืžืช 206 60006 01 
.8001 

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-161026 5210 25 10061680 20 ืช260211/2910 11299109ืžื˜ 

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ืฉ9ืช0109120 886 /088:8006 16 01 28000016096 186 0? ืž606110910 8108016ื˜ 
-61ืช41610, ืžืข58210 01 


ืชื ืกื˜ืช ื’ื˜ื ืช ืฆืขืง 6ืก11601 ื ืชืกืฅ} 11240512660' 


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00 16006/18 ืฉืžื”ื ืช 25 6611 25 ,00049 0ืž2 10292821068 ,6/8ืž2ื˜ืคื˜ื•ืกืช 
ืž/26 01 1068ื210 ืกื? ืž1 16606/8 04 6ืข91/6250 61108016ื˜ 2 ืž1}0;4 ืžืฉื™ืกืžืืžื˜ 
.1ืช4161086 581018 

ืฆืชื”ืžืŸ ,ืช2085812 ืช! 220 1160/660 ืžืŸ /011910211 0116068ืจ 16ืกื˜ื• 5006 
ื’ืชืก/1 80216 220 86:14001672 .ืืช ื– ืฆืก 3100158 1000 1120812066 ืžืกื ืชืฉืฉ 04 
. (ืฉื™810860) 6166 0821 ืขืก ืช088124ืช 


209 


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06 ืชื• 210006/8 ื–ื˜ืก ?10 6666 8000 2 00 20 ,6001 36 ((? ืžื–ืกืž) 
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066 4 006800 1280286 186 8/ืก1ื˜ื˜ 6216 ืžืกื•ืžืฉื˜ ,/16:60 ืคื•ืžื™ืฃ 
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8 (110659ื˜? 0ืื˜ (ืฉื5ืž01ื˜/6ื10 181261 66ืž/2ืช /1166ื˜) 660ืข1160 2 85ื˜ืŸ 
ืค5ื˜ !10 61001026008 15 12001 16 1820 0168 804 16 18" ืคืกืชื ืช? 0186 
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, "10810'' 218 90 6109ืข8000 ,06/ืฅ212 50018607 6617 16ืกื ืช 15 ืž3166019 ืชืก1ืžื˜ื˜ 
61ื˜ื˜ื˜ 86' "607ืข1160 ืžื”ื} ืžืก5204 /60061 016ื’ืช 06 880016 180150ืฉ" 
664 ื’ืกืฆ 18?7ืกืฉื™ ืคืžื ื˜ื•ืŸ 2 01 666 ืžื• ื˜ืกืฅ 416" :ืฉืžืกื–1 ืž1 ,65ื•ืžื ?ืžืกืก 
0 ."ืž28120(" 8 ื˜ืกืฅ 210768 28161006/0 5210 -- "ืช31006120ืฆ' 151261 662ื–ื”1 
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6ื˜ื˜ื•ืก 311 06ืœ (1911 ,/915ื˜! 2768) 21 .ืกื ืชื’ 0110666 ,"2066 ื–ืกืœืžืชื˜" 
:ืขืก00ืค8ืž2 '6/0ืž21610 8210 95ืž002181 16 8106 ,2ืž1ืžืž2691 86 ืขื•ืชืก 
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6 40 9206 1 "8280010' 186 01 6406056 186 ?2 ืžื˜} 22468ืžืช "18/2612" 
ืกืขืกืช 1 "ื310015' 19 9ืช0811 ืฆืžื– ืž+ื ื˜ 8260151166 04 15 ืก6ืช 280 , ืžืกืคื–ื”ืŸ" 
6 081 ืคื˜ ืกื˜2ื 10ื˜ืกืฉ 151261127' ,ืฉื•ืก6ืชืก21ืง20 ืค15ื1 2920056 ืคืžื ืž?ืกื 
8 ,ื˜ืกืข ?12 15 ืกืžื– 2402268 ?ื”ืื˜ืœืจ .(1601110) -- /201)) ืžืคื ืขืกื’ื˜)" "ืชืกืคื ื”ืŸ" 
64 -- //100046 08ื˜ืค 40 /001861ืข 640056 ,!2206 ืž15ื’3160 2 01 6000 
ื˜ืกืฅ 10 /16106 6180021ื ืฉืžืช ืžื– ../60050206ืช ืžืฉืก ืขื˜ืกืฅ 2965ื 16 ืžื• 
1 ืžืกืžื˜ื˜ืข ...181261 101612 ืžื– ืž314615 01 1620615 616ืขื™ 1616 ?1 252660 {ื•ืก/ืกื ืช 1 
8616660 186 ืžื• ืžื›ื ืช 686 00 0016 ืงืžื ื˜ื•ืŸ 28 ืฉืกื˜ืžืกืก 10 668116 ืฉืžืข 40/65866ืก 
ืฉืžื– 16 2106 206 "ืช12100' 106 ืžืกื˜ื•ื•ืžืก 10 6080166 1 1826 ืžื’ืกืžื– ?09 616 1 
ืื ื˜ ,6215ืข 01 669/ืกืžื˜ื ?10 156 ืžืกืž/8ืžืช0ืก ืž1 180901296 8 ."ืช010ืกืž8ื˜" 
, "ืžื˜ืกื–ืค /16ืž8011'' 2 15 16 11 ืžืกื˜ืก6 , "ืž0010ืž88'' ืกื 6608 76ื˜80ื–11?6 ืžื˜ื™ืก 108 
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.(1924 ,2211 ืž20 ,846ืค/2ื˜ื˜ , "13161061 11061211506'' ืžื– ืกืžื–ื ืก 
0 85ืฉ 8001 ืคื•ื ืžืก1ื 2ืฉื˜ ืžื• ืขืชืกืžื–ื–ื”ืช 1216 186 1611600 8ืขืก1606 1056 
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68 ,ื’2 260610012 ืžืก 066ืž601 ืกืž 168501/6ืง 0ืž2 65166:0 ืžืกื˜ืžื– ืฉืก11 
0 ืž88615180110 2162 ืžื–ื•ึนืช 2806 16 ,819ืกืฅ /12066 86 ืžื– ! ืฆื–ืกืฉื™ 1ื˜5000651 
,1610 ืž212 :: 40060102 ืžื•ึน 82106160 ืกืžื˜ื˜ 16619ื ืขื™ ืฉื•ืกืืช 186 06ืข6100/ื˜ 
1 10 0560 ืกืžืฉ ,ืž36085 ,ืžืฉืกืžื’! /2168609 ,01661 186 280 ,ื˜ืืคืก?2ืžืก 
1ื˜} 1116 ืคื•ืช 01 801802 1611606 800 6/001206 1610618 ืกืž .ืขืก ืฉืขืกื˜ืก ืžื—ื–ื•ึนื 
35 ,1116 04 {ืกืŸ 206 1685016ืž} 66 ืž16ื˜ 66ื˜ืกื ื—1 60150068 018108610 041 


210 


ื’4161606, 5210 01 1,600618 


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-17111680018 

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ืชื•ึน ,"25ืกืžื˜:!" ,1206 20 141001026/"7 186'' 1186 ,10061689 21680 ืžื•ื˜ 
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201060664 206 /182681 21086 ืž};ืกื–1 1628016ืง 8060121 6611066 116 .1121 
ืคืชื ื˜ืกืžืช ืฉื™ืกื˜ 8ืž1ืž502061 .600 986 08ืข90602 {ืกืŸ 1621 8ืก1ื˜ื˜ 16189ืขื˜ื™ ืคื•ืช 
ืžืค166" 8' ;ื–ืฆ ืฉืกืื• ืž1 660009ืž1 1280 200 1180 /1801 1109ื˜6 66ืž2006ืช 
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64 1620189 25ื˜ื™ ืกืžื˜ื˜ 06 986 ืž260066 2100109ื 6ืž2 1066609 0068 ืค8ื˜ื– 
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008608010 0106-200806 0'8ืช4161086 ืžืข210ืž5 68016995 16106/8 ืกืžื™ืš 
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6 1914 ืก 1877 ืžืชืกื–},ืฉ016606211ืช1 .ืž1615216 ืžื’ 60ืข20062 (ืขืกืžื•ืกื–ื 
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-3166150 ืž1 0616 ,5ืž01102610ื˜ื˜ 016 166 2 6ืž8 ,1086 01 ืกืฉื™ื“' .ืž16125216 
2 ืชืž ืž5ื 31600 59ืช2921 510916 186 04 ืฉ1ืก13189 8 104 812061181'"' 566) 
ื˜ื•ึนืฉ, 161' , ืž5211166 3181061 21500602' ,140806064 200860821 ืขืก 181861"7 
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ื’ื–58210 .ืžืกื•ืž1ืง0 ืคื•ืช 10 ืžื–ื•ืช 295866 26 6/0ืช21610 ืž522104 90 8061 
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